Chiefs in Malawi have traditionally been part of the government machinery since colonial days and continue to play a crucial role in development administration even more so in decentralized structures. They are able upon to mobilize communities in rural areas to initiate and implement community development projects with minimal supervision. Malawi Social Action Fund 1 (MASAF 1) project management approach, which centered on community ownership of projects and registered enormous successes, is a case in proof of this. However, distribution of power and roles between chiefs and local government authorities in view of decentralization demand more research and policy debate if chiefs are to be effectively utilized and for the decentralization process to work effectively. Whilst the local authorities derive their power from the control of 5% of revenue collected in the districts, which they are allocated, chiefs derive theirs from the legitimacy they have over their subjects for being in constant touch with the community. / Development Studies / M.A. Social Science (Development Studies)

This work examines the actions of the Joint Chiefs of Staff during the first year of the Korean War. Officially created in 1947, the Joint Chiefs saw their first true test as an institution during the conflict. At various times, the members of the JCS failed to issue direct orders to their subordinate, resulting in a divide between the wishes of President Truman and General MacArthur over the conduct of the war. By analyzing the interaction between the Joint Chiefs and General Douglas MacArthur, the flaws of both the individual Chiefs as well as the organization as a whole become apparent. The tactical and strategic decisions faced by the JCS are framed within the three main stages of the Korean War.

村里基層行政人員是執行政策的主要行動者，其業務執行的判斷與裁量行為將影響民眾的權利，其對民主價值觀的認知，則左右其行政行為態樣。本研究的主要目的是欲探討民主化後的台灣，村里基層行政人員的民主價值，並找出影響因素。同時，探討村里基層行政人員是否因為民主價值的差異，而對於裁量行為有不同偏好。本研究使用2007年國科會計畫『填補「公民參與」研究脫落的環節—基層公務人員對公民參與態度的初探』所收集的量化資料。在分析961位村里基層行政人員所填答的問卷資料後，發現多數村里基層行政人員具中等程度的民主價值，其中村里幹事更達八成以上。主要影響民主價值差異的因素，是村里基層行政人員的年齡與教育程度。在裁量的偏好方面，多數受訪者傾向依法行政，民眾需求居次。主要解釋變異的因素是村里長與村里幹事間職責的差異，導致其偏好不同的裁量原則。因為村里長與村里幹事在民主價值以及裁量類型方面有許多的不同，而村里層級又是民主機制運作的第一線，因此應強化村里基層行政人員的民主價值。本研究建議政府應當建立村里長的培訓課程，以提升其對民主機制的認識與涵養，確保民眾的利益。 / Street-level administrators in Village/Li are the main actors for policy implementation. Their discretionary behaviors will affect the rights of citizens and such behaviors are profoundly influenced by their belief in democracy. The purpose of this thesis is to explore the democratic values of Village/Li Chiefs and Secretaries in Taiwan, and to find out the influential factors of democratic values. Further, this thesis discusses the extent to which their democratic values affect the preference of discretionary behaviors. The data used in this article are from the research sponsored by the National Science Council of the Executive Yuan; which conducted 961 face-to-face interviews with Village/Li Chiefs and Village/Li Secretaries in Taiwan in early 2007. This study finds that the majority of street-level administrators and 80% of Village/Li Secretaries have moderate democratic values. Statistical analysis indicates that age and education have critical influence on democratic values. With regard to their preference of discretionary behaviors, most respondents make decision mainly based on the enactments, and the need of citizens is secondary concern. The crucial factor to explain the variation is the difference on duties between Village/Li Chiefs and Secretaries. Consequently, the preference of their discretionary behaviors is diverse. Because of such divergence and the crucial role of street-level administrators in service delivery and grass-root democracy, this study suggests that the government should provide training programs to enhance the democratic values of Village/Li chiefs in particular and street-level administrators in general.

In 1993, Charles Moose became Portland, Oregon's first black police chief. A nationally recognized student of the developing theories of community policing, Chief Moose's promotion was also hoped to help strengthen the diversity of the Portland Police Bureau. Ultimately, Portlanders were unable to look past Moose's public outbursts and demeanor and recognize his accomplishments. As a city, they missed an opportunity. This thesis uses transcripts of speeches and policy papers to present some political history to the reader, but also letters to the mayor's office, letters to the editor and the like to consider the social history of 1990's Portland. Some specific touchpoints of Moose's administration are considered, including when he and his wife Sandy moved to the King Neighborhood, the Daniel Binns birthday party and the resulting march on Moose's home, his outburst at the City Council, and other examples of his legendary anger. Moose's role in gentrification, and the policies he created for the Portland Police Bureau to lead that charge will not be ignored. All the while, the context of Oregon's racist heritage is forefront in this paper. By 1999, Charles Moose had left the bureau and accepted a job in Maryland. He was selected for many of the accomplishments that the Portland public had criticized him for. Ultimately, this study will show that Portland missed an opportunity to discuss how they wanted to be policed, and what philosophies they wanted their enforcers to personify.

Made available in DSpace on 2010-04-20T20:49:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 3 72040100443.pdf.jpg: 11614 bytes, checksum: e4c5abacb530c4034098c8caecabc6c7 (MD5) 72040100443.pdf: 1554181 bytes, checksum: 6d254608e150549fe0a5b5e0e420a760 (MD5) 72040100443.pdf.txt: 723262 bytes, checksum: fa722d7685163f078034dd4c6b5f1744 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-02-14T00:00:00Z / Research on Brazilian federalism has not yet significantly incorporated the implications of interstate relations into public policy. Furthermore, few researches have addressed the problem of intergovernamental coordination, either in a general plan or in specific governmental areas. The present Thesis intends to analyze the evolution of the federative coordination process, from the re-democratization to the present days, by examining four cases of National State Setorial Councils. The main hypothesis of this work is that two factors have established this process: First, is the general scenario of the Federation, marked by two critical junctures in the period – the re-democratization and the Plano Real. Second, and more important, is related to the origin, construction and the shape of the national policy for each sector. Therefore, the (1) level of institutionalization of intergovernmental articulation; (2) consensus among the actors; and (3) effectiveness of intergovernmental coordination instruments would lead to different results in the following areas: Tributary System, Health, Education and Public Administration. To understand this federative dynamic, this study has focused on the reasons of the expansion of the National Council of State Secretaries, choosing four cases that represents the most important sectors in the public area: the National Council of Tributary System, (CONFAZ); the National Council of State Health Secretaries; the National Council of State Education Secretaries (CONSED) and the National Council of State Administration Secretaries (CONSAD). The main concern of these entities is to integrate the States and the Federal District to discuss common issues, define strategies for coordinated actions and to influence the Federal policies. Considering the emergence of those councils in a conflicting environment of interstate relationship and the lack of coordination between them and the Federal Government, the objective of this research is to rescue the genesis and evolution of these councils aiming to answer the following main question: which factors have driven to this horizontal articulation and what are the results in terms of coordination among the constituent units? In a general view, we conclude that National Policies influence the interstate cooperation, as well as the whole process of Federal coordination. / Os estudos sobre o federalismo brasileiro ainda não incorporaram significativamente as implicações das relações interestaduais para as políticas públicas. Além disso, poucas pesquisas têm tratado do problema da coordenação intergovernamental, tanto no plano mais geral como em áreas governamentais específicas. A presente Tese pretende, a partir do estudo de quatro Conselhos Estaduais de políticas públicas, analisar a evolução dos processos de coordenação federativa desde a redemocratização até os dias de hoje. A hipótese principal do trabalho é que dois fatores determinam este processo. O primeiro é o cenário mais geral da Federação, norteado por duas conjunturas críticas durante o período – redemocratização e Plano Real. O segundo, e mais importante, diz respeito à origem, construção e formato das políticas nacionais em cada setor, de modo que o grau de institucionalização da articulação intergovernamental (1), o consenso entre os atores (2) e a efetividade dos instrumentos de coordenação intergovernamental (3) levariam a resultados distintos nas áreas Tributária, de Saúde, na Educação e na Administração Pública. Para entender esta dinâmica federativa, o estudo tem como foco a explicação do fenômeno da expansão de Conselhos Estaduais de políticas públicas, concentrando-se em quatro casos, a saber, o Conselho Nacional de Política Fazendária (CONFAZ), o Conselho Nacional de Secretários de Saúde (CONASS), o Conselho Nacional de Secretários de Educação (CONSED) e o Conselho de Nacional de Secretários de Estado da Administração (CONSAD), selecionados por serem os mais importantes no conjunto dos setores governamentais. Estas entidades preocupam-se com a articulação dos estados e do Distrito Federal para debater questões de interesse comum, elaborar estratégias de ação coordenada e influir nas políticas que vêm do Governo Federal. Diante do surgimento desses Conselhos em um ambiente inicialmente competitivo entre os estados e de confronto e pouca coordenação com a União, o objetivo desta pesquisa é resgatar a gênese e a evolução desses colegiados tendo como pano de fundo a seguinte questão: quais fatores levaram à articulação horizontal e quais seus resultados em termos de coordenação entre os entes? Em linhas gerais, conclui-se que as políticas nacionais influenciam a cooperação interestadual, bem como todo o processo coordenador na Federação.

No description available.

No description available.

International police co-operation is a recipe for success in the fight against transnational organised crime. Such cooperation has never been without challenges, especially in the light of disharmonious national laws. SARPCCO has made promising advances towards the elimination of blockages which hamper police cooperation. The joint, bilateral, simultaneous operations which are continuously carried out and the transferring of skills through training are exemplary to the rest of the world. SARPCCO is, however, struggling to make serious inroads into the organised motor vehicle theft because of the problems in returning them to their lawful owners. The objective of this study is to analyse the laws used by the SARPCCO member countries in fighting motor vehicle theft, transnational organised crime, recoveries, repatriation, prosecution and extradition of offenders. The SARPCCO member countries on which the analysis is done are Lesotho, South Africa, Swaziland and Zambia. / Jurisprudence / LL. M.

This study examines the Oba of Benin Royal Ugie ceremonies, which is an annual religious and cultural event celebrated by the Benin speaking people of Edo State, Nigeria. As a communal and spiritual activity, the Oba and people of Benin kingdom mark the Ugie festivals with Musical and dance performances. Within this context, the study adopts the historical and participant approaches as its method of contending that some events during the Oba of Benin Royal Ugie festival ceremonies are colorful theatrical performances. The organizational structure of the Oba of Benin Palace as it relates to the observance of Ugie festival ceremonies is also discussed in this research. This study also examines the role Ewini music plays in the various Oba of Benin Royal Ugie festival ceremonies, thereby looking at its origin, socio-cultural context, formation procedure, instrumentation, and organizational set-up. This research also recommends different ways in which music practitioner can benefit by applying a theatrical approach to the study of these royal Ugie ceremonies and its music and also the ability of the festival ceremonies to continue to act as an instrument of stability and unity for the people of Benin kingdom, by bringing people from different walks of life together during the performance at Ugie ceremonies. For clarity, all non-english words are defined in the glossary section on page 73. / Art History, Visual Arts & Musicology / M.Mus.

This thesis critiques liberal peacebuilding in Africa, with a particular focus on Sierra Leone. In particular, it examines the interface between the liberal peace and the “local”, the forms of agency that various local actors are expressing in response to the liberal peace and the hybrid forms of peace that are emerging in Sierra Leone. The thesis is built from an emerging critical literature that has argued for the need to shift from merely criticising liberal peacebuilding to examining local and contextual responses to it. Such contextualisation is crucial mainly because it helps us to develop a better understanding of the complex dynamics on the ground. The aim of this thesis is not to provide a new theory but to attempt to use the emerging insights from the critical scholarship through adopting the concept of hybridity in order to gain an understanding of the forms of peace that are emerging in post-conflict zones in Africa. This has not been comprehensively addressed in the context of post-conflict societies in Africa. Yet, much contemporary peace support operations are taking place in these societies that are characterised by multiple sources of legitimacy, authority and sovereignty. The thesis shows that in Sierra Leone local actors – from state elites to chiefs to civil society to ordinary people on the “margins of the state” – are not passive recipients of the liberal peace. It sheds new light on how hybridity can be created “from below” as citizens do not engage in outright resistance, but express various forms of agency including partial acceptance and internalisation of some elements of the liberal peace that they find useful to them; and use them to make demands for reforms against state elites who they do not trust and often criticise for their pre-occupation with political survival and consolidation of power. Further, it notes that in Sierra Leone a “post-liberal peace” that is locally-oriented might emerge on the “margins of the state” where culture, custom and tradition are predominant, and where neo-traditional civil society organisations act as vehicles for both the liberal peace and customary peacebuilding while allowing locals to lead the peacebuilding process. In Sierra Leone, there are also peace processes that are based on custom that are operating in parallel to the liberal peace, particularly in remote parts of the country.