Cette thèse propose de rendre compte des procédés d’intégration des femmes pour l’acquisition d’un statut de femme reconnue. La première partie de cette recherche analyse le contexte socio culturel et religieux afin de déterminer la manière dont le célibat fut considérée et appréhendé dans la société traditionnelle marocaine. A partir de ce constat, nous précisons la place de la vieille fille nommée « bayra » et la manière dont se structurait sa place dans la société marocaine. La deuxième partie s’attache à rendre compte de l’évolution du statut des femmes dites vieilles filles aujourd’hui. Après avoir décrit les représentations sociales dont cette figure féminine fait l’objet aujourd’hui, nous analysons les procédés d’intégration utilisés par ces femmes pour transformer leur image et leur statut. L’examen de nos matériaux permet d’entrevoir que l’emploi et le salaire s’avèrent déterminant dans l’acquisition de rôles et de fonctions historiquement détenus par les hommes. Ils participent donc à la remise en cause de normes et de valeurs dans l’espace domestique. Au contraire, l’analyse de certains matériaux montre que les normes liées à la préservation de l’image de femmes vertueuses demeurent intactes. L’évolution vers un statut reconnu mais qui ne transgresse pas en apparence les normes sociales implique la mise en place de stratégies destinées à paraître en phase avec les valeurs et les normes sociales. Ici, se pose dès lors la problématique de la rupture de ces femmes avec un modèle culturel qui les confine toujours aux rôles d’épouses et de mères. / This thesis proposes to account for the processes of integration of women to acquire a recognized status as a woman. The first part of this research examines the socio cultural and religious context to determine how celibacy was seen and understood in traditional Moroccan society. From this observation, we specify the place of the old girl named « bayra » and the way in which structured his place in Moroccan society. The second part attempts to account for the changing status of women say old maids now. After describing the social representations that this female figure is the subject today, we analyze the integration processes used by women to transform their image and status. The review of our materials can foresee that employment and wages proved decisive in the acquisition of roles and functions historically held by men. They therefore participate in the questioning of norms and values in the domestic space. In contrast, analysis of certain materials shows that the standards related to the preservation of the image of virtuous women remain intact. The move towards a recognized status but do not transgress social norms apparently involves the development of strategies to be published in line with the values and social norms. Here then arises the problem of the breakdown of these women with a cultural model that confines them to still roles as wives and mothers.

Involuntary celibacy, or incel, as a phenomenon is steadily growing. Previous studies show that this group suffers from severe mental illness, which potentially could develop into something dangerous for both themselves and society. Research regarding early interventions and methods which are specifically aimed at and designed for incels and their problems are currently almost non-existing. The aim of this study is therefore to investigate whether incels seek support from the social work interventions to get help with mental illness and their destructive thoughts and feelings. Thus, we want to gain a deeper understanding of incels’ attitude towards seeking help.  This qualitative study is based on concealed netnographic observations on two open incel-forums. Furthermore, this study uses a thematic analysis method, which was used to analyze our empirical material. During our observations we have identified repetitions, local expressions and similarities and differences, which have been developed into different main themes and subthemes. Additionally, our empirical material was analyzed by using theories of social identity, group polarization, and the concept of preventive social work.  The results of the present study demonstrate that the majority of incels have a negative attitude towards seeking help. Moreover, some incels believe that it is possible to improve themselves. The main opinion, however, is that it is not possible to improve, and thus, incels are doomed to live a life in solitude where the only way out is suicide. Several incels have ideas and thoughts about how the help should be designed, but these thoughts are often very extreme and often contain a negative view of women and sexually successful men. In the end, it is incels’ reluctance that weighs the heaviest, where society, women and sexually successful men are considered evil and incels are considered good.

‘Cohabitation’ has become another form of ‘marriage’. It appears to be challenging what is regarded by many as a traditional marriage practice. As a trend cohabitation has found resistance from those who cling to traditional marriage practices such as Christian marriage and African marriage. It has raised moral concerns, especially among the churches. The New Testament has been used to address moral issues, and consequently, there is a tendency to regard the New Testament as an authority on such issues. The first letter of Paul to the Corinthians, chapter seven, one text among many, in both the Hebrew Scriptures and the New Testament, has been used authoritatively to address issues surrounding marriage, divorce, marriage annulments, celibacy and sexual conduct. Richard Hays sees the New Testament as being ‘normative’ in dealing with such ethical issues. In this dissertation I argue that when dealing with issues of ethics the New Testament is insufficient to address contemporary moral issues. On its own the New Testament cannot be taken as normative as other sources offer influential views that must be taken into account including the role of conscience as well as how Paul links a theology of the body with his moral theology. / Biblical and Ancient Studies / M. Th. (New Testament)

This dissertation attempts to answer the questions, “What is the most appropriate background for understanding Paul’s views on marriage, celibacy and divorce as found in 1 Corinthians 7?” and “How do we account for the unique features in 1 Corinthians that are not clearly delineated in the Greco-Roman works, Jesus tradition or in other NT writings?” This work argues that Paul derives the substance of his perspective on marriage, celibacy and divorce directly from the Jewish Scriptures (LXX) and the uniquely motivated Jesus tradition to which he was exposed. Paul’s reception of this Jesus tradition can be traced to first generation believers as well as to his own revelatory religious experience. Such a proposal does not preclude Paul from being significantly influenced by his social context, but suggests that he was acutely aware of the philosophical differences between himself and other thinkers of his day. This work follows the contention that Hellenism only affected the ‘outer shell’ of Paul’s brand of Pharisaism (Hengel). What is more, the Apostle openly uses this Jesus tradition when the situations of his missionary churches paralleled those confronted by Jesus and seems to have expanded upon it when he had no explicit tradition from which to draw as new situations arose within his communities. / New Testament / D. Th. (New Testament)

This thesis deals with the development of education of future teachers with a focus on the history of female teachers' education from the year 1869 to the present. The thesis describes life in the 19th century. Mainlythe greatest sociocultural and political changes that occurred in itform the perspective of economy, industry and commerce, as well as from the changing the point of view on a family, home and population health, and finally, from the point of a shifted vision of citizenship, education and emancipation of women. It also focuses on a detailed description of teacher education in the Czech lands from the 19th century to the present, mainly on the period from Hasner's reform of 1869, the First Republic, post-war education and an overview of contemporary education. The thesis pays attention on the beginnings of women's education with a focus on female teachers. It describes the issue of teacher celibacyvalid for the Austro-Hungarian Empire and the first year of the independent Czechoslovak state. It outlines changes in the numbers of male and female teachers, especially in the last 10 years. The thesis contains medallions of three female teachers, pioneers of women's education and teacher training in our country. It depicts the pedagogical work and private life of Františka Amerlingová, the...

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Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-29T13:32:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AnaMariaKiyan.pdf: 575639 bytes, checksum: f99601dbbf306b23a190d86ddec4e2f5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-06-28 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The present research is aimed to analyze the metamorphosis in identity (Ciampa, 1996) of the priests who belong to the Roman Apostolic Catholic Church, by giving a special consideration to the celibacy as a meaningful element in the identity policy (Ciampa, 2002) of the institution concerning its clergy, both from the discipline and dogma point of views, all with a social psychology approach. Although the major concern of the research is to talk over the present situation, understanding the process that has set the ecclesiastic celibacy along Catholic Church history is necessary. Thus, the set up of celibacy will be mentioned only to clarify the way it works. Hence, it is a study with no theological basis. The research procedures were contextualized surveys on the historical/social aspects where the situation develops as well as a collection and further analysis of interviews carried out with priests and/or former priests who were for and against the practice of celibacy, with their lives later analyzed under a social psychology approach. / A presente pesquisa, na perspectiva da Psicologia Social, pretende analisar a questão das metamorfoses identitárias (Ciampa, 1996) de sacerdotes da Igreja Católica Apostólica Romana, focalizando especialmente o celibato como um elemento relevante da política de identidade (Ciampa, 2002) dessa instituição em relação ao seu clero, seja do ponto de vista disciplinar, seja dogmático. Embora a preocupação principal da pesquisa seja discutir a situação atual da questão, torna-se necessário compreender o processo de instituição do celibato eclesiástico ao longo da história da Igreja Católica. Assim, a instauração do celibato será mencionada apenas no que se refere à necessidade da compreensão mais ampla dos mecanismos de seu funcionamento. Não se trata portanto de um estudo de base teológica. Os procedimentos da pesquisa consistem num levantamento contextual dos aspectos históricos sociais nos quais se desenrola a questão e também na coleta e análise de entrevistas de padres e/ou ex-padres favoráveis e contrários à prática celibatária e posterior análise das histórias de vida à luz da Psicologia Social.

‘Cohabitation’ has become another form of ‘marriage’. It appears to be challenging what is regarded by many as a traditional marriage practice. As a trend cohabitation has found resistance from those who cling to traditional marriage practices such as Christian marriage and African marriage. It has raised moral concerns, especially among the churches. The New Testament has been used to address moral issues, and consequently, there is a tendency to regard the New Testament as an authority on such issues. The first letter of Paul to the Corinthians, chapter seven, one text among many, in both the Hebrew Scriptures and the New Testament, has been used authoritatively to address issues surrounding marriage, divorce, marriage annulments, celibacy and sexual conduct. Richard Hays sees the New Testament as being ‘normative’ in dealing with such ethical issues. In this dissertation I argue that when dealing with issues of ethics the New Testament is insufficient to address contemporary moral issues. On its own the New Testament cannot be taken as normative as other sources offer influential views that must be taken into account including the role of conscience as well as how Paul links a theology of the body with his moral theology. / Biblical and Ancient Studies / M. Th. (New Testament)

This dissertation attempts to answer the questions, “What is the most appropriate background for understanding Paul’s views on marriage, celibacy and divorce as found in 1 Corinthians 7?” and “How do we account for the unique features in 1 Corinthians that are not clearly delineated in the Greco-Roman works, Jesus tradition or in other NT writings?” This work argues that Paul derives the substance of his perspective on marriage, celibacy and divorce directly from the Jewish Scriptures (LXX) and the uniquely motivated Jesus tradition to which he was exposed. Paul’s reception of this Jesus tradition can be traced to first generation believers as well as to his own revelatory religious experience. Such a proposal does not preclude Paul from being significantly influenced by his social context, but suggests that he was acutely aware of the philosophical differences between himself and other thinkers of his day. This work follows the contention that Hellenism only affected the ‘outer shell’ of Paul’s brand of Pharisaism (Hengel). What is more, the Apostle openly uses this Jesus tradition when the situations of his missionary churches paralleled those confronted by Jesus and seems to have expanded upon it when he had no explicit tradition from which to draw as new situations arose within his communities. / New Testament / D. Th. (New Testament)

This paper has as objective to analyze and to understand the arguments used by Helvécio de Andrade e Rodrigues Dória in the three first decades of century XX to defend the feminine pedagogical celibacy having as starting point the personal and professional trajectory of the celibate teacher Leonor Telles de Menezes. It considers the conceptions of Roger Chartier about 'representation' and 'appropriation', of Pierre Bourdieu about field and 'social capital', of Nobert Elias about 'History' and 'Sociology', as well of Carla Simone Shamon about 'trajectory' to facilitate the use of the consulted sources, such as: bibliographical, documental, iconographic and oral. It points the mentality of the time that many women of Sergipe can't marry if they wanted to become teachers because the social pressure. The current idea was that the marriage could compromise the good course of the schools. Finally, it shows the lack of studies on teachers that, like Leonor, gave excellent services to the education of the State, although its names to remain only in the memory of relatives, friends and former-pupils. / Este texto tem como objetivos analisar e compreender os argumentos utilizados por Helvécio de Andrade e Rodrigues Dória nas três primeiras décadas do século XX, em favor do celibato pedagógico feminino, a partir da trajetória pessoal e profissional da professora celibatária Leonor Telles de Menezes. Considera as concepções de Roger Chartier sobre representação' e apropriação , as de Pierre Bourdieu sobre campo e capital social , as de Norbert Elias sobre História e Sociologia , assim como a de Carla Simone Chamon sobre trajetória , a fim de facilitar o trato com as fontes consultadas, tais como: as bibliográficas, documentais, iconográficas e orais. Aponta a mentalidade da época em que muitas sergipanas foram pressionadas para não casar, se desejassem ingressar no magistério a fim de não comprometerem o bom andamento das escolas. Termina por mostrar a carência de estudos sobre as professoras, que como Leonor, prestou relevantes serviços à educação do Estado, mas seus nomes continuam apenas na memória de parentes, amigos e ex-alunos.