The two most common commercial copper baths are the acid sulfate copper bath and the alkaline cyanide copper bath. Alkaline copper baths are mostly used to coat parts with complex geometry and to avoid galvanic deposition when depositing a metal on a less noble substrate. Because of the toxicity of cyanide compounds, alternative baths have been developed using different complexing agents. The starting point of the present study is a cyanide-free strike bath developed for copper plating on Zamak substrates developed by the Institute for Technological Research of the State of São Paulo/ Brazil. The replacement of a raw material such as cyanide must be economically advantageous and technically feasible. Therefore, this study intended to propose an alternative to the treatment of liquid wastes from the mentioned bath, aiming at simultaneous water reclamation and chemicals recovery in a closed system. The electrodialysis membrane separation process was studied, using a laboratoryscale system operating with a synthetic solution simulating the rinsing waters from the HEDP-based bath. The feasibility of the technique was evaluated by analyzing operational parameters such as ion extraction, demineralization rate, concentration rate, current efficiency for each anionic specie and average energy consumption. Because HEDP is a chelating agent, the transport of Cu(II)-HEDP chelates through anion-exchange membranes was also evaluated by means of electrochemical methods. Chronopotentiometric and current-voltage curves were constructed for different model solutions containing the same compounds as the original bath. A relation between the presence of chelates in the solutions and the fixed ion exchange group could be established. Lastly, deposition tests were performed using electrolytes containing the recycled inputs and the characteristics of the coatings were analyzed. The results showed that an electrodialysis stack using strongly basic anion-exchange membranes was suitable to produce treated solutions and a concentrate containing the ions from the bath. The concentrate could be added to the copper bath to compensate eventual drag-out losses without affecting the quality of the coatings. Thus, the application of electrodialysis was shown to be a feasible alternative for recovering water and inputs from the evaluated solution, reducing the wastewater generation and saving natural resources. / Os dois banhos de cobre comerciais mais comuns são o banho ácido à base de sulfato e o banho alcalino à base de cianeto. Os banhos alcalinos são usados principalmente para recobrir peças com geometria complexa e para evitar a deposição por deslocamento galvânico quando se deposita um metal em um substrato menos nobre. Por causa da toxicidade dos compostos cianídricos, banhos alternativos vêm sendo desenvolvidos usando diferentes agentes complexantes. O ponto de partida do presente estudo é um banho toque isento de cianeto para deposição de cobre em substratos de Zamak, desenvolvido pelo Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnológicas / Brasil. A substituição de matérias-primas como o cianeto deve ser economicamente vantajosa e tecnicamente viável. Desta forma, este estudo pretendeu propor uma alternativa para o tratamento de resíduos líquidos do banho mencionado, visando à recuperação simultânea da água e das matérias-primas em um sistema fechado. Foi estudado o processo de separação por membranas de eletrodiálise, usando um sistema em escala laboratorial operando com uma solução sintética que simulava as águas de lavagem do banho à base de HEDP. A viabilidade da técnica foi avaliada por meio da análise de parâmetros operacionais, como a extração dos íons, a taxa de dessalinização, o percentual de concentração, a eficiência de corrente calculada para cada espécie iônica e o consumo médio de energia. Devido ao HEDP ser um agente quelante, o transporte de quelatos Cu(II)-HEDP através de membranas aniônicas foi avaliado por meio de métodos eletroquímicos. Curvas cronopotenciométricas e curvas corrente-potencial foram construídas para diferentes soluções sintéticas que continham os mesmos compostos que o banho original. A relação entre a presença de quelatos nas soluções e os grupos fixos de troca iônica pôde ser estabelecida. Por fim, testes de deposição foram realizados usando eletrólitos contendo os compostos reciclados e as características dos depósitos foram analisadas. Os resultados mostraram que o sistema de eletrodiálise usando membranas aniônicas contendo grupos de troca fortemente básicos pôde produzir soluções tratadas e um concentrado contendo os íons do banho. O concentrado pôde ser adicionado ao banho original para compensar eventuais perdas por arraste sem afetar a qualidade dos depósitos. Assim, a aplicação da eletrodiálise se mostrou uma alternativa viável para a recuperação de água e de insumos da solução avaliada, reduzindo a geração de efluentes e economizando recursos naturais.

Orientadores: Flávia Maria Netto, Maria Teresa Bertoldo Pacheco / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-22T00:05:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Caetano-Silva_MariaElisa_M.pdf: 1696296 bytes, checksum: 13e371ea02446fff6b254e550f086832 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: A deficiência de ferro é um dos principais problemas nutricionais no mundo, sendo a suplementação de alimentos com sais de ferro uma importante estratégia para combater essa deficiência. Porém, nessa forma, o mineral apresenta baixa biodisponibilidade e pode causar dor de estômago, diarreia, alterações de sabor e aparência dos produtos. Quelatos ferro-peptídeos têm sido apontados como uma promissora fonte de ferro mais biodisponível e com redução desses efeitos adversos. O presente estudo teve por objetivo avaliar o potencial de quelação de ferro dos peptídeos obtidos da hidrólise enzimática de isolado proteico de soro de leite (IPS) com as enzimas alcalase (HA), pancreatina (HP) ou flavourzyme (HF). Os hidrolisados foram ultrafiltrados (membrana de corte de 5 kDa) e as frações permeada (< 5 kDa) e retida (> 5 kDa) foram liofilizadas. Os hidrolisados e suas frações foram caracterizados quanto ao perfil aminoacídico, perfil de hidrofilicidade por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência em fase reversa (CLAE-FR), perfil de massa molecular (MM) por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência de exclusão molecular (CLAE-EM) e eletroforese SDS-PAGE Tricina. As frações foram avaliadas quanto à sua capacidade quelante de ferro, utilizando-se FeCl2 na proporção 40:1 proteína:Fe, pH 7,0, 25±2 °C/1h sob agitação, seguida de centrifugação. Para avaliação do ferro livre e/ou fracamente ligado aos peptídeos, o pH dos sobrenadantes da reação de quelação foi ajustado para 3,5 e o Fe2+ solúvel foi determinado. Foi selecionado o hidrolisado com maior capacidade quelante (frações HP > 5 kDa e HP < 5 kDa) para o prosseguimento do trabalho. Para avaliação da estabilidade do quelato, essas frações foram submetidas à digestão gástrica in vitro e posterior neutralização (pH 7,0), seguida de centrifugação. Os peptídeos das amostras selecionadas foram isolados por cromatografia de afinidade por íons metálicos imobilizados (IMAC-Fe3+). Os peptídeos com afinidade pelo ferro foram sequenciados por espectrometria de massas (MS/MS). O grau de hidrólise (GH) dos hidrolisados HA, HP e HF foi 16,8%, 16,4% e 9,1%, respectivamente. O perfil eletroforético das frações < 5 kDa não apresentou bandas, enquanto as frações > 5 kDa apresentaram bandas de MM inferior; porém, por CLAE-EM, foi verificado que todas as frações apresentaram peptídeos de MM aparente superior a 5 kDa, sugerindo que nas condições usadas houve formação de agregados. Na reação de quelação, HP > 5 kDa reteve 70,6% do ferro em solução, enquanto as demais frações variaram entre 37,4% e 66,1%. A fração HP > 5 kDa apresentou maior teor de ferro precipitado em pH 3,5 (65,3%), sugerindo maior interação peptídeos-ferro. A mesma amostra, após digestão gástrica, apresentou solubilidade do ferro inicialmente presente entre 57,8 e 59,0% em pH 7,0, sugerindo que a digestão com ou sem pepsina não desfez totalmente o complexo formado. Esse teor foi superior ao obtido com HP < 5 kDa (40,1 a 43,0%), bem como ao ensaio controle com FeCl2 (9,9%). No isolamento de peptídeos por IMAC-Fe3+, verificou-se maior teor de peptídeos com capacidade quelante de ferro na fração HP > 5 kDa (70%) do que na fração HP < 5 kDa (50%). O sequenciamento por MS/MS mostrou, em todos os fragmentos, presença de Glu e/ou Asp, cujos grupos carboxílicos estão entre os principais sítios de ligação com o ferro. Os resultados sugerem que a hidrólise do IPS com pancreatina origina peptídeos com alta capacidade quelante de ferro. Esses peptídeos podem ser usados para obtenção de quelatos Fe2+-peptídeos que, futuramente, sejam aplicados para fortificação de alimentos no intuito de elevar a biodisponibilidade do ferro, além de potencialmente reduzir seus efeitos pró-oxidantes / Abstract: Iron deficiency is one of the major nutritional problems in the world, being the food supplementation with iron salts an important strategy to combat this deficiency. However, in salt form, this mineral has low bioavailability and may lead to stomachache, diarrhea and even cause changes in flavor and appearance of food products. Iron-peptides chelates have been suggested as a promising source of more bioavailable iron, reducing these side effects. This study aimed at evaluating the iron-binding ability of peptides obtained from enzymatic hydrolysis of whey protein isolate (WPI) with alcalase (AH), pancreatin (PH) or flavourzyme (FH). Hydrolysates were ultrafiltered in 5 kDa membrane and permeate (< 5 kDa) and retentate (> 5 KDa) fractions were lyophilized. Hydrolysates and their fractions were characterized by aminoacidic profile, hydrophilicity profile by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC), molecular weight (MW) profile by size-exclusion high performance liquid chromatography (SE-HPLC) and SDS-PAGE Tricine). Fractions were evaluated by iron-binding ability using FeCl2 (40:1 protein:Fe ratio) at pH 7.0 and 25±2 °C for 1h under stirring, followed by centrifugation. For evaluation of free and/or weakly bound iron, the pH of the supernatant from the chelation reaction was adjusted to 3.5 and soluble Fe2+ was determined. The hydrolysate with higher iron-binding ability was selected (fractions PH > 5 kDa and PH < 5 kDa) for further proceeds. To evaluate the chelate stability, these fractions were subjected to in vitro gastric digestion and further neutralization, followed by centrifugation. The peptides of selected samples were isolated by immobilized metal affinity chromatography (IMAC-Fe3+). The peptides with iron-binding affinity were sequenced by mass spectrometry (MS/MS). The degree of hydrolysis (DH) of hydrolysates AH, PH and FH was 16.8%, 16.4% and 9.1%, respectively. Electrophoretic profile of fractions < 5 kDa did not present any band, while fractions > 5 kDa presented peptides with lower MW. However, by SE-HPLC, it was verified peptides with apparent MW above 5 kDa for all samples, suggesting that, under the conditions studied, there was aggregates formation. In the chelation reaction, PH > 5 kDa retained 70.6% of iron in solution, while other samples ranged from 37.4% to 66.1%. PH > 5kDa showed higher content of precipitated iron in pH 3.5 (65.3%), suggesting greater peptide-iron interaction. After gastric digestion, the same sample showed initial iron solubility ranging from 57.8 and 59.0% in pH 7.0, suggesting that digestion with or without pepsin was not able to completely break the complex formed. This content was higher than that obtained in both PH < 5 kDa (40.1 to 43.0%) and the control assay with FeCl2 (9.9%). IMAC-Fe3+ isolation showed higher content of iron-binding peptides in PH > 5 kDa (70%) than in PH < 5 kDa (50%). The MS/MS sequencing showed Glu and/or Asp in all fragments, which carboxylic groups are among the main iron-binding sites. The results suggest that WPI hydrolysis with pancreatin yields peptides with high iron-binding ability. These peptides may be used for obtaining iron-peptide chelates, which, in future, may be applied in food fortification in order to increase iron bioavailability and potentially reduce its pro-oxidant effects / Mestrado / Nutrição Experimental e Aplicada à Tecnologia de Alimentos / Mestre em Alimentos e Nutrição

Les chélates de Gd sont largement utilisés en tant qu’agents de contraste en imagerie par résonance magnétique. En 2015, un lien a été établi entre l’observation d’hypersignaux T1 de certaines structures cérébrales et le nombre d’administrations préalables de ces chélates de Gd reçues par les patients. Cette observation fortuite pose la question de la tolérance à long-terme de ces molécules. L’ion Gd³⁺ ayant un rayon ionique très proche de celui du Ca²⁺, il interfère avec de nombreux processus biologiques Ca²⁺-dépendants. Sa chélation par un ligand améliore considérablement sa tolérance. Les chélates de Gd sont répartis en 2 classes : macrocycliques et linéaires, différant par leur stabilité thermodynamique et donc leur tendance à se dissocier. Il est classiquement admis que les chélates de Gd ne traversent pas la barrière hémato-encéphalique saine. L’observation de ces hypersignaux au niveau du noyau dentelé du cervelet, du globus pallidus et parfois d’autres structures, remet en cause ce postulat.Les travaux de cette thèse visent à étudier le mécanisme d’accumulation du Gd dans le système nerveux central (voies de passage, localisations, spéciation du Gd accumulé). Les potentiels effets neurotoxiques associés à la présence de Gd dans le cerveau ont aussi été recherchés.Nous avons mis en évidence chez le Rat que l’accumulation cérébrale est d’autant plus importante que la stabilité thermodynamique du chélate de Gd est faible, confirmant les observations cliniques. Les hypersignaux T1 sont en effet liés à des injections répétées de chélates linéaires de Gd. Nous avons aussi établi qu’une insuffisance rénale modérée potentialise la capture cérébrale de Gd dans le cas d’un chélate de Gd linéaire. Nous avons observé que les structures cérébrales accumulent d’autant plus de Gd qu’elles sont riches en fer endogène. Une augmentation de la zincurie, après administration de chélates de Gd linéaires, a également été observée, suggérant un phénomène de transmétallation.La combinaison des techniques de fluorescence X (XRF), de microscopie électronique en transmission (TEM) et du NanoSIMS, a permis l’observation des dépôts de Gd à différentes échelles et sous différentes formes. Cela a permis de documenter les voies de passage du Gd, le rôle des métaux endogènes et du phosphore. L’analyse XRF a permis d’observer qu’au sein des noyaux cérébelleux profonds du Rat, la majorité du Gd est accumulée sous la forme de structures allongées et ramifiées. Ces structures pourraient être des vaisseaux sanguins. Le Gd serait accumulé dans l’espace périvasculaire. En TEM, des dépôts insolubles de Gd ont été observés dans les lames basales de vaisseaux, dans l’interstitium cérébelleux, et dans l’espace périvasculaire. Ces dépôts à l’apparence épineuse sont riches en phosphore, suggérant des dépôts de GdPO₄. Du Gd et du phosphore ont également été identifiés dans des cellules gliales, au sein de pigments intracellulaires de lipofuscine. Aucun dépôt de Gd n’a été trouvé chez des rats traités par un chélate de Gd macrocyclique.L’hypothèse mécanistique établie consiste en l’accès précoce des chélates de Gd au liquide céphalo-rachidien (LCR), puis leur diffusion passive dans le parenchyme proche des ventricules cérébraux, à travers l’épendyme. Arrivés dans des zones riches en métaux endogènes et/ou en phosphore, leschélates de Gd les moins stables thermodynamiquement se dissocieraient, le Gd se liant à des macromolécules endogènes, ou précipitant. La circulation du LCR le long des artérioles pénétrantes piègerait également du Gd au niveau périvasculaire. Les chélates de Gd intacts seraient éliminés par le système glymphatique périvasculaire ou « drainage périartériel intrapariétal ». On retrouve aussi du Gd probablement dissocié à ce niveau.Hormis une hypoactivité, non spécifique, les études neurocomportementales, histopathologiques et neurochimiques menées chez le Rat n’ont pas permis de mettre en évidence une toxicité avérée, même à des doses élevées. / Gd chelates are widely used as contrast agents in magnetic resonance imaging. In 2015, the finding of T1 hyperintensities in brain structures was associated with the prior administrations of these agents in patients. This observation raised the question of the long-term tolerance of these molecules. The Gd³⁺ ionic radius is very close to that of Ca²⁺, and therefore this lanthanide interferes with numerous Ca²⁺-dependent biological processes. Its chelation by a ligand considerably improves its tolerance. Gd chelates are categorized into 2 classes: macrocylic and linear agents, differing in their thermodynamic stabilities, and therefore in their ability to dissociate. It is classically admitted that Gd chelates do not cross the healthy blood-brain-barrier. The observation of these hyperintensities, in the dentate nucleus of the cerebellum, the globus pallidus, and sometimes other structures, questioned this assumption.This thesis aimed to study the mechanism of Gd accumulation in the central nervous system: access pathways, tissue and subcellular location, Gd speciation). Potential neuro-toxicological effects associated with long term Gd presence in the brain were also researched.Using a rat model, we evidenced that the lower the thermodynamic stability of Gd chelates, the greater the cerebral Gd concertation was, thus confirming clinical observations. T1 hyperintensities exclusively appeared following administrations of linear Gd chelates. We also established that moderate renal failure potentiates Gd brain uptake in the case of linear Gd chelate. We also observed that brain structures accumulate even more Gd that their endogenous Fe concentration is high. Administration of linear Gd chelates resulted in an increased zincuria. Gadolinium vs. Zn transmetalation may be responsible for this effect.The combination of X fluorescence, transmission electronic microscopy, and NanoSIMS, showed Gd deposits at various scales and in various forms. It allowed us to document Gd pathways, and the role of endogenous metals and phosphorus in this phenomenon. X fluorescence analysis depicted, in rat deep cerebellar nuclei, that the majority of Gd was accumulated in the form of elongated and ramified structures, believed to be blood vessels where Gd would be retained in the perivascular area. By means of electron microscopy in rats, Gd insoluble deposits were observed in basal lamina of vessels, in cerebellar interstitium, and in the perivascular space. These Gd deposits, of spiny aspect, were rich in phosphorus, thus suggesting the presence of GdPO₄. Co-presence of Gd and phosphorous was also identified into glial cells, accumulated in intracellular lipofuscine pigments. No Gd deposits were found in rats treated with a macrocyclic Gd chelate.The established mechanistic hypothesis consists in the early access of Gd chelates to cerebrospinal fluid, followed by their passive diffusion into the parenchyma close to cerebral ventricles, through the ependyma. Encountering areas rich in endogenous metals and/or phosphorus, the less thermodynamically stable Gd chelates would dissociate, and Gd would bind endogenous macromolecules, or precipitate. Cerebrospinal fluid circulation along penetrating arterioles would also trap Gd at the perivascular level. Intact Gd chelates would be eliminated through perivascular glymphatic pathway, or “intramural periarterial drainage”, where probably dissociated Gd is also found.Except a non-specific hypoactivity, neurobehavioural, histopathological and neurochemical studies performed in rats did not demonstrate any obvious neurotoxicity, even at high doses.

The detection of disease and abnormal pathology by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been aided significantly by the use of gadolinium (Gd3+)-based contrast agents (CAs) over the past three decades. MRI and MRI CAs play a critical role in diagnosing tumors and diseases of the central nervous system. The agents used clinically have been shown to safely increase MRI contrast despite the toxicity of Gd3+, owing to the high kinetic and thermodynamic stability of these chelates. However, current CAs enhance contrast at a small fraction of what is theoretically possible. This leads to the necessity of introducing high CA doses in practice in order to afford sufficient contrast. Lanthanide (Ln3+) chelates based on 1,4,7,10–tetraazacyclododecane–1,4,7,10–tetraacetate (DOTA) have been shown to be particularly stable and effective. Chelates of DOTA exist in two interconverting coordination geometries which have varying water exchange rates. Researchers have envisioned a way to increase the per-dose efficacy both by control of the Gd3+–inner–sphere water exchange rate and via binding specificity (i.e. to tumors). The efficacy gains using these approaches have thus far been modest. A thorough structural characterization of europium (Eu3+) chelates of a DOTA-derivative which cannot undergo conformational exchange was carried out. These studies show that a single enantiomer of the ligand (S)–2–(4-nitrobenzyl)–1,4,7,10–tetraazacyclododecane–1,4,7,10–tetra(α–methyl)acetate (NB–DOTMA) can yield chelates which are both diastereoisomeric (previously reported) and regioisomeric (not previously speculated). Molecular mechanics simulations generated from the characterization data indicate that the nitrobenzyl (NB) substituent is oriented in different directions for the two possible regioisomers. The NB group can be chemically converted to confer macromolecular binding capability, and the orientation of the NB substituent may have a significant impact on the binding and/or relaxation behavior of a prototypical CA. The nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra of Eu–NB–DOTMA at various temperatures were compared. Unexpectedly, the chelates showed time-averaged structures which differ with a change in water exchange rate — the faster the rate, the greater the deviation from the expected structure. Consideration of the structures of Ln3+ chelates without accounting for their dynamic behavior does not yield an accurate value for the time-averaged hydration state. These observations suggest the "optimal" water exchange rate calculated using Solomon-Bloembergen-Morgan (SBM) theory may not lead to the highest-efficacy CAs. Binding and relaxometric studies of macromolecule-targeting derivatives of Gd–NB–DOTMA both by the author and in another lab showed that the coordination isomer with the slower water exchange rate should lead to more effective contrast, in direct opposition to the prevailing view of water exchange in the MRI community. Preliminary data do not indicate that regioisomeric chelates have significantly different relaxivity or macromolecular binding behavior. The ratios between regioisomeric Ln–NB–DOTMA chelates formed were shown to be dependent on the concentration and pH of the chelation reaction, but conditions were not found which led to the production of a single regioisomer. Attempts to carry out an efficient synthesis of a Ln3+ chelate with no potential for regioisomerism were unsuccessful.

L’insuffisance placentaire est une pathologie grave avec un diagnostic souvent trop tardif empêchant la mise en place de thérapeutiques efficaces. Le but de ce travail de Thèse est de développer chez la rate gestante et de transposer à l’Homme des outils d’IRM fonctionnelle (IRMf) placentaire qui permettrait une quantification de la perfusion placentaire en pratique clinique.Matériels et méthodes : Trois études en IRMf font partie de cette Thèse.Les deux premières ont été réalisées sur un modèle murin. Une séquence dynamique avec injection d’un agent de contraste (DCE) a été développée avec une particule de fer de type SPIO dans un modèle chirurgical d’hypoperfusion placentaire chronique, avec mesure de la perfusion placentaire f en ml/min/100ml et de la fraction volumique (Vb) en %. Une autre technique d’IRMf a été développée avec l’Arterial Spin Labeling (ASL) permettant d’estimer la perfusion placentaire en ml/min/100g sans injection de produit de contraste exogène. La dernière étude était une recherche translationnelle. Elle a consisté au développement de séquences de DCE avec injection de chélate de gadolinium, pour obtenir la perfusion f en ml/min/100ml et la fraction volumique en %. Nous avons également étudié, au décours de cette étude, la pharmacocinétique materno-fœtale du chélate de gadolinium.Résultats : Chez l’animal en DCE avec SPIO, notre étude nous a permis de montrer qu'il était possible d'utiliser l’effet T1 des SPIO pour caractériser la microcirculation placentaire par f=159,4 ml/min/100ml (+/- 54,6) et Vb =39,2% (+/- 11,9) pour 31 placentas « normaux ». En cas de RCIU, f diminue significativement pour les 23 placentas étudiés (f= 108,1 ml/min/100ml +/- 41, p=0,004), alors que la fraction volumique placentaire n'est pas modifiée (Vb=42,8% +/- 16,7, p=0,24). L’ASL nous a permis d’estimer la perfusion placentaire pour 47 placentas en condition physiologique, avec une perfusion estimée à 146,8 ml/min/100g (+/- 70,1).Chez l’Homme, 14 placentas ont été étudiés avec une perfusion placentaire globale estimée à 183 ml/min/100ml (+/-144) et nous avons également mis en évidence deux types de cinétique de rehaussement placentaire (précoce et intense et plus tardif et moins intense). La pharmacocinétique nous a permis d'étudier quantitativement le passage du chélate de gadolinium chez le fœtus. Ce passage est faible: par rapport à la concentration initiale du Dotarem®, la concentration sanguine fœtale correspond à 18,1x10-6 %, la concentration dans le liquide amniotique à 242,8 x10-6 % et 0,3 % de la dose initiale de Dotarem® est présente dans le placenta environ 70 heures après l’injection.Conclusion : Ce travail illustre la variété des techniques d'IRM fonctionnelle disponibles pour l'étude du placenta. La perfusion placentaire peut être quantifiée en DCE avec un agent particulaire à base de fer (SPIO) ou sans injection de produit de contraste en ASL chez le rat. L’étude de la perfusion placentaire chez l'Homme est possible en DCE avec les chélates de gadolinium.Mots clés : IRM, DCE, chélates de Gadolinium, ASL, perfusion placentaire, grossesse, placenta, retard de croissance intra-utérin. / Placental insufficiency is a serious medical condition with a diagnosis made usually too late to prevent introduction of effective therapies. The aim of this thesis is to develop, in pregnant rats and translate to humans, functional MRI (fMRI) tools allowing quantification of placental perfusion in clinical practice.Materials and Methods: Three studies using fMRI are part of this thesis. The first two were performed on a murine model. A dynamic sequence with injection of a contrast agent (DCE) has been developed with an iron oxide particle (SPIO) in a surgical model of chronic placental hypoperfusion with placental perfusion measurement (f) in ml / min / 100 ml and placental fractionnal volume (Vb) in %. Another technique of fMRI was developed with Arterial Spin Labeling (ASL) to estimate placental perfusion in ml / min / 100g without injection of contrast media.The latest study was a translational research. It consisted in the development of a dynamic sequence with injection of gadolinium chelate, in order to obtain perfusion (f) in ml / min / 100 ml and placental fractionnal volume (Vb) in %. We also studied maternal and fetal pharmacokinetics of gadolinium chelate.Results: In animals with SPIO DCE, our study allowed us to show that it is possible to use the T1 effect of SPIO to characterize the placental microcirculation by f = 159.4 ml / min / 100ml (+ / - 54.6) and Vb = 39.2% (11.9 +/-) for 31 « normal » placentas. In case of IUGR, f decreases significantly for the 23 examined placentas (f = 108.1 ml / min / 100ml +/- 41, p = 0.004), whereas the volume fraction placenta is not modified (Vb = 42 +/- 16.7 8 %, p = 0.24). ASL has allowed us to estimate placental perfusion for 47 placentas under physiological conditions, with an estimated perfusion of 146.8 ml / min / 100 g (70.1 +/-).In humans, 14 placentas were studied with an estimated perfusion of 183 ml / min / 100ml (+/- 144) and we also identified two types of placental kinetic enhancement (early and intense and later and less intense). Pharmacokinetics have allowed us to study quantitatively the transfer of gadolinium chelate in the fetus. This transfer is low compared to the initial concentration of Dotarem® : fetal blood concentration is 18.1x10-6%, concentration in amniotic fluid is 242.8 x10-6 % and 0.3% of the Dotarem® initial dose is present in the placenta approximately 70 hours after injection.Conclusion: This study illustrates the variety of functional MRI techniques available for placental study. Placental perfusion can be quantified by DCE with an iron oxide particle (SPIO) or without injection of contrast in ASL, in a rat model. The study of placental perfusion in humans is also possible in DCE with gadolinium chelates.

Die Entwicklung neuer Verfahren für die Rückführung von Palladium aus Altmaterialien, wie gebrauchten Autoabgaskatalysatoren, in den Stoffstromkreislauf ist sowohl aus ökologischer als auch ökonomischer Sicht erstrebenswert. In dieser Arbeit wurden neue Flüssig-Flüssig- und Fest-Flüssig-Extraktionsmittel entwickelt, mit denen Palladium(II) aus einer oxidierenden, salzsauren Laugungslösung, die neben Palladium auch Platin und Rhodium sowie zahlreiche unedle Metalle enthält, zurückgewonnen werden kann. Die neuen Extraktionsmittel ungesättigte monomere 1,2-Dithioether und oligomere Ligandenmischungen mit vicinalen Dithioether-Einheiten – sind im Gegensatz zu vielen in der Literatur aufgeführten Extraktionsmitteln hochselektiv. Aufgrund ihrer geometrischen und elektronischen Präorganisation bilden sie mit Palladium(II) stabile quadratisch-planare Chelatkomplexe. Für die Entwicklung des Flüssig-Flüssig-Extraktionsmittels wurde eine Reihe von ungesättigten 1,2-Dithioetherliganden dargestellt, welche auf einer starren 1,2-Dithioethen-Einheit, die in ein variierendes elektronenziehendes Grundgerüst eingebettet ist, basieren und polare Seitenketten besitzen. Neben der Bestimmung der Kristallstrukturen der Liganden und ihrer Palladiumdichlorid-Komplexe wurden die elektro- und photochemischen Eigenschaften, die Komplexstabilität und das Verhalten in Lösung untersucht. In Flüssig-Flüssig-Extraktionsuntersuchungen konnte gezeigt werden, dass einige der neuen Liganden industriell genutzten Extraktionsmitteln durch eine schnellere Einstellung des Extraktionsgleichgewichts überlegen sind. Anhand von Kriterien, die für eine industrielle Nutzbarkeit entscheidend sind, wie: guter Oxidationsbeständigkeit, einer hohen Extraktionsausbeute (auch bei hohen Salzsäurekonzentrationen der Speiselösung), schneller Extraktionskinetik und einer hohen Selektivität für Palladium(II) wurde aus der Reihe der sechs Liganden ein geeignetes Flüssig-Flüssig-Extraktionsmittel ausgewählt: 1,2-Bis(2-methoxyethylthio)benzen. Mit diesem wurde ein praxisnahes Flüssig-Flüssig-Extraktionssystem entwickelt. Nach der schrittweisen Adaption der wässrigen Phase von einer Modelllösung hin zu der oxidierenden, salzsauren Laugungslösung erfolgte die Auswahl eines geeigneten großtechnisch, einsetzbaren Lösemittels (1,2-Dichlorbenzen) und eines effizienten Reextraktionsmittels (0,5 M Thioharnstoff in 0,1 M HCl). Die hohe Palladium(II)-Selektivität dieses Flüssig-Flüssig-Extraktionssystems konnte verifiziert und seine Wiederverwendbarkeit und Praxistauglichkeit unter Beweis gestellt werden. Weiterhin wurde gezeigt, dass sich beim Kontakt mit oxidierenden Medien aus dem Dithioether 1,2-Bis(2-methoxyethylthio)benzen geringe Mengen des Thioethersulfoxids 1-(2-Methoxyethylsulfinyl)-2-(2-methoxyethylthio)benzen bilden. Dieses wird im sauren Milieu protoniert und beschleunigt die Extraktion wie ein Phasentransferkatalysator, ohne jedoch die Palladium(II)-Selektivität herabzusetzen. Die Kristallstruktur des Palladiumdichlorid-Komplexes des Tioethersulfoxids zeigt, dass der unprotonierte Ligand Palladium(II), analog zum Dithioether, über die chelatisierenden Schwefelatome koordiniert. Verschiedene Mischungen von Oligo(dithioether)-Liganden und der monomere Ligand 1,2-Bis(2-methoxyethylthio)benzen dienten als Extraktionsmittel für Fest-Flüssig-Extraktionsversuche mit SIRs (solvent impregnated resins) und wurden zu diesem Zweck auf hydrophilem Kieselgel und organophilem Amberlite® XAD 2 adsorbiert. Die Oligo(dithioether)-Liganden basieren auf 1,2-Dithiobenzen oder 1,2-Dithiomaleonitril-Einheiten, welche über Tris(oxyethylen)ethylen- oder Trimethylen-Brücken miteinander verknüpft sind. Mit Hilfe von Batch-Versuchen konnte gezeigt werden, dass sich strukturelle Unterschiede - wie die Art der chelatisierenden Einheit, die Art der verbrückenden Ketten und das Trägermaterial - auf die Extraktionsausbeuten, die Extraktionskinetik und die Beladungskapazität auswirken. Die kieselgelhaltigen SIRs stellen das Extraktionsgleichgewicht viel schneller ein als die Amberlite® XAD 2-haltigen. Jedoch bleiben die Extraktionsmittel auf Amberlite® XAD 2, im Gegensatz zu Kieselgel, dauerhaft haften. Im salzsauren Milieu sind die 1,2-Dithiobenzen-derivate besser als Extraktionsmittel geeignet als die 1,2-Dithiomaleonitrilderivate. In Säulenversuchen mit der oxidierenden, salzsauren Laugungslösung und wiederverwendbaren, mit 1,2-Dithiobenzenderivaten imprägnierten, Amberlite® XAD 2-haltigen SIRs zeigte sich, dass für die Realisierung hoher Beladungskapazitäten sehr geringe Pumpraten benötigt werden. Trotzdem konnte die gute Palladium(II)-Selektivität dieser Festphasenmaterialien demonstriert werden. Allerdings wurden in den Eluaten im Gegensatz zu den Eluaten, die aus Flüssig-Flüssig-Extraktion resultierten neben dem Palladium auch geringe Mengen an Platin, Aluminium, Eisen und Blei gefunden. / The development of new processes for the recovery of palladium from recycling materials like spent automotive catalysts is of economic and ecologic interest. In this thesis new solvent and solid phase extractants have been designed, which are suitable for the recovery of palladium(II) from an oxidising hydrochloric leach liquor that does not only additionally contain platinum and rhodium but also a number of base metals. In contrast to many extractants described in the literature these new extractants – unsaturated monomeric dithioethers as well as oligomeric mixtures of ligands with vicinal dithioether units – are highly selective for palladium(II). Due to their geometric and electronic preorganisation they form stable square-planar chelate complexes with palladium(II). For the development of the solvent extractant a series of unsaturated dithioethers, which are based on a rigid 1,2-dithioethene unit that is imbedded in an electron-withdrawing backbone, with polar end-groups has been synthesised. In addition to the determination of the crystal structures of the ligands and their dichloridopalladium complexes, the electro- and photochemical properties, the complex stabilities and the behaviour in solution have been investigated. Solvent extraction experiments showed the superiority of some of our ligands over conventionally used extractants in terms of their very fast reaction rates. Considering criteria that are essential for industrial utilisation like: robustness towards oxidation, achieving of high extraction yields (even at a high hydrochloric acid content of the leach liquor), fast extraction kinetics and a high selectivity for palladium(II), 1,2-bis(2-methoxyethylthio)benzene was selected as the extractant of choice. Building on this a solvent extraction system close to industrial practice was devised. After stepwise adaption of the aqueous phase from a model solution to the oxidising hydrochloric leach liquor, the selection of a diluent suitable for commercial operations (1,2-dichlorobenzene) and of an efficient stripping agent (0.5 M thiourea in 0.1 M HCl) has been accomplished. The high selectivity of that solvent extraction system for palladium(II) could be verified and its reusability and suitability for practical application have been proven. Further it was shown that small amounts of the thioether sulfoxide 1-[(2-methoxyethyl)sulfanyl]-2-[(2-methoxyethyl)sulfinyl]benzene form when the dithioether ligand 1,2-bis(2-methoxyethylthio)benzene gets in contact with oxidising media. Under acidic conditions this thioether sulfoxide gets protonated and accelerates the extraction like a phase transfer catalyst; without decreasing the selectivity for palladium(II). The molecular structure of the corresponding dichloridopalladium complex reveals that the nonprotonated ligand coordinates palladium(II) in a similar manner to the dithioether via the chelating sulfur atoms. Mixtures of oligo(dithioether) ligands and the monomeric 1,2-bis(2-methoxyethylthio)benzene have been adsorbed on silica gel and amberlite® XAD 2. These SIRs (solvent impregnated resins) have been used for solid phase extraction experiments. The oligo(dithioether) ligands are based on 1,2- dithiobenzene or 1,2-dithiomaleonitrile units, which are connected via tris(oxyethylene)ethylene or trimethylene chains. With the help of batch experiments it could be shown how structural differences, like the chelating unit, the kind of linking chain and the type of supporting material, impact the extraction yield, kinetics and loading capacity. The SIRs containing silica gel establish the extraction equilibrium much faster than those containing amberlite® XAD 2. On the other hand, the extractants permanently remain on amberlite® XAD 2, in contrast to silica gel. In a hydrochloric medium 1,2-dithiobenzene derivatives are better extractants than 1,2-dithiomaleonitrile derivatives. In column experiments with the oxidising hydrochloric leach liquor and reusable SIRs based on 1,2-dithiobenzene derivatives impregnated into amberlite® XAD 2, it appeared that for the implementation of high loading capacities very low flow rates are required. The selectivity for palladium(II) of these solid phase extractants could be demonstrated, although the eluates, in contrast to the eluates gained from the solvent extraction experiments, contained not only palladium but also small amounts of platinum, aluminium, iron and lead.

The contribution of Cys17 and surface-exposed histidine residues in rhG-CSF interaction with Cu(II), Ni(II) and Hg(II) ions chelated by Light Resistant Yellow 2KT-polyethylene glycol derivative was evaluated in aqueous two-phase systems composed of polyethylene glycol (PEG) and dextran. It was determined that His43, His52, His156 and His170 residues are involved in protein interaction with chelated Cu(II) ions. Protein interaction with chelated Ni(II) is governed by His52 and His170 residues, though Cys17 is also involved. The contribution of Cys17 side chain is dominant in the interaction between rhG-CSF and chelated Hg(II) ions. The direct interaction between chelated Hg(II) ions and the –SH group of protein was determined for the first time. Based on the study of the interaction between rhG-CSF and chelated metal ions, rhG-CSF was successfully refolded from inclusion bodies in aqueous two-phase systems PEG-dextran containing chelated Ni(II) or Hg(II) ions for the first time. The refolding of rhG-CSF (C17S) in these systems was more effective compared to that of intact rhG-CSF. The dependence of refolding efficiency of rhG-CSF (C17S) in two-phase systems containing chelated metal ions on the number of histidine mutations was evaluated. It was determined that the refolding efficiency of protein in the systems containing chelated Ni(II) is inversely proportional to the number of histidine mutations. The affinity of purified rhG-CSF (C17S) and its histidine mutants for... [to full text]

In this work we have studied the influence of chelating agents on the growth of Ñ-Fe2O3 nanoparticles obtained by coprecipitation method. The nanoparticles were characterized by structural and magnetization techniques. The nanoparticles were obtained from precursors prepared with different concentrations of chelating agents: sucrose and glycerin. To obtain nanoparticles, the precursors were submitted at temperatures between 200 and 400 -XC. The samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), small angles X-ray scattering (SAXS) and magnetization measurements. The XRD results allied to the Rietveld refinement confirm the formation of Ñ-Fe2O3 nanoparticles with average sizes from 4 to 70 nm. The TEM and XRD results indicate a preferential growth pronounced for the crystallographic plane (110) for the samples prepared with addition of 10 mmol/l of sucrose and glycerin. Furthermore, a more careful analysis performed on the data of XRD, SEM, TEM, SAXS and magnetization curves on the mode Zero-Field-Cooling and Field-Cooling (ZFC-FC) clearly show the dependence of the size, size distribution and shape nanoparticles as a function of the concentration of chelating agent. Preliminary results of TEM show that it was possible to grow iron oxide nanoparticles coated with carbon structures similar to the structures of onion-type fullerenes to depend on the synthesis conditions (type and concentration of chelating agent, and synthesis temperature). / Neste trabalho nos estudamos a influencia de agentes quelantes sobre o processo de crescimento de nanoparticulas de Ñ-Fe2O3 obtidas pelo metodo de co-precipitacao. Para tais estudos foram aplicadas tecnicas de caracterizacao estruturais e de magnetizacao. As nanoparticulas foram obtidas a partir de precursores preparados com diferentes concentracoes dos agentes quelantes: sacarose e glicerina. Para obtencao das nanoparticulas, estes precursores foram aquecidos em temperaturas entre 200 e 400-XC. As amostras foram caracterizadas atraves de difracao de raios X (DRX), microscopia eletronica de varredura (MEV), microscopia eletronica de transmissao (MET), espalhamento de raios X a baixos angulos (SAXS) e medidas de magnetizacao. Resultados de DRX aliados ao refinamento Rietveld confirmam a formacao das nanoparticulas de Ñ-Fe2O3 com tamanhos medios de 4 a 70nm. Esses resultados mostram tambem um aumento nos tamanhos das particulas com o aumento da temperatura de sintese e reducao na concentracao do agente quelante. Resultados de DRX e MET indicam um crescimento preferencial acentuado para o plano cristalografico (110) para as amostras de preparadas com a adicao de 10 mmol/l de sacarose e glicerina. Alem disso, uma analise mais cuidadosa realizada em DRX, MEV, MET, SAXS e dados de magnetizacao de curvas no modo Zero-Field-Cooling e Field-Cooling (ZFC-FC) mostram claramente a dependencia do tamanho, distribuicao do tamanho e a forma das nanoparticulas em funcao da concentracao do agente quelante. Resultados preliminares de MET mostram que foi possivel crescer nanoparticulas de oxido de ferro recobertas com estruturas de carbonos similares a estruturas de fulerenos do tipo casca de cebola, a depender das condicoes de sintese (tipo e concentracao de agente quelante, e a temperatura de sintese).

This master´s thesis deals with the suppression of algal growth on concrete structures. The subject of the work is to design and coatings their own structural concretes containing protective element in order to inhibit the growth of algae. As the coating are tested commercially avaiable and newly created systems. Testing systems are based on the portland cement and chelates of metal (Cu, Ni, Co, Mn, Zn, Al).

This study was conducted to compare the availability of Zn from two Zn sources, an amino acid chelate and ZnSO₄. In three experiments, 78 Zn depleted and 24 Zn adequate pigs were used. Pigs were depleted of Zn by feeding an isolated soy protein, semi purified diet containing 17 ppm Zn. Of the 78 depleted pigs, 60 pigs were Zn repleted. During Zn repletion in Exp. 1, depleted pigs were fed the low Zn diet supplemented with 5, 15, or 45 ppm Zn either as ZnSO₄ or as Zn amino acid chelate (ZnAAC). In Exp. 2 and 3, low Zn diets were only supplemented with 45 ppm Zn. Zinc adequate pigs, used in Exp. 1 and 2, were fed the 45 ppm supplemental Zn diets. To evaluate differences in site and rate of apparent Zn absorption, chromic oxide was added to the diets of depleted pigs in Exp. 1 and 3. In all experiments, a 24-d period was sufficient to severely deplete the porcine body Zn stores, and to cause parakeratosis and growth retardation. Serum Zn concentrations and serum ALP-activities of depleted pigs dramatically decreased (P < .01) during the first 14 d of Zn depletion. At the end of Zn depletion, Zn contents in liver, kidney, pancreas, brain, and small intestine tissues of pigs fed the low Zn diet were reduced (P < .01) by 10 to 40 % compared with the adequate pigs fed the ZnSO₄ and ZnAAC diets. In Exp. 2, the growth retardation was associated with a low (P < .05) serum mitogenic activity and pituitary RNA content of depleted pigs compared with pair-fed adequate pigs. Moreover, the growth hormone mRNA fraction tended to be reduced (P < .10) for the Zn depleted pigs. In Exp. 1, the apparent absorption of Zn was higher (P < .01) for pigs fed ZnAAC compared with the ZnSO₄ group; however, this was not confirmed in Exp. 3 unless coefficients were corrected for Cr recovery. Furthermore, absorption of Zn occurred primarily within jejunal and distal segments of the small intestine. In the balance of Exp. 3, disappearance rates of Zn, Cu, Fe and DM were higher (P < .01) in depleted pigs fed ZnAAC compared with ZnSO₄. The recovery of Cr also was different (P < .01) between pigs fed the ZnSO₄ (87 %) and ZnAAC (70 %) diets. Moreover, the moisture content of the fecal matter was 11 % higher (P < .01) for the ZnAAC group compared with pigs fed ZnSO₄. In Exp. 1, depleted pigs fed the 15 ppm ZnSO₄ and ZnAAC diets regained their ability to grow, however, replenishment of body fluid and tissue Zn pools did not occur within the 24-d Zn repletion period. Both the 5 ppm ZnSO₄ and ZnAAC groups did not respond to Zn repletion within a 12-d period. In all experiments, the rate and degree of repletion of body fluid and tissue Zn stores was not different between pigs fed the 45 ppm ZnSOq and ZnAAC diets, although a higher (P < .05) serum mitogenic activity was observed for the adequate pigs fed ZnAAC compared with ZnSO4. In conclusion, an amino acid chelate did not improve growth, or rate and degree of replenishment of body fluid and tissue levels of Zn compared with pigs fed ZnSO₄. However, ZnAAC may have influenced intestinal luminal conditions since a higher rate of disappearance of Zn, Cu, Fe, Cr, and DM was measured. / Ph. D.