As doenças periodontais (DP) afetam os tecidos de suporte dos dentes e são desencadeadas por micro-organismos gram-negativos anaeróbios presentes no biofilme periodontal. A evolução da doença é influenciada pela resposta inflamatória e imunológica do hospedeiro e envolve a participação de diversos tipos celulares, que atuam no micro ambiente local modulando a resposta do hospedeiro em busca do controle da infecção. Acredita-se que citocinas inflamatórias, quimiocinas e seus receptores estão envolvidos na migração celular para os tecidos periodontais, contudo, pouco se sabe sobre os mecanismos de determinação de resistência ou susceptibilidade às DP; ou no desencadeamento do dano tecidual decorrente da resposta. Neste projeto, avaliou-se o papel das células CCR5+ na DP experimental induzida pela inoculação oral de Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans em camundongos C57BL/6 wild type e camundongos CCR5-knockout. Os resultados mostram que a maioria das células CCR5+ possuem fenótipo compatível com células T do subtipo Th1, devido a co-expressão de CD3 e CXCR3; além de co-expressarem RANKL. Na ausência das células CCR5+, houve uma significativa diminuição da migração de células inflamatórias totais e RANKL+ para os tecidos periodontais, diminuição da reabsorção óssea alveolar, diminuição dos níveis de expressão de citocinas pró-inflamatórias TNFα-, IL-1β e IFN-γ, assim como diminuição na expressão de MMP-1, MMP-2 e MMP-13. Sua ausência não interferiu no controle da infecção periodontal apesar da diminuição dos níveis de iNOS. Estes resultados conduzem à conclusão de que a maioria das células CCR5+ são células T do subtipo Th1, que atuam como importantes moduladoras das citocinas TNFα-, IL-1β e IFN-γ, das metaloproteinases de matriz MMP-1, MMP-2 e MMP-13, e que também expressam e modulam a expressão de RANKL, tendo participação importante na imunopatogenese da DP experimental, sem interferir no controle da infecção periodontal. Estes fatos tornam as células CCR5+ potenciais alvos para intervenção terapêutica visando ao controle das doenças periodontais. / The periodontal diseases (PD) affect the supportive tissues of the teeth and are triggered by periodontopathogens present in the dental biofilm. The clinical outcome is highly influenced by the host inflammatory and immune response with participation of many cellular types, that act in the local microenvironment modulating the host response to control the infection. Inflammatory cytokines, chemokines and its receptors are thought to be involved in the cellular migration to the periodontal tissues, but there is little knowledge about the mechanisms of determination of resistance or susceptibility to the PD and in the triggering of tissue damage by immune response components. This study evaluated the role of CCR5+ cells in the experimental PD induced by oral inoculation of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans in C57BL/6 wild type mice and CCR5-knockout mice. The phenotypic analysis of inflammatory infiltrate demonstrated that the most of CCR5+ cells coexpress CD3 and CXCR3, suggesting a phenotype compatible with Th1-type cells, and also co-express RANKL. In the absence of CCR5+ cells there was a significant overall reduction of inflammatory cells and RANKL+ cells influx to the periodontal tissues, reduction in the alveolar bone resorption, reduction in the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNFα-, IL-1β and IFN-γ expression, as a reduction in the expression of MMP-1, MMP-2 and MMP-13. The absence of CCR5+ cells did not impair the control of periodontal infection, despite the reduction of iNOS levels. In conclusion, these data demonstrate that the most of CCR5+ cells are Th1 cells, which act as important modulators of TNFα-, IL-1β and IFN-γ, MMP-1, MMP- 2 and MMP-13 levels, and which also express and modulate the expression of RANKL, playing an important role in the immunopathogenesis of experimental PD, without impairing the control of periodontal infection. These facts point to CCR5+ cells as potentials targets to therapeutic interventions aimed to control periodontal diseases.

CCR5 est un récepteur couplé aux protéines G répondant aux CC-chimiokines MIP-1&61537; MIP-1&61538; RANTES et MCP-1. Le récepteur structurellement le plus proche est CCR2b, qui répond à MCP-1. CCR5 est exprimé à la surface des lymphocytes T mémoire, les monocytes, macrophages et cellules dendritiques. Ce récepteur joue un rôle important dans l'établissement des réponses inflammatoires contre les agents pathogènes, mais aussi dans la pathogenèse de maladies inflammatoires chroniques. CCR5 constitue aussi avec CXCR4 un des co-récepteurs qui permettent l'entrée du virus de l'immunodéficience humaine dans ses cellules cibles. CCR5 présente donc un grand intérêt en thérapeutique, et tous les éléments susceptibles de mieux comprendre sa structure, ses mécanismes d'activation ou ses cascades de signalisation sont à même de contribuer au développement d'agents à usage thérapeutique.<p>Deux nouveaux concepts sont apparus dans la littérature au cours des quelques années qui ont précédé le début de notre travail. D'une part, il est apparu que les récepteurs couplés aux protéines G pouvaient interagir directement avec un éventail de partenaires intracellulaires et réguler de cette façon des cascades de signalisation indépendamment des protéines G hétérotrimériques. D'autre part, un nombre croissant de récepteurs se sont révélés capables de former des homodimères et des hétérodimères. Nous avons dès lors appliqué ces deux concepts à l'étude de CCR5. <p>Nous avons donc recherché de nouveaux partenaires de CCR5 par deux approches complémentaires, le double hybride et le « GST-pulldown ». Dans les deux cas, nous nous sommes focalisé sur le domaine C-terminal du récepteur CCR5, d'une part parce que la majorité des interactions mises en évidence pour d'autres récepteurs concernent ce domaine, d'autre part parce que l'extrémité C-terminale de CCR5 est conservée dans l'évolution et comporte différents motifs dont la relevance fonctionnelle a été démontrée. Par ailleurs, nous avons appliqués les techniques d’immunoprécipitation et de BRET pour étudier les phénomènes d’homodimérisation de CCR5, ainsi que son hétérodimérisation avec le récepteur apparenté CCR2b. Les conséquences fonctionnelles de ces interactions ont ensuite été étudiées.<p>Par les techniques de double hybride et de pull-down, nous n’avons pas pu identifier de nouveaux partenaires de CCR5. Seules des interactions non-spécifiques ont pu être mises en évidence. Malgré une recherche intensive menée par d’autres groupes, un seul nouveau partenaire de CCR5 a été décrit entre-temps dans la littérature.<p>Lors des études d'oligomérisation de récepteurs, nous avons mis en évidence la formation d'homodimères de CCR5 et CCR2b par des expériences d’immunoprécipitations et de BRET, ainsi que d'hétérodimères CCR5-CCR2b. Les conséquences fonctionnelles de ces observations sur la liaison de chimiokines, la signalisation et l'internalisation des récepteurs ont été étudiées. Contrairement aux données de la littérature, nous n'avons pas montré de coopérativité positive entre les récepteurs co-exprimés, quant à leur capacité à induire la libération de calcium intracellulaire. Par contre, nous avons mis en évidence une coopérativité négative en termes de liaison de chimiokines. Il apparaît ainsi que chaque dimère ne peut lier qu'une seule chimiokine, et qu'en conséquence, les ligands d'un récepteur peuvent entrer en compétition avec la liaison d'un traceur sur l'autre récepteur au sein d'un hétérodimère. Ces dimères de récepteurs apparaissent cependant comme dissociables, suite à la liaison d'agonistes ou de chimiokines induisant leur internalisation, car aucun phénomène de co-internalisation ne peut être mis en évidence. Ces observations, qui sont originales dans le domaine des récepteurs couplés aux protéines G, peuvent sans doute être généralisées à l'ensemble des récepteurs de chimiokines, voire à d'autres classes de récepteurs. Elles sont importantes pour l'interprétation de la pharmacologie des récepteurs dans leur environnement naturel, et sont susceptibles de développements importants permettant de mieux comprendre la structure des dimères, la dynamique de leur association, et les mécanismes d'activation des récepteurs en général au sein de leur structure dimérique. / Doctorat en sciences, Spécialisation biologie moléculaire / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

A inflamação sistêmica é uma das características que marcam o diagnóstico da caquexia associada ao câncer. Entre as interações tumor-hospedeiro, o tecido adiposo branco contribui à inflamação, uma vez que ele sofre uma reorganização morfológica e lipólise, liberando ácidos graxos livres (AGLs), mediadores lipídicos (LMs) e citocinas pró-inflamatórias, que acentuam a ativação de vias de sinalização pró-inflamatória e o recrutamento de células do sistema imunológico para o tecido. O objetivo deste projeto foi investigar quais fatores inflamatórios sistêmicos estão envolvidos na inflamação do tecido adiposo e qual é a influência desses fatores sobre as enzimas envolvidas no metabolismo dos AGs ou LMs em indivíduos saudáveis (Controle), pacientes com câncer gastrointestinal com peso estável (WSC) e pacientes com câncer e caquexia (CC). Os resultados demonstraram que a resposta inflamatória sistêmica é diferente da resposta encontrada no tecido adiposo. A inflamação sistêmica dos pacientes com câncer e caquexia (CC) foi caracterizada por níveis circulantes mais elevados de ácidos graxos saturados (SFAs), tumor-necrosis-factor-&#945 (TNF-&#945), Interleukin IL-6, IL-8 e proteina Creativa (PCR), enquanto os níveis de ácidos graxos poliinsaturados (PUFAs), especialmente n3-PUFAs, foram menores em CC que nos demais grupos. In vitro e em explantes de tecido adiposo, citocinas pró-inflamatórias e SFAs aumentaram a expressão das quimiocinas IL-8 e CXCL10. E também observamos um aumento na expressão destas quimiocinas na inflamação do tecido adiposo no CC, que era mais profundo no tecido adiposo visceral (VAT) quando comparado ao tecido adiposo subcutâneo (SAT). A inflamação sistêmica foi negativamente associada com a expressão de enzimas sintetizadoras dos PUFAs, embora a expressão gênica e protéica mostraram somente pequenas diferencias entre os grupos. Os efeitos dos fatores inflamatórios sobre as enzimas no tecido adiposo podem ter sido mascarados pela modulação diferenciada dos diversos tipos celulares constituintes desse tecido. Experimentos in vitro mostraram que a expressão de enzimas que modificam os AGs, tais como as dessaturases e elongases em adipócitos e macrófagos, foram reguladas em direções opostas por TNF-&#945, IL-6, LPS e palmitato. Mesmo os pacientes CC demonstrando uma maior concentração plasmática da Resolvina D1, que é um mediador lipídico de resolução da inflamação, ainda assim, a inflamação sistêmica é maior nesses pacientes, e os resultados indicam que as citoquinas inflamatórias interferem com as vias de síntese das LMs da resolução. Concluímos que, os dados revelaram um crosstalk inter-tecidual e intercelular complexo mediado por citocinas pró-inflamatórias e compostos lipídicos que aumentam a inflamação na caquexia associada ao câncer por mecanismos autoregulação. / Systemic inflammation is a hallmark of cancer cachexia. Among tumor-host interactions, the white adipose tissue (WAT) is an important contributor to inflammation as it suffers morphological reorganization and lipolysis, releasing free fatty acids (FA), bioactive lipid mediators (LM) and pro-inflammatory cytokines, which accentuate the activation of proinflammatory signaling pathways and the recruitment of immune cells to the tissue. This project aimed to investigate which inflammatory factors are involved in the local adipose tissue inflammation and what is the influence of such factors upon enzymes involved in FA or LM metabolism in healthy individuals (Control), weight stable gastro-intestinal cancer patients (WSC) and cachectic cancer patients (CC). The results demonstrated that the inflammatory signature of systemic inflammation is different from local adipose tissue inflammation. The systemic inflammation of the cachectic cancer patients was characterized by higher levels of circulating saturated fatty acids (SFA), tumor-necrosisfactor- &#945 (TNF- &#945), interleukins IL-6, IL-8 and CRP while levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), especially n3-PUFAs, were lower in CC than in the other groups. In vitro and in adipose tissue explants, pro-inflammatory cytokines and SFAs were shown to increase the chemokines IL-8 and CXCL10 that were found to be augmented in adipose tissue inflammation in CC which was more profound in the visceral adipose tissue (VAT) than in subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT). Systemic inflammation was negatively associated with the expression of PUFA synthesizing enzymes, though gene and protein expression did hardly differ between groups. The effects of inflammatory factors on enzymes in the whole tissue could have been masked by differentiated modulation of the diverse cell types in the same tissue. In vitro experiments showed that the expression of FA-modifying enzymes such as desaturases and elongases in adipocytes and macrophages was regulated into opposing directions by TNF- &#945, IL-6, LPS or palmitate. The higher plasma concentration of the pro-resolving LM resolvin D1 in CC cannot compensate the overall inflammatory status and the results indicate that inflammatory cytokines interfere with synthesis pathways of pro-resolving LM. In summary, the data revealed a complex inter-tissue and inter-cellular crosstalk mediated by pro-inflammatory cytokines and lipid compounds enhancing inflammation in cancer cachexia by feedforward mechanisms.

Abstract not available

Diss. (sammanfattning) Linköping : Linköpings universitet, 2010. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Chez la femme, la majorité des cas d’infection au VIH sont acquis lors de relations hétérosexuelles. Cependant, très peu d’informations sont disponibles concernant l’immunité locale naturelle du tractus génital féminin, les facteurs influençant la susceptibilité à l’infection au VIH dans ce compartiment, ainsi que la réponse immunitaire de la muqueuse enclenchée après l’infection. Le but de notre projet est donc d’étudier certains facteurs pouvant être impliqués dans la susceptibilité à l’infection au VIH, afin de mieux comprendre l’immunité du tractus génital féminin. Nous avons, dans un premier temps, analysé le rôle du polymorphisme des gènes HLA-G et HLA-E sur la susceptibilité au VIH dans une population de femmes zimbabwéennes. La présence de l’allèle HLA-G*0105N, en combinaison avec le génotype HLA-EG/HLA-EG, était associée avec une diminution du risque d’infection. Puis, dans une étude cas-contrôle de travailleuses du sexe (TS) du Bénin, nous avons mesuré l’expression de HLA-G soluble au niveau du plasma. Nous avons observé une différence significative dans l’expression de HLA-G soluble, celle-ci étant plus faible dans le groupe des TS VIH positives comparé aux groupes de TS VIH négatives et de femmes VIH négatives de la population générale. Nous avons aussi analysé l’expression de cytokines et chimiokines dans le sérum et le tractus génital des participantes de l’étude du Bénin. Nous avons constaté que chez les TS VIH positives il y avait une expression plus élevée des chimiokines MPC-3, IP-10 et MIG dans le tractus génital et le sérum comparativement aux deux autres groupes. Les patrons d’expression des cytokines variaient selon les compartiments : le niveau de TNF-α et IFN-γ était plus élevé dans le tractus génital des TS VIH positives, alors que le niveau d’IL-2, d’IL-10 et de TNF-α était plus faible dans le sang des TS VIH positives, comparativement aux deux autres groupes. Ainsi, au niveau du tractus génital des femmes VIH positives, il semble y avoir une activation chronique du système immunitaire dans le but de favoriser la dissémination/perpétuation du virus. Les patrons d’expression différents entre le milieu systémique et génital nous montrent que l’immunité présente dans un compartiment n’est pas nécessairement le reflet de l’autre. Nous avons aussi observé une augmentation significative des niveaux d’IL-4, de MIP-1α, de MIP-1β et de MCP-1 dans le sérum des TS VIH négatives. Ces personnes, hautement exposées mais non infectées, semblent démontrer une plus grande capacité à enclencher une réponse immunitaire précoce pour empêcher la dissémination du virus. Notre étude a donc permis d’acquérir de nouvelles connaissances sur l’immunité du tractus génital féminin en relation avec l’infection au VIH. / Initial exposure to HIV during heterosexual transmission occurs in the female genital tract. However, little is known about the local immunity, the factors influencing the susceptibility to HIV infection and the immune response in the female genital tract against HIV infection. The aim of this study is to analyse some factors that could be implicated in the susceptibility to HIV infection and to analyse, in part, the immunity present in the female genital tract. We investigated the role of HLA-G and HLA-E in the susceptibility to HIV infection in a cohort of Zimbabwean women. We found that the presence of HLA-G*0105N allele in combination with the genotype HLA-EG/HLA-EG was associated with a decrease in the risk of HIV infection. We also measured the expression of soluble HLA-G in a study of commercial sex workers (CSW) in Benin. Levels of soluble HLA-G were lower in the HIV-1-infected CSWs compared to those observed in both the HIV-1-uninfected CSWs and the HIV-1-uninfected women from the general population at low risk of infection. We also analysed the chemokine and cytokine expression patterns in the serum and female genital tract of the three groups of women. HIV-1-infected CSWs had significantly higher blood and genital levels of the chemokines IP-10, MCP-3 and MIG compared with those in both the HIV-1-uninfected CSW and non-CSW groups. HIV-1-infected CSWs had significantly higher genital mucosal levels of the cytokines TNF-α and IFN-γ compared with those in both the HIV-uninfected CSW and non-CSW groups. In contrast, the serum levels of the cytokines IL-2, IL-10 and TNF-α were lower in HIV-1-infected CSWs compared with those in the other groups. This suggests the presence of a constant immune cells recruitment and immune activation in the female genital tract in order to favour perpetuation and dissemination of the virus. Our results also demonstrate the important difference between the systemic and the mucosal immunity. We also observed a significant increase in the levels of IL-4, MIP-1α, MIP-1β and MCP-1 in the serum of the HIV-1-uninfected CSWs. It seems that these highly-exposed and yet uninfected women can have a better capacity to mount an early immune response against HIV. This study gives us new insights of the mucosal immunology of HIV infection.

Autoimmune myasthenia gravis (MG) is a muscular disease mediated by autoantibodies, mainly directed against the acetylcholine receptor (AChR). The pathogenic antibodies are especially produced in the thymus, which is often characterized by a hyperplasia with germinal centers. Recent studies demonstrated the overexpression of chemokines and the abnormal development of high endothelial venules (HEV) in the MG thymus. The aim of my thesis was to better understand the mechanisms that lead to thymic hyperplasia in MG by analyzing the role of chemokines in peripheral cell recruitment. We demonstrated that the number of HEVs correlated with the degree of hyperplasia suggesting a direct link between HEVs and peripheral cell recruitment. To define its mechanism of action, we examined which chemokines were expressed on thymic HEVs. We uniquely detected SDF-1 and observed that B cells, myeloid dendritic cells (mDCs), plasmacytoid DCs and monocytes/macrophages that expressed the SDF-1 receptor CXCR4 localized inside and around thymic HEV. In parallel we observed a decreased CXCR4 expression and a decreased number of mDCs and also monocytes in the periphery suggesting their recruitment to the MG thymus. As the MG thymus was recently characterized by the overexpression of CXCL13 in thymic epithelial cells (TECs), we investigated its contribution to thymic hyperplasia. We therefore generated a transgenic mouse model overexpressing in medullary TECs CXCL13 under the control of keratin 5. We demonstrated that transgenic K5-CXCL13 mice specifically overexpressed CXCL13 in the thymus, while no other tested chemokines were upregulated. Preliminary results showed that elevated levels of CXCL13 resulted in an increased number of B cells in the thymus of transgenic mice, which localized preferentially in loose aggregates in medullary areas. We are presently investigating if immunization with purified AChR induces experimental MG with thymic hyperplasia in these mice. Myasthenic mice with a hyperplastic thymus could present a new animal model for MG with a phenotype that is closer to the human disease than the current MG model. As the hyperplastic MG thymus displays the hallmarks of a viral signature, we investigated the effect of pathogen-associated molecules on thymic changes associated with MG. We demonstrated that dsRNA signaling induced by Poly(I:C) specifically triggers the overexpression of α-AChR in human TECs through the release of IFN-I. We also observed that IFN-I was able to upregulate CXCL13 and CCL21, similarly to what is observed in the MG thymus. In addition, Poly(I:C) injections in wildtype mice, but not in IFN-I receptor KO mice, specifically increase thymic expression of α-AChR and, in parallel, CXCL13 and CCL21 expression. In periphery, Poly(I:C) even induced an anti-AChR autoimmune response characterized by a significant production of serum anti-AChR antibodies and a specific proliferation of B cells. Overall the results obtained in the course of my PhD showed that the abnormal development of SDF-1-expressing HEVs and the CXCL13 overexpression play a central role in the recruitment of peripheral cells to the MG thymus. Once these cells have arrived in the inflammatory environment, which is characteristic for MG, they could develop an autoimmune reaction against AChR. New therapeutic molecules that control chemokine expression and angiogenic processes could diminish the development of thymic hyperplasia and avoid thymectomy or the use of corticoids.

L’hypothalamus est une aire cérébrale clé pour le contrôle de la prise alimentaire et des dépenses énergétiques ; en intégrant des signaux périphériques (hormones, nutriments). Une inflammation dans l’hypothalamus pourrait perturber le fonctionnement de ce dernier, dérégulant l’homéostasie énergétique et induire une perte de poids ou l’obésité. Nous avons cherché à identifier les relais moléculaires entre l’inflammation et les systèmes neuropeptidergiques hypothalamiques régulant l’homéostasie énergétique, en nous concentrant sur les chimiokines. D’une part, nous avons montré que le récepteur CCR2 participe à la perte de poids liée à une inflammation aigue induite chez la souris par l’injection centrale de lipopolysaccharide bactérien, possiblement en induisant l’inhibition de l’activité des neurones hypothalamiques à MCH, peptide aux effets orexigènes. D’autre part, nous avons étudié les liens entre inflammation hypothalamique, gain de poids et/ou la consommation de régimes hyperlipidiques pouvant induire à terme une obésité. Nous avons trouvé, chez la souris, que 1) la chimiokine CCL5 favoriserait la prise de poids, possiblement en activant les neurones hypothalamiques à MCH ; 2) la nature des lipides d’un régime hyperlipidique impacterait la cinétique de développement de l’obésité, avec des changements du profil inflammatoire et 3) la consommation excessive de lipides induirait une gliose très précoce dans l’hypothalamus. L’ensemble de nos résultats souligne l’intérêt de cibler l’inflammation hypothalamique dans ces pathologies et identifient les chimiokines comme cibles thérapeutiques potentielles dans le traitement des dérégulations de la balance énergétique. / The hypothalamus is a key brain region in the regulation of energy homeostasis, in particular by controlling food intake and energy storage and expenditure by integration of peripheral humoral and nutrient-related signals. Hypothalamic inflammation could alter hypothalamic function, thus deregulate energy homeostasis and induce weight-loss or obesity. We sought to identify mediators that could act as intermediaries between inflammation and neuropeptidergic systems of the hypothalamus that are involved in the regulation of energy homeostasis, focusing on chemokines. First, we studied the effect of a central injection of bacterial lipopolysaccharide, mimicking a acute and strong inflammation state in mice. We identified the receptor CCR2 as a central actor in the weight-loss induced by this treatment, possibly by direct inhibitory effects on hypothalamic neurons expressing MCH, a peptide known to have orexigenic and energy conservative effects. Second, we studied links between hypothalamic inflammation, weight-gain and/or high-fat diets consumption that can induce, eventually, obesity. We found in mice that: 1) the chemokine CCL5 would promote weight-gain, possibly by enhancing the activity of hypothalamic MCH neurons; 2) altering the lipid composition of a high-fat diet changes the kinetics of the development of diet-induced obesity, together with changes in the inflammatory profile and 3) an excessive dietary lipid intake can induce very early gliosis in the hypothalamus. Taken together, our results underline the interest of reducing hypothalamic inflammation to fight feeding behavior deregulations and identify chemokines as putative therapeutic targets.

As doenças periodontais (DP) afetam os tecidos de suporte dos dentes e são desencadeadas por micro-organismos gram-negativos anaeróbios presentes no biofilme periodontal. A evolução da doença é influenciada pela resposta inflamatória e imunológica do hospedeiro e envolve a participação de diversos tipos celulares, que atuam no micro ambiente local modulando a resposta do hospedeiro em busca do controle da infecção. Acredita-se que citocinas inflamatórias, quimiocinas e seus receptores estão envolvidos na migração celular para os tecidos periodontais, contudo, pouco se sabe sobre os mecanismos de determinação de resistência ou susceptibilidade às DP; ou no desencadeamento do dano tecidual decorrente da resposta. Neste projeto, avaliou-se o papel das células CCR5+ na DP experimental induzida pela inoculação oral de Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans em camundongos C57BL/6 wild type e camundongos CCR5-knockout. Os resultados mostram que a maioria das células CCR5+ possuem fenótipo compatível com células T do subtipo Th1, devido a co-expressão de CD3 e CXCR3; além de co-expressarem RANKL. Na ausência das células CCR5+, houve uma significativa diminuição da migração de células inflamatórias totais e RANKL+ para os tecidos periodontais, diminuição da reabsorção óssea alveolar, diminuição dos níveis de expressão de citocinas pró-inflamatórias TNF&#945;-, IL-1&#946; e IFN-&#947;, assim como diminuição na expressão de MMP-1, MMP-2 e MMP-13. Sua ausência não interferiu no controle da infecção periodontal apesar da diminuição dos níveis de iNOS. Estes resultados conduzem à conclusão de que a maioria das células CCR5+ são células T do subtipo Th1, que atuam como importantes moduladoras das citocinas TNF&#945;-, IL-1&#946; e IFN-&#947;, das metaloproteinases de matriz MMP-1, MMP-2 e MMP-13, e que também expressam e modulam a expressão de RANKL, tendo participação importante na imunopatogenese da DP experimental, sem interferir no controle da infecção periodontal. Estes fatos tornam as células CCR5+ potenciais alvos para intervenção terapêutica visando ao controle das doenças periodontais. / The periodontal diseases (PD) affect the supportive tissues of the teeth and are triggered by periodontopathogens present in the dental biofilm. The clinical outcome is highly influenced by the host inflammatory and immune response with participation of many cellular types, that act in the local microenvironment modulating the host response to control the infection. Inflammatory cytokines, chemokines and its receptors are thought to be involved in the cellular migration to the periodontal tissues, but there is little knowledge about the mechanisms of determination of resistance or susceptibility to the PD and in the triggering of tissue damage by immune response components. This study evaluated the role of CCR5+ cells in the experimental PD induced by oral inoculation of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans in C57BL/6 wild type mice and CCR5-knockout mice. The phenotypic analysis of inflammatory infiltrate demonstrated that the most of CCR5+ cells coexpress CD3 and CXCR3, suggesting a phenotype compatible with Th1-type cells, and also co-express RANKL. In the absence of CCR5+ cells there was a significant overall reduction of inflammatory cells and RANKL+ cells influx to the periodontal tissues, reduction in the alveolar bone resorption, reduction in the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF&#945;-, IL-1&#946; and IFN-&#947; expression, as a reduction in the expression of MMP-1, MMP-2 and MMP-13. The absence of CCR5+ cells did not impair the control of periodontal infection, despite the reduction of iNOS levels. In conclusion, these data demonstrate that the most of CCR5+ cells are Th1 cells, which act as important modulators of TNF&#945;-, IL-1&#946; and IFN-&#947;, MMP-1, MMP- 2 and MMP-13 levels, and which also express and modulate the expression of RANKL, playing an important role in the immunopathogenesis of experimental PD, without impairing the control of periodontal infection. These facts point to CCR5+ cells as potentials targets to therapeutic interventions aimed to control periodontal diseases.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-10-13T18:08:23Z No. of bitstreams: 1 carolinedesouzaalmeida.pdf: 1716960 bytes, checksum: 4e2f5cb727250f9b08b6d1633c2a22dc (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-10-22T12:58:18Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 carolinedesouzaalmeida.pdf: 1716960 bytes, checksum: 4e2f5cb727250f9b08b6d1633c2a22dc (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-22T12:58:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 carolinedesouzaalmeida.pdf: 1716960 bytes, checksum: 4e2f5cb727250f9b08b6d1633c2a22dc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-04-11 / FAPEMIG - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais / Um terço da população mundial está infectada com o Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Novos métodos de diagnóstico e a vacinação contra tuberculose (TB) são necessários para o controle da doença. A resposta imunológica contra o M. tuberculosis envolve a produção de várias citocinas e quimiocinas, porém suas interações durante a infecção são bastante complexas. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo o estudo da produção de citocinas e quimiocinas durante a tuberculose pulmonar, frente a estímulos de antígenos do M. tuberculosis. Através do método citométrico de esferas ordenadas (CBA-Cytometric Bead Array) foi possível avaliar os níveis plasmáticos das quimiocinas MIG, IP-10, IL-8, RANTES e MCP-1 em pacientes com tuberculose ativa não tratada (TBA), em pacientes sob tratamento (TBST), em pacientes tratados (TBT) e em indivíduos controles sadios (CS). Utilizando esse mesmo método também foi realizada a mensuração das citocinas IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-2, IL-10 e IL-4 e das quimiocinas MIG, IP-10, IL-8, RANTES e MCP-1, produzidas em cultura de células mononucleares do sangue periférico após estímulo com os antígenos ESAT-6/CFP-10 e 16kDa, nos grupos de pacientes com tuberculose ativa não tratada (TBA), de pacientes tratados (TBT), de indivíduos controles sadios (CS) e de indivíduos contatos de pacientes com tuberculose (CT). As quimiocinas plasmáticas MIG, IP-10 e IL-8 estavam elevadas no grupo TBA, em comparação aos demais grupos (CS, TBST e TBT); e ainda os níveis das quimiocinas analisadas no plasma diminuíram após o início do tratamento. Nos ensaios “in vitro” com PBMC humanas, as citocinas IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-2 e as quimiocinas MIG, IP-10, IL-8 e RANTES foram estimuladas em níveis maiores, pelo ESAT-6/CFP-10, nos grupos TBA e CT em relação aos controles e pacientes tratados, enquanto que o estímulo com antígeno 16kDa não permitiu diferenciar entre os grupos estudados quanto a produção dessas citocinas e quimiocinas. Já as citocinas IL-10 e IL-4 e a quimiocina MCP-1 apresentaram níveis elevados nas culturas de PBMC de indivíduos controles e contatos quando estimuladas com os antígenos do M. tuberculosis estudados em relação aos pacientes com tuberculose. O antígeno ESAT-6/CFP-10 diferenciou a tuberculose ativa quanto à produção das citocinas IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-6 e IL-2, e das quimiocinas MIG, IP-10, IL-8 e RANTES, as quais podem contribuir para uma resposta protetora na tuberculose. O antígeno 16kDa se mostrou um forte estimulador de IL-10 e MCP1, moléculas que podem atuar como reguladoras ou inibidoras da resposta imunológica contra a infecção por M. tuberculosis, sugerindo o papel importante deste antígeno em favorecer a persistência do bacilo no hospedeiro. Os níveis de quimiocinas plasmáticas podem ser eficazes em diferenciar os pacientes com tuberculose ativa de indivíduos controles e ainda pode ser útil em monitorar o efeito do tratamento quimioterápico anti-tuberculose. O entendimento da dinâmica resposta imunológica contra antígenos do M. tuberculosis pode auxiliar no desenvolvimento de novas estratégias de combate à tuberculose. / One-third of the world's population is currently infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The development of new methods of diagnosis and vaccines against tuberculosis (TB) are necessary for disease control. The immune response against M. tuberculosis involves the production of many cytokines and chemokines, but their interaction during the infection is complex. The objective of this work was to study the production of cytokines and chemokines in pulmonary TB under stimulation of M. tuberculosis antigens. The method of Cytometric Bead Array (CBA) was used to evaluate plasma levels of chemokines MIG, IP-10, IL-8, MCP-1 and RANTES in untreated patients with active TB (ATB), in patients during treatment (DTB) and in treated patients (TTB) and healthy controls individuals (HC). We also evaluated, by CBA, the levels of cytokines IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-2, IL-10 and IL-4, and chemokines MIG, IP-10, IL-8, MCP-1 and RANTES, in culture of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) after stimulation with the antigens ESAT-6/CFP-10 and 16kDa, in groups of untreated patients with active TB (ATB), in treated patients (TTB), healthy controls individuals (HC) and in contact individuals of patients with TB (CT). The production of plasma chemokines, the levels of MIG, IP-10 and IL-8 were higher in the group ATB, compared to the other (HC, DTB and TTB), and the levels of chemokines analyzed in plasma decreased after the beginning of the treatment. In assays with human PBMC, the cytokine IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-2 and chemokines MIG, IP-10, IL-8 and RANTES were stimulated at higher levels, by the fusion protein ESAT-6 / CFP-10, in groups ATB and CT in relation to the controls and treated patients. The stimulation with antigen 16kDa did not allow for differentiation of these cytokines and chemokines between the groups. IL-10, IL-4 and MCP-1 showed high levels in the cultures of PBMC from healthy control individuals and contacts when stimulated with the studied M. tuberculosis antigens compared to patients with TB. The antigen ESAT-6/CFP-10 differentiated active TB with regard to the production of cytokines IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-2 and chemokines MIG, IP-10, IL-8 and RANTES, which can contribute to a protective response in TB. The antigen 16kDa was a strong stimulator of IL-4, IL-10 and MCP-1 molecules that can regulate or inhibit the immune response against M. tuberculosis infection, demonstrating the important role of this antigen in promoting the persistence of the bacillus in the host. The plasma levels of chemokines can be effective in differentiating patients with active TB from the healthy control individuals, and can also be useful in monitoring the effect of anti-TB chemotherapy. The comprehension of the dynamics of the immune response against M. tuberculosis antigens can aid the development of new strategies to combat tuberculosis.