Publicado em 1869 configurando-se, portanto, como obra póstuma o conjunto de poemas do livro Petits Poèmes en Prose, de Charles Baudelaire, mostra-se, diante da crítica, como um enigma em dois níveis: no primeiro, como projeto de um sujeito poético que contrasta com a locução lírica de Les Fleurs du Mal; e no segundo, como gênero que desafia os lugares formais, convencionalmente dedicados à poesia e à prosa. A partir deste problema, o presente estudo tem por objetivo analisar a aventura do poema em prosa de Baudelaire, respeitando sua dicção singular, e sem esquecer de situá-la em toda a fortuna crítica a respeito do gênero. Para tanto, recupera-se o ambiente enunciativo destes poemas em prosa; considerando, inicialmente, os lugares e funções da oposição poesia/prosa no Século XIX, e, depois, ligando essas pesquisas às particularidades da poética de Baudelaire. No trato com a matéria verbal, a partir da observação do uso de apostos e construções em sequência, relacionar a reflexão teórica a uma lírica dita moderna, a uma poética do incerto, mostrou-se fértil, conferindo ao trabalho uma abertura em direção ao incompleto como projeto de escritura. / Published in 1869 therefore, a posthumous work the collection of poems of the book Petits Poèmes en Prose, by Charles Baudelaire, presents itself to the critics as a two-level enigma: on the first one, as a project with a poetic subject that contrasts itself with the lyrical locution of Les Fleurs du Mal; and on the second level, as a genre that challenges the formal places conventionally dedicated to prose and poetry. Starting at this problem, the present paper has the objective of analyze the adventure of Baudelaires prose poetry, respecting his singular diction and never forgetting to place it over all the critical wealth of the genre. Therefore, these poems enunciative ambient is recovered in prose; considering initially the places and functions of the poetry/prose opposition in the XIX Century and, later, linking this research to the peculiarities of baudelairean poetics. From the relationship with the verbal matters and the observation of the use of appositives and sequential constructions, it establishes a relationship between the theoretical reflection and a so-called modern lyrics, a poetics of the uncertain that has shown itself as a fertile ground, giving the work an openness in the way of the incomplete as a scriptural project.

Nas poesias do francês Charles Baudelaire a imagem marinha é recorrente, seja como duplo que reflete a subjetividade humana, espaço de fuga do árido cotidiano urbano, paralelo da amada ou ainda um espaço de incomparável beleza. Em um de seus manuscritos, o poeta afirma que o espetáculo do mar oferece uma ideia de infinito diminutivo, pois uma porção do líquido em movimento é suficiente para dar a mais elevada ideia de beleza que pode ser oferecida ao homem em sua habitação transitória. Assim, este trabalho pretende fazer uma análise crítica do pequeno poema em prosa O Porto, integrante do volume póstumo O Spleen de Paris, para examinar de que maneira o motivo marinho transfigura-se em um infinito diminutivo e, assim, promove sentimentos do belo e do sublime questões fundamentais para a estética do autor em uma poesia autônoma, que encerra sob sua harmonia e homogeneidade fraturas específicas do sujeito moderno. Por meio da comparação com outros pequenos poemas em prosa e em verso que abordam o elemento marítimo, manuscritos e textos estéticos do poeta, bem como a fortuna crítica acerca da obra baudelaireana e estudos filosóficos que conceituam o belo e o sublime no âmbito da estética, a presente análise procura verificar como este curto O Porto se vale do tópico marítimo e, sob o traje do pequeno poema em prosa e da composição de um sofisticado engenho alegórico, oferece ao leitor vislumbres intensamente líricos da beleza moderna criada por Baudelaire. / In Charles Baudelaires poems, the maritime images are recurrent, either as a double that reflects the human subjectivity, as an escape from the arid urban space, as the beloved portrait, or as a space of incomparable beauty. In one of Baudelaires manuscripts, he affirms that the spectacle of the sea offers the idea of the infinite diminutive: twelve or fourteen leagues of liquid in movement are enough to convey the highest ideal of beauty which is offered to man in his transitory habitation. Therefore, this work aims to critically analyze the prose poem The Port, part of the posthumous edition Paris Spleen, to verify how the maritime motive becomes the infinite diminutive and, thus, promotes the feeling of the beautiful and sublime fundamental questions to the authors aesthetic in an autonomous poetry, that under its harmony shows specific fractures of the modern individual. Comparing The Port with other prose poems and also with some Les Fleurs du Mal poems that mentions the maritime element, manuscripts and aesthetic texts written by the poet as well as Baudelaires critical fortune and philosophical studies that define the beautiful and the sublime, this analyses aims to verify how this short The Port addresses the maritime topic and, under the garment of the prose poem and the sophisticated allegorical procedure, offers to the reader deep lyrical glimpses of the modern beauty created by Charles Baudelaire.

La presente tesi si pone l'obiettivo di analizzare la figura retorica della perifrasi nel tentativo di offrirne una definizione teorica esaustiva, a partire dal valore che le è conferito nella poetica di Charles Baudelaire. Dopo aver tracciato, da un punto di vista storico, la riflessione linguistica elaborata dal fondatore del Simbolismo francese, ci proponiamo di illustrare le ragioni che giustificano la ricorrenza della figura stilistica nella gamma delle esigenze espressive del movimento letterario della fin de siècle. Successivamente, interrogando la struttura linguistica e retorica di alcuni componimenti delle Fleurs du Mal, cercheremo di dimostrare come la perifrasi divenga, nello stile di Charles Baudelaire, lo strumento appropriato all'espressione dell'oggetto della Poesia, una materia invisibile e "inconnue", come la definisce il poeta, che l'artista deve plasmare al fine di conferirle una forma adeguata e intellegibile. Sulla base di tali presupposti, svilupperemo un discorso critico e ermeneutico sull'attività poetica baudelairiana, provando a delinearne la finalità ultima: la volontà di nominare ("perifrasticamente") l'Inconnu o l'Infini. Il linguaggio delle Fleurs du Mal sembrerebbe tradurre la mira artistica di rivelare l'Assoluto che si nasconde nell'apparenza transitoria della realtà e di restituirlo in una forma eterna: il testo poetico. Giungeremo pertanto a dimostrare come le strategie retoriche, le scoperte stilistiche e le scelte linguistiche esibite da Charles Baudelaire inaugurino la via intrapresa dalla poesia moderna, ossia la ricerca di una scrittura ermetica, la forma adeguata al contenuto trascendente dell'arte. / This thesis analyses the periphrastic figure and aims to provide a theoretical definition of the trope based on its usage in the poetics of Charles Baudelaire. Through a historical restitution of the linguistic reflections expounded by the founder of French symbolism, the aim is to identify reasons behind the recurrence of this stylistic figure within the particular symbolic economy of the French fin de siècle literary movement. By exploring the linguistic and rhetorical structure of certain poems within the Fleurs du mal, I will identify ways in which the trope becomes both an appropriate tool for expressing the poetic object, and an invisible and “unknown” element, as Baudelaire puts it, to which the poet must give an appropriate and intelligible form. From there, I aim to outline the objectives of Baudelairian poetry, in other words, to identify (“periphrastically”) the “unknown,” and to reveal how Baudelaire’s language conveys his artistic desire both to reveal the hidden Absolute that lies beneath reality and to render it in an eternal form: the poem. Baudelaire’s rhetorical devices, stylistic innovations, and linguistic choices seem to establish the route taken by modern poetry, that is, the search for a hermetic mode of writing, or even for the appropriate form its transcendental content might take.

Submitted by Andrea Hayashi (deachan@gmail.com) on 2016-06-22T18:33:39Z No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao-rosana-biondillo.pdf: 781686 bytes, checksum: 01ba1b8c79672ed37d4c137f821dd204 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Andrea Hayashi (deachan@gmail.com) on 2016-06-22T19:00:55Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao-rosana-biondillo.pdf: 781686 bytes, checksum: 01ba1b8c79672ed37d4c137f821dd204 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-22T19:00:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao-rosana-biondillo.pdf: 781686 bytes, checksum: 01ba1b8c79672ed37d4c137f821dd204 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-05-13 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Este trabalho tem como objeto de estudo o flâneur no pensamento de Walter Benjamin. Nos concentraremos especialmente no seu modelo de existência que atesta a crise da experiência na modernidade – modelo este caracterizado tanto pelo declínio da experiência tradicional (Erfahrung) como pelo surgimento da vivência do choque (Chockerlebnis). Em consequência dessa crise, o flâneur tornase o retrato do intelectual/artista que precisa refletir sobre sua própria situação histórica para que possa compreender e tentar redefinir seu papel e sua atuação sociais sob pena de sucumbir às demandas do mercado no cenário capitalista pósRevolução Industrial, marcado pelos meios de produção e por mudanças na percepção humana com o avanço da técnica e da urbanização no século XIX e início do XX. Como um tipo que vive no limiar (Schwelle) entre o passado histórico – representado pelo tempo da tradição e da transmissão de experiências coletivas duradouras e compartilháveis – e o presente – representado pela vivência do choque, que marca o tempo moderno da imediatez, da repetição, da reprodução incessante e do consumo que transforma todas as coisas em mercadorias – Benjamin apresenta o flâneur como aquele que ainda dispõe de fragmentos da verdadeira experiência histórica e, por reconhecer a distância que o afasta dessa experiência, ele representa a busca por uma consciência histórica atual. / The aim of this research is the flâneur in Walter Benjamin's thought. We will look specially upon his model of existence which testifies modernity's experience crisis characterized by the decline of the traditional experience (Erfahrung) as well as the arising of chock experience (Chockerlebnis). In the account of this crisis, the flâneur becomes the portrait of the intellectual/artist who needs to rethink upon his own historical position in order to comprehend and remodel his role as well as social behavior, otherwise he may fall into the market demands in a capitalistic postIndustrial Revolution scenario, labelled by the means of production and by the changes in human perception derived from technical advancement and reurbanization in the nineteenth century and beginning of the twentieth. As a type living in between historical past – represented by time of tradition and transmission of long lasting and sharing collective experiences – and present – represented by shock experience which conceives modern time as immediacy, repetition, uninterrupted reproduction, and consumption which transforms everything into commodities – Benjamin presents the flâneur as the one who still disposes of fragments of real historical experience, and that by recognizing the distance which sets him apart from this same experience, he represents the quest for real historical conciousness.

Nas poesias do francês Charles Baudelaire a imagem marinha é recorrente, seja como duplo que reflete a subjetividade humana, espaço de fuga do árido cotidiano urbano, paralelo da amada ou ainda um espaço de incomparável beleza. Em um de seus manuscritos, o poeta afirma que o espetáculo do mar oferece uma ideia de infinito diminutivo, pois uma porção do líquido em movimento é suficiente para dar a mais elevada ideia de beleza que pode ser oferecida ao homem em sua habitação transitória. Assim, este trabalho pretende fazer uma análise crítica do pequeno poema em prosa O Porto, integrante do volume póstumo O Spleen de Paris, para examinar de que maneira o motivo marinho transfigura-se em um infinito diminutivo e, assim, promove sentimentos do belo e do sublime questões fundamentais para a estética do autor em uma poesia autônoma, que encerra sob sua harmonia e homogeneidade fraturas específicas do sujeito moderno. Por meio da comparação com outros pequenos poemas em prosa e em verso que abordam o elemento marítimo, manuscritos e textos estéticos do poeta, bem como a fortuna crítica acerca da obra baudelaireana e estudos filosóficos que conceituam o belo e o sublime no âmbito da estética, a presente análise procura verificar como este curto O Porto se vale do tópico marítimo e, sob o traje do pequeno poema em prosa e da composição de um sofisticado engenho alegórico, oferece ao leitor vislumbres intensamente líricos da beleza moderna criada por Baudelaire. / In Charles Baudelaires poems, the maritime images are recurrent, either as a double that reflects the human subjectivity, as an escape from the arid urban space, as the beloved portrait, or as a space of incomparable beauty. In one of Baudelaires manuscripts, he affirms that the spectacle of the sea offers the idea of the infinite diminutive: twelve or fourteen leagues of liquid in movement are enough to convey the highest ideal of beauty which is offered to man in his transitory habitation. Therefore, this work aims to critically analyze the prose poem The Port, part of the posthumous edition Paris Spleen, to verify how the maritime motive becomes the infinite diminutive and, thus, promotes the feeling of the beautiful and sublime fundamental questions to the authors aesthetic in an autonomous poetry, that under its harmony shows specific fractures of the modern individual. Comparing The Port with other prose poems and also with some Les Fleurs du Mal poems that mentions the maritime element, manuscripts and aesthetic texts written by the poet as well as Baudelaires critical fortune and philosophical studies that define the beautiful and the sublime, this analyses aims to verify how this short The Port addresses the maritime topic and, under the garment of the prose poem and the sophisticated allegorical procedure, offers to the reader deep lyrical glimpses of the modern beauty created by Charles Baudelaire.

À la fin du XIXe siècle, avec l’avancée de la pensée démocratique, le décadent fait l’expérience de la rupture ontologique d’avec l’ordre ancien dont les hiérarchies, sous la pression de l’égalité sociale, ont été ruinées. Du système hiérarchique de l'Ancien Régime, qui par définition est transcendant et garant de la volonté divine, l'individu passe à un système démocratique du nivellement et de l’indifférenciation de l’immanence. Consécutive au mal fin de siècle, la haine que voue le décadent à la démocratie se manifeste par la condamnation de tout son fondement idéologique. Ainsi les Lumières se trouvent être la cible privilégiée de sa critique, en particulier Rousseau et son hypothèse philosophique de « l'homme naturellement bon », mais aussi leur héritage direct à travers la notion de Progrès. Car le décadent ne saurait être en accord avec l’idée concernant le progrès indéfini qui ne peut qu’être néfaste pour l’âme humaine, un frein à son Salut. Devant l'avènement de la démocratie, le décadent voit également son statut de poète menacé. Car la désacralisation et le désenchantement du monde sont aussi synonymes de la dé poétisation du poète. Sous l'effet de l'uniformisation des masses, la pensée conformiste et contagieuse de la société démocratique met en péril la singularité, l'individualité et le caractère aristocratique du décadent. Face à cet état de fait, il se retrouve face à une alternative. Ou bien il se retranche dans sa tour d’ivoire, à l’abri des valeurs bourgeoises de la société, afin de préserver sa singularité et son unicité, ou bien, dorénavant sans auréole, poète maudit, il chante la modernité en prose, celle d’un monde en déréliction, dans une compassion fraternelle avec tous les déshérités, pour ainsi créer une nouvelle harmonie. / At the end of 19th century, as the democratic thought process was evolving, the decadent experienced an ontological break away from the old order, whose hierarchies were crushed under the pressure of social equality. From the hierarchical system of the Ancien Régime which, by definition, transcended and pledged the divine will, one adopted a democratic system of levelling and non differentiation of immanence. As a consequence of the end of century malaise, the hatred which the decadent had for democracy was apparent through the condemnation of its entire ideological basis. Hence, Rousseau and his philosophical premise of « man being naturally good » became the preferred target of his critique, which besides was directed at the entire legacy of the Enlightened, particularly their belief in the notion of Progress. Indeed, the decadent could not agree with the idea that indefinite progress could but be harmful to the human soul and hinder its Salvation. During the advent of democracy, the status of poet enjoyed by the decadent was also in jeopardy, because the deconsecration and disillusionment of the world also lead to the poet being depoetized. In view of the standardisation of the masses, the conformist and contagious reflection of the democratic society endangered the singularity, the individuality and the aristocratic character of the decadent. Faced with such a situation, he had a choice : he could retreat in his ivory tower, away from the bourgeois values of society, in order to preserve his singularity and uniqueness, or, like a damned and haloless poet, he could henceforth talk in prose about modernity, that of a world in a state of dereliction, within the compassionate brotherhood of all deprived people, in order to create a new harmony.

Cette étude se propose de comparer des traductions en portugais de quelques poèmes des Fleurs du mal de Charles Baudelaire. Nous avons crée un corpus de trente poèmes pris dans le texte original afin de comparer les traductions respectives des traducteurs brésiliens et portugais. L´analyse a été étayée sur des théories descriptives fondées sur la linguistique appliquée, en prenant en considération le portugais du Portugal, le portugais du Brésil, les théories sur les traductions et la possibilité d´appliquer par les traducteurs les postulats théoriques, en regardant si, dans la pratique, ils ont suivi, pour la traduction, une attitude naturalisée ou exotisée, ou encore, s´ils ont utilisé un style tamisée entre les deux. Dans le premier cas, les traducteurs ont produit une version collant au contexte linguistique et littéraire de la langue portugaise utilisée dans leur pays afin que le lecteur ait l´impression de lire un texte dans sa propre langue. Alors que, dans le deuxième, ils ont transgressé les règles de la langue cible et gardé les caractères de la langue source, employant parfois des mots étrangers ou créant des néologismes en vue d´universaliser le texte. S´agissant de traductions de poèmes, on a aussi examiné la façon dont ces traducteurs ont intégré, dans la pratique, les diverses théories sur le rendu des traductions, comment ils ont résolu les difficultés qui ont surgi quand il a fallu transposer les messages du texte d´origine dans le texte traduit et s´ils ont eu le souci de préserver le style de Baudelaire et les règles de versification. / This work aims at making a comparative analysis of Portuguese translations of some poems chosen from the book Les Fleurs du mal, by Charles Baudelaire. First of all a corpus was prepared with thirty poems extracted from the original book. Then, a comparison was made with the respective translations written by Brazilian and Portuguese translators. The analysis was based on descriptive theories through applied linguistics taking into account the Portuguese language used in Portugal and the one used in Brazil, the translation theories, and the applicability of theoretical presuppositions of the translators. It was observed if they Ŕ in their real practice of translation Ŕ followed a trend of keeping natural translation - that one which stresses the original text-, if they followed a trend of adaptation to the target language, or if they used both approaches. In the first case the translators show a version adapted to the cultural context inserted in the linguistic/literary tradition of the Portuguese language used in their country, so that the reader can have the impression that he is reading a passage in his native language, while in the second situation they made transgression of the target language rules and kept the characteristics of the original language by using, at times, foreign words or creating neologisms aiming at making the text universal. Having in mind translation of poems, it was also considered how those translators learned the several theories of translation in practical real situation, how they found solution to difficulties that appeared when they were changing the messages of the original text into the target language, and also, whether they preserved Baudelaire‟s style as well as the rules of versification.

Programa de Pós-Graduação em Filosofia. Departamento de Filosofia, Instituto de Filosofia, Artes e Cultura, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto. / Submitted by Oliveira Flávia (flavia@sisbin.ufop.br) on 2014-11-07T19:51:16Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 22190 bytes, checksum: 19e8a2b57ef43c09f4d7071d2153c97d (MD5) DISSERTAÇÃO_ImagensModernidadeProjeto.pdf: 946354 bytes, checksum: 7891701acff5462b132bb408a16d350c (MD5) / Rejected by Gracilene Carvalho (gracilene@sisbin.ufop.br), reason: a pedido on 2014-11-10T15:15:36Z (GMT) / Submitted by Oliveira Flávia (flavia@sisbin.ufop.br) on 2014-11-10T17:06:46Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 22190 bytes, checksum: 19e8a2b57ef43c09f4d7071d2153c97d (MD5) DISSERTAÇÃO_ImagensModernidadeProjeto.pdf: 911322 bytes, checksum: f1a38398300513496b74046f0bc9e648 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Gracilene Carvalho (gracilene@sisbin.ufop.br) on 2014-11-17T14:51:26Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 22190 bytes, checksum: 19e8a2b57ef43c09f4d7071d2153c97d (MD5) DISSERTAÇÃO_ImagensModernidadeProjeto.pdf: 911322 bytes, checksum: f1a38398300513496b74046f0bc9e648 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-11-17T14:51:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 22190 bytes, checksum: 19e8a2b57ef43c09f4d7071d2153c97d (MD5) DISSERTAÇÃO_ImagensModernidadeProjeto.pdf: 911322 bytes, checksum: f1a38398300513496b74046f0bc9e648 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Este trabalho consiste na investigação do conceito de modernidade no Projeto das Passagens de Walter Benjamin (2009), com ênfase no arquivo temático “J - Baudelaire”. Mostraremos, com o desenvolvimento da dissertação, como Benjamin preenche o seu mosaico imagético sobre a modernidade. Entre as imagens recolhidas pelo filósofo nos diversos arquivos temáticos do Projeto das Passagens, tomaremos duas como representantes das principais configurações do conceito benjaminiano de modernidade, a saber, a imagem de Paris como a metrópole moderna e a imagem do poeta francês Charles Baudelaire, ambas consideradas em um viés que prioriza a constituição alegórica da modernidade em Benjamin. ____________________________________________________________________ / ABSTRACT: This work consists in the investigation of the modernity concept in the Project of Walter Benjamin’s (2009) Passagens, with emphasis on the thematic archive “J-Baudelaire”. We will show, with the development of this thesis, how Benjamin fills in his image mosaic about modernity. Between the images collected by the philosopher in the diverse thematic archives of the Project of Passagens, we will take two as representative of the main configuration of the concept of modernity, namely, the image of Paris as the modern metropolis and the image of the French poet Charles Baudelaire, both considered by the bias that prioritize the allegorical constitution of the Benjaminian modernity.

Detta arbete handlar om Debussys sångsamling Cinq poèmes de Baudelaire; musik skriven i en omtumlande period då Debussy anammar det bohemiska pariserlivet. Han ville med detta verk glänsa med sin kompositionsteknik. Arbetet inkluderar en reflektion över sångernas uppbyggnad samt vad som inspirerat dessa; det utforskar även samtiden gällande kompositionen av sångerna. I studien användes François Lesures biografi Claude Debussy: A Critical Biography (2003) samt annan relevant litteratur. Under arbetets gång var syftet att leda fascinationen av verket till en förståelse och klarhet över dess plats i musikhistorien. Cinq poèmes de Baudelaire är sånger som kräver flera genomlyssningar för att begripa. Av denna anledning finns det en problematik i framförandet av sångerna som har varit värdefull att utforska. Framtida utövare av Debussys romansmusik kan få nytta av denna studie. Genom att följa processen, kan såväl pianister som sångare, finna inspiration till sin egen interpretation. / <p>Repertoar, inspelning finns bifogat:</p><p>Claude Debussy - Cinq Poèmes de Charles Baudelaire:</p><p>I. Le Balcon, II. Harmonie du Soir, III. Le Jet d’Eau, IV. Recueillement, V. La Mort des Amants </p><p>Eleonora Poignant - sopran</p><p>Mathilda Sidén Silvfer - mezzo-sopran</p><p>Astrid Banck Linderoth - sopran</p><p></p><p> </p>

The following document is a meta-commentary on the article "Decanting the Rabelaisian Casks: Democratizing Neoplatonic Poetic Fury in Baudelaire's 'L’âme du vin'," co-authored by Dr. Robert J. Hudson and myself, which will soon be submitted for publication. It contains an annotated bibliography of all our primary and secondary sources and an account of the genesis of the argument and the writing of the article. Our article is based upon an analysis of "‘L’âme du vin," the threshold poem of "Le Vin," the central section of Charles Baudelaire's celebrated volume Les Fleurs du Mal. As we demonstrate, previous scholarship on this section is sparse and while certain poems within in have received attention from distinguished scholars, the integral part that it plays in the larger work has been downplayed, if not entirely neglected. Our reading of the poem allows for an explanation of the structure of the entire collection, illuminates Baudelaire's intended internal architecture, and elucidates his theory of poetic creation and aesthetic ideals more generally. As we demonstrate, the transition from the Parisian commoner in "Tableaux parisiens" to the transcendent poet in "Fleurs du mal" requires the transformation provided by the intoxication in "Le Vin" which lends itself to divine fury and attainment of transcendence in and ascension to the sonnets of the "Fleurs du mal." Our development of this conclusion comes through a study of Baudelaire's employment of Neoplatonic theories and images and adoption of Rabelais' Gallic codification of these Neoplatonic tropes. "‘L’âme du vin" illustrates the essence of Baudelaire's progressive populist thought previous to the Revolution of 1848, by rendering permanent the inversion of social order found in the Rabelaisian/Bakhtinian carnavalesque. The Neoplatonic ladder to transcendence, based on Plato's four stages of divine fury, and systemized by Renaissance thinkers Marsilio Ficino and Pontus de Tyard, is tipped, or thrown, on its side in Baudelaire's work, demonstrating not only the overthrow of the hierarchy of the Old Regime, but the solidification of the humanization of the common, working man, the premier venu or homme de la rue, and the ability of the least of society, rather than the members of the nobility or leisured class of centuries past, to access divine fury and poetic transcendence by imbibing, integrating, and appreciating the soul of wine.