This study contributes to the understanding of how humanitarian and development non-governmental organizations function and how they improve their work efficiency in order to be able to fulfil their goals. The thesis focus lays on the reorganization of the Swedish Red Cross and especially their new management project Framtid2020. The project’s purpose is to change the structure of the organization and hopefully make the organization more united. The thesis is using a qualitative method with 7 semi-structured interviews and two different theoretical perspectives to be able to analyze the finding as broad as possible. The interviewees are 7 different people, with different perspectives, experience and thoughts of the project. The findings from the interviews are best to summarize as hope for the Framtid2020 but also a fair for feeling overthrown and not represented. Framtid2020 is the greatest change done to the Swedish Red Cross since the creation of the organization. The core action of the project is the merging of groups. The merge is a change from decentralization to centralization, all of the Red Cross groups in the same municipality becomes one large centered controlled group. For the case of Växjö, 12 groups will become one group with one board. The two theoretical perspective that the thesis is using is David Lewis theoretical tools of development NGO´s management and Stephen Cummings perspective of centralization and decentralization. The theoretical perspectives analyze what caused the need for a reorganization this large and the material from the interviews provides what the workers see as the cause. The research questions the thesis will answer is, how has the Red Cross functioned in Växjö before the new strategy was designed, why did the Red Cross decide to undergo major structural changes, what does the new strategy look like and how have the Red Cross workers responded to the new strategy.

Syfte: Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur organisationskulturen ser ut inom Handelsbanken och Swedbank och att ta reda på hur detta i sin tur påverkar de anställda på dessa två banker. Metod: Studien genomfördes med en kvalitativ forskningsdesign där data insamlades genom åtta semistrukturerade intervjuer. Studien har analyserats med en kvalitativ innehållsanalys med deduktiv ansats. Resultatet redovisas genom en identifiering av teman med utgångspunkt efter empirin. Resultat och slutsats: Under vår undersökning har vi kommit fram till att Handelsbanken, som är en decentraliserad organisation, har ett driv för personlig utveckling och främjar personligt engagemang i vardagligt arbete hos sina anställda. Detta är något som vi tydligt märkt när vi utfört våra intervjuer med personal från båda instituten. Swedbank beskrivs med mer fokus på enskilda specificerade arbetsuppgifter, har ett tydligt arbetssätt för anställda och riktar sig inte specifikt mot enskilda anställdas utveckling i företaget. Examensarbetets bidrag: Vårt arbete bidrar med en mer djupgående förståelse till hur skillnader hos dessa två stora aktörer i den svenska banksektorn ser ut, främst i termer av ledarskap, motivation och organisationskultur. Studien ger en inblick i hur de organisationskulturer som råder på dessa institut påverkar de anställda inom organisationen samt hur ledarskapet kan variera från en centraliserad till en decentraliserad organisation. Förslag till vidare forskning: Denna studie bidrar till forskning om organisationskultur och motivation, detta genom att undersöka skillnader i den dagliga verksamheten hos två av Sveriges största bankinstitut som erbjuder homogena produkter. / Aim: The purpose of the study is to examine the organizational culture within Handelsbanken and Swedbank and to determine how this, in turn, affects the employees at these two banks. Method: The study was conducted using a qualitative research design, where data was collected through eight semi-structured interviews. The study has been analyzed using qualitative content analysis with a deductive approach. The results are presented through the identification of themes based on the empirical data. Results and Conclusions: During our investigation, we have found that Handelsbanken, being a decentralized organization, emphasizes personal development and encourages personal engagement in daily work among its employees. This is something that we have clearly noticed during our interviews with staff members from both institutes. Swedbank, on the other hand, is described as having a greater focus on individual specified tasks, with a clear working method for employees, but without a specific emphasis on individual employee development within the company. Contribution of the thesis: Our work contributes to a more in-depth understanding of how the differences between these two major players in the Swedish banking sector look, mainly in terms of leadership, motivation and organizational culture. Suggestions of the future Research: Our work contributes to a deeper understanding of the differences between these two major players in the Swedish banking sector, regarding the leadership and motivation in two companies with different organizational cultures. The study provides insight into how the organizational cultures in these institutions affect the employees within the organization, as well as how leadership can vary from a centralized to a decentralized organization. Suggestions for future research: This study contributes to research on organizational culture and motivation by examining differences in the daily operations of two of Sweden's largest banking institutions that offer homogeneous products.

我國地方自治從民國三十四年台灣光復後，政府致力推動基層建設，著手辦理各種地方公職選舉，以落實地方自治。惟省縣自治通則因大陸失守，遲未通過，其下位階之省縣自治法亦無法頒佈，故歷年來，地方自治行使之主要法源多賴於各種行政稅率。此一現象所衍生出之問題為法治位階存疑、地方自主意志無法充分表現、命令授與之方式不受議會監督，無法反應真正民意。民國七十七年解嚴後，此諸般現象益受重視，故民國八十一年，配合戡亂終止、增修憲法第十七條，賦與地方自治明確之法源歸屬，使我地方自治邁入新紀元。 雖係如此，但現存之諸多問題仍待解決，目前我政府係屬四級，其各級政府間之互動關係，本文將採行政監督之角度控討之，因行政係政府運作中之主要權力來源，扮演事前積極主導之角色，在二十世紀之福利國家，尤為重要，但亦因其積極性，在發揮效率的同時，極易形成濫權，而有違政府為民服務之職責，故其監督系統之探討，尤為重要。 然探討監督之同時，尚須並重地方政府之自主性，因我為單一國，而非常時期行之已久，是以相較一般國家，難免權限較為集於中央，故在探討各級政府間行政監督體系之同時，如何提昇地方自主，尤為重要課題。亦即在效率與民主之兩難中，力求其平衡點。至行政監督所濊及之層面，本文擬從組織、人事、財政及政策以探討之。在章節安排上，擬分八章以論述之。 第一章緒論，著重研究動機、地方政府類型化及本文分析架構、研究方法、研究設計殳研究限制。第二章介紹各主要國家地方政府之組織架構，以觀我組織調整及員額編制、區劃之調整。第三、四章探討人事監督，分從考選分發、任免遷調、公務倫理、考核獎懲、人力發展、待遇福利、退撫資遺等以論之。第五章為財政監督，首言財政管理程序之監督，次為稅課及稅外收入，再為公共支出、公有財產及其他之監督。第六章為政策監督，主要探討我各級政府間權限之劃分及地方政府之政策系絡，再經由政策規劃、列管以觀其監督情形。第七章係研究假設之檢證，就本文所提出之各項假設，經由問卷分析以為比對。第八章結論，針對以上各章之研究發現，提出具體建議。試圖對轉型期中之我國地方體制所待解決之問題或即將面臨之諸之因難，有所頁獻，以盡學術上綿薄之力。

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:25:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DIR - Jose Roberto Anselmo.pdf: 1620612 bytes, checksum: 082bd189df1394234695cef322eb1d4e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-10-23 / The present work is an analysis refering to the role performed by Supreme Federal Court in the maintenance of the Brazilian Federalism. The study was done based on the Federalism and all its features, though the main point is the one that refers to the surviving of the Federal and State legal orderlines, through decisions of the Supreme Federal Court. The Federal Constitution of 1998 reserved to the Supreme federal Court the responsability of being its custodian.Among the values which were enrolled on it, the federal form is one of the most important. This way, generaly, through the constitutional control instruments , the Supreme Federal Court is called to exercise its role. Therefore, at first, the federal form is analysed under the historic point of view and in all its features, till we reached the study of standarts used in Brazil, through its history and the current federal Constitution of 1998. The sharing of competences used by the Federal Constitution, As a feature of the federalism, was also an object of study, in order to make us able to demonstrate the decentralization of competences. In this sense, the central point of the work lays on demonstrating that the sharing line of competences stablished by the Constitution can suffer variations according to the jurisdictional activities of the Supreme Federal Court. Eventually, aiming to demonstrate how the acting of the supreme Federal Court is has being done and that it can determine a high centralism of brazilian state, we analysed studies of cases refering to this organ's decisions / O presente trabalho é uma análise referente ao papel de desempenhado pelo Supremo Tribunal Federal na manutenção do federalismo brasileiro. O estudo foi realizado tendo por base o federalismo e de todas as suas características, contudo o ponto principal é o que se refere à sobrevivência das ordens jurídicas federal e estaduais, por meio das decisões do Supremo Tribunal Federal. A Constituição Federal de 1998 reservou ao Supremo Tribunal Federal a atribuição de ser o seu guardião. Dentre os valores que nela foram inscritos, a forma federal é um dos mais importantes. Assim, freqüentemente, por meio dos instrumentos de controle de constitucionalidade, o Supremo Tribunal Federal é chamado a exercitar seu papel. Portanto, inicialmente, a forma federal é analisada sob ponto de vista histórico e em todas as suas características, até chegarmos no estudo dos modelos utilizados pelo Brasil ao longo de sua história e na atual Constituição Federal de 1988. A divisão de competências utilizada pela Constituição Federal, como uma das características do federalismo, também foi objeto de estudo, a fim de que pudéssemos demonstrar a descentralização de competências. Neste sentido, o ponto central do trabalho está em demonstrar que linha divisória de competências estabelecida pela Constituição pode sofrer variações de acordo com a atividade jurisdicional do Supremo Tribunal Federal. Finalmente, visando demonstrar como vem sendo a atuação do Supremo Tribunal Federal e que ela pode determinar um elevado centralismo do Estado brasileiro, analisamos estudos de casos referentes às decisões deste órgão