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El presente estudio explora las experiencias con el mandarín y otros dialectos chinos, así como con la cultura china, entre los descendientes adolescentes de inmigrantes chinos que estudian en colegios chinos y en otros colegios (no chinos) en Lima, Perú. Se realizaron entrevistas a profundidad para explorar lo que piensan los adolescentes: cómo sus padres los expusieron tanto al mandarín como a otros dialectos y a la cultura china; las estrategias que utilizan para aprender el idioma; y lo que piensan los adolescentes sobre su identidad cultural. Los resultados indican que la adquisición del idioma en los adolescentes depende de los padres y del interés de cada persona en aprender chino. Al comparar adolescentes de colegios chinos y otros colegios, los estudiantes de los colegios chinos tuvieron un mayor contacto con la cultura y el idioma chino, su dominio del idioma es mayor, y se identifican más como chinos o biculturales. / The following study explores the experiences with the Mandarin language and other Chinese dialects, as well as with Chinese culture among adolescents who are children of Chinese immigrants who attend to Chinese schools and non-Chinese schools in Lima, Peru. The authors performed depth interviews in order to explore the adolescents’ thoughts and experiences. The main questions were about how their parents expose them to the Mandarin language as well as other Chinese dialects and Chinese culture, what strategies they have to learn Chinese languages, and what their cultural identities are. The results demonstrate that the acquisition of the Chinese languages depends mostly of their parents’ attitude and of each adolescent’s interest to learn Chinese. When comparing the adolescents of Chinese schools and the adolescents of non-Chinese schools, the results show that the adolescents from the Chinese schools had a major contact with Chinese culture and language. Their language proficiency level is also higher than the adolescents’ of non-Chinese schools and most of them identify themselves as Chinese or Chinese and Peruvian. / Tesis

Esta investigación tiene como objetivo, por un lado, analizar y establecer las características y particularidades que diferencian la correspondencia comercial en chino y en español y, por otro, llegar a resultados y conclusiones útiles para la didáctica del chino y del español comercial y, por último, facilitar a los traductores pautas a la hora de traducir este género del chino al español o viceversa. Partimos de la hipótesis de que los aspectos discursivos –movimientos retóricos y estrategias de cortesía– de la correspondencia comercial, son reflejo del contexto, instituciones y culturas en que se han creado y, por lo tanto, diferirán en nuestras lenguas de trabajo. A partir de unos estudios previos sobre la retórica contrastiva chino-inglés y español-inglés formulamos dos hipótesis más específicas: 1) Al igual que en inglés, aunque en menor medida, en español se destaca la importancia ideacional del contenido, mientras que en chino existe una mayor preocupación por la relación interpersonal entre el emisor y el receptor, diferencia ésta que afecta a los movimientos retóricos; 2) En lo que respecta al empleo de la cortesía, las estrategias utilizadas en chino corresponden al sistema de cortesía asimétrico y jerárquico, mientras que las estrategias usadas en español pertenecen al sistema de cortesía simétrico y deferencial. Para cumplir el objetivo general de la tesis la desarrollamos en tres etapas: 1) Establecer el marco teórico y metodológico para analizar y comparar aspectos discursivos en las cartas comerciales en chino y en español; 2) Construir un corpus de cartas modelo y cartas reales del subgénero de la correspondencia comercial –la carta de oferta– tanto en chino como en español; 3) Describir los aspectos discursivos propios de la correspondencia comercial a partir del corpus establecido. En la primera parte de la tesis, para analizar aspectos discursivos en la correspondencia comercial en chino y en español hemos establecido un marco teórico traductológico que se ha apoyado en las teorías de la retórica contrastiva, los géneros textuales y la cortesía, que tratamos en los capítulos 1, 2 y 3, respectivamente. En cuanto a la construcción del corpus, hemos elegido la carta de oferta como objeto de estudio. En total son 93 cartas analizadas, de las cuales 21 son cartas modelo (13 en chino y 8 en español) y, 72 cartas reales circuladas en el mundo mercantil en Taiwán y en España en los últimos años (36 de Taiwán y 36 de España). El análisis sobre los movimientos retóricos y las estrategias de cortesía de nuestro corpus se basa en el modelo de los movimientos retóricos de la carta de oferta de Bhatia (1993) y el de sistemas de cortesía de Scollon y Scollon (1995). En la segunda parte de la tesis, hemos dedicado los capítulos 4 y 5, respectivamente, al análisis de la carta de oferta en chino y en español de las dos fuentes: cartas modelo y cartas auténticas. Los resultados obtenidos del estudio de las cartas modelo nos han servido como parámetros para examinar hasta qué punto se asemejan o se diferencian las cartas modelo y las reales tanto de Taiwán como de España. En el capítulo 6 hemos realizado un análisis contrastivo entre las cartas taiwanesas y las españolas a partir de los resultados obtenidos de los dos últimos capítulos sobre los movimientos retóricos y estrategias de cortesía, con el fin de contrastar las dos hipótesis formuladas en la presente investigación. Estos análisis y cruzamiento de datos nos han dado resultados cualitativos y cuantitativos. Los resultados cuantitativos recogidos en las tablas de cada capítulo y resumidos en las conclusiones han confirmado nuestras hipótesis y han cumplido nuestro objetivo general: lo de proporcionar pautas a los docentes del chino y del español comercial y a los traductores. / The aim of this thesis is to establish the characteristics that distinguish Chinese and Spanish commercial correspondence and to use the results of the research to provide guidelines for teaching commercial Chinese and Spanish and for translators when they translate these genres from Chinese into Spanish or vice versa. We start from the general hypothesis that certain discourse aspects of commercial correspondence, in particular rhetorical moves and politeness strategies, reflect the context, institutions and cultures in which they have been created and will therefore differ in different cultures. Starting from earlier studies on Chinese-English and Spanish-English Contrastive Rhetoric we have formulated two specific hypotheses: 1) in Spanish the ideational function is stressed, whereas in Chinese the interpersonal function, the relationship between the addresser and the addressee, is more important. This difference will affect the rhetorical moves used; 2) Politeness strategies used in Chinese correspond to the asymmetrical and hierarchical politeness system, while the strategies used in Spanish belong to symmetrical and deferential politeness system. In order to achieve the general objective of our research the thesis was carried out in three stages: 1) to establish a theoretical and methodological framework to analyze and compare discourse aspects in Chinese and Spanish commercial letters; 2) to build a corpus of model sales letters (from manuals) and real letters in Chinese and Spanish; 3) to describe the main discourse aspects of commercial correspondence found in the established corpus. In the first part of the thesis we have established a theoretical framework based on Translation Theory, Contrastive Rhetoric, Genre Analysis and Politeness Strategies (Chapters 1, 2 and 3). The object of our study is a corpus of 93 sales letters: 21 are model letters (13 in Chinese and 8 in Spanish) and 72 are real letters circulated in the business world in Taiwan and Spain during the last few years (36 from Taiwan and 36 from Spain). The model established to analyze rhetorical moves and politeness strategies in the corpus is based on the model of moves of sales promotion letters proposed by Bhatia (1993) and the politeness systems of Scollon and Scollon (1995). The second part of the thesis is dedicated to the results of the analysis of the corpus. Chapters 4 and 5 analyze Chinese and Spanish sales promotion letters from two sources: model letters and real letters. The parameters of the model letters were used to describe the differences and similarities of the Taiwanese and Spanish model and real letters. Chapter 6 is a contrastive analysis of the Taiwanese and Spanish letters, making use of the results about rhetorical moves and politeness strategies obtained in the two previous chapters, in order to test the two hypotheses formulated in our research. Crossing data from this analysis has given us qualitative and quantitative results. The results, collected in the tables shown in each chapter and summarized in the conclusions, have confirmed our original hypotheses and fulfilled our general objective: to provide guidelines for teachers of commercial Chinese and Spanish and for translators.

This dissertation charts the social interactions, work experiences, and routes traveled by Asian workers within and between the colonial Philippines and Mexico between 1571 and 1720. Residents of early colonial Mexico called these workers chinos. Most free chinos were Filipinos, but enslaved chinos had origins all over Asia. Chinos crossed the Pacific on the Manila galleons, which sailed between the Philippines and Mexico. These ships facilitated the exchange of American products, mostly silver, for Asian products, primarily textiles. This study explores the social and spatial mobility of chinos to show how trade between and within the Americas and Asia opened a new chapter in the social history of the early modern world. This project expands the study of Latin American history in three ways. First, it analyzes the ways in which chinos, especially Filipinos, created and sustained colonial Mexico as part of a Pacific world, advancing scholarship that already celebrates Mexico as part of an Atlantic world. Next, this work develops the study of economic history by comparing the ways that chinos shaped and connected different regions of colonial Mexico by employing Southeast Asian labor organization and technology. Thirdly, this dissertation refines studies of ethnicity by considering the ways that chinos, especially free laborers, represented themselves as members of a new corporate group in colonial Mexico, and appropriated the ethnic category of "indio," originally established for indigenous people in the Americas. They used these categories to claim resources from the colonial state, to form social networks, and to create bases for collective action. This work advances the field of early modern global and world history. It analyzes the Philippines and Pacific New Spain as arenas of cross-cultural interaction, labor, migration, and production in their own right, rather than as mere commercial intermediaries mediating between East Asia and the Americas. Finally, this work considers the ways that the long history of interactions between Island Southeast Asia and the rest of Asia shaped the mobility of chinos, while also situating their trans-Pacific interactions within the institutions of the global tributary empire of the Spanish Habsburgs.

For over 100 years eclogites have played a vital role in the development of partial melting models, crustal-mantle systems and geodynamic models involving subduction/recycling processes. However their origin remains controversial from one involving subducted basaltic protoliths to polybaric fractionates of basaltic melts with the added complexity of post-formational metamorphic processes. This thesis presents new chemical data on eclogite and pyroxenite samples from varied geological settings: a classic craton [Kaapvaal Craton (e.g., Roberts Victor, Kimberley and Bultfontein pipes)], circum-cratonic localities (Chino Valley – USA) and oceanic environments (Malaita, New Zealand and Hawaii). Apart from petrographic data, mineral chemistry has been constrained using the electron microprobe and laser ablation ICP-MS for major, minor and trace element data, laser ablation for oxygen isotope data and ICP-MS and TIMS for radiogenic isotopes (Sm-Nd, Lu-Hf and Sr). Garnet pyroxenites have normalised trace element patterns and O isotopes consistent with derivation from silicate melts or by reaction between melts and peridotite. On-craton eclogites and garnet clinopyroxenites have normalised trace element patterns and heterogeneous O isotopes indicative of lower temperature processes either as (a) a “basaltic” protolith altered at low temperatures and subducted to form eclogite or (b) an eclogite retrograded to garnet pyroxenite pre- or syn-entrainment. Modeling of Hf-Nd-Sr isotopes indicates that the Kaapvaal eclogites were derived from Archean protoliths whose isotopic signatures have been disturbed by extensive metasomatism. Four aspects of the thesis are noteworthy: (1) the extreme Hf-Nd-Sr heterogeneity shown by eclogites and pyroxenites relative to MORB and OIB, (2) the heavy O isotope ratios for on- and off-craton samples from Chino Valley and Lovedale, (3) the unique Archean (3.15 Ga) low Hf, Nd and Sr reservoir represented by a Roberts Victor eclogite, and (4) the Lu-Hf system is more robust than the Sm-Nd system.

El objetivo del presente trabajo es el estudio de los patrones de conducta de los consumidores a nivel internacional mediante la comparación de las conductas de consumo de dos o más países. La puesta en práctica consistió en la aplicación de un modelo comparativo a los consumidores de Chile y China. Se revisaron varios modelos generales de conducta, los que en su mayoría no resultaron aplicables por carecer de componentes de aplicación internacional. Asimismo se encontraron modelos específicamente desarrollados para este tipo de tareas de comparación; de entre los cuales destaca el modelo de Triandis por la universalidad de sus variables y la relación que establece entre éstas y las conductas de consumo. Su empleo a la realidad de los consumidores chilenos y chinos deja en evidencia la influencia de las características culturales y de estructura social, en las conductas de consumo de una sociedad determinada.