In Feldstudien konnte häufig mittels der Low–Cost Hypothese gezeigt werden, dass normatives Verhalten von den dafür aufzuwendenden Kosten abhängt. Doch hängt die Durchsetzung einer Norm ebenfalls von der Höhe der Kosten ab? Die Gültigkeit der Low – Cost Hypothese bei diesen kollektiven Gütern zweiter Ordnung ist bislang im Feld wenig erforscht. In unserer Studie wird die Durchsetzung sozialer Normen anhand nachbarschaftlicher Kontrollen analysiert. Es werden Daten einer postalischen Befragung von 631 Personen in Leipzig aus dem Jahr 2001 ausgewertet: Der Zusammenhang zwischen der Befürwortung sozialer Kontrollen und der Bereitschaft, soziale Kontrollen tatsächlich an sich zu erdulden, wird mit steigenden Kosten der zu erduldenden Kontrollhandlungen schwächer. Zudem lässt sich die Logik der Low – Cost Hypothese auf andere soziologische Konstrukte übertragen: Die Wirkung von Kriminalitätsfurcht und Autoritarismus ist umso weniger handlungsrelevant, je höher die Kosten der zu erduldenden Kontrollhandlungen sind. Diese Befunde demonstrieren die Gültigkeit der Low–Cost Hypothese im Zusammenhang mit kollektiven Gütern zweiter Ordnung. / In field studies, there is evidence that the occurrence of normative behaviour is dependent on its costs. This effect is known as the low cost hypothesis. However, is the enforcement of social norms as well dependent on its costs? So far, there has been little research on the validity of the low – cost hypothesis for so called second order collective goods. In our work, the enforcement of social norms is studied by means of analyzing social control in neighbourhoods. We use data of a mail survey conducted in 2001 in Leipzig, Germany, with 631 respondents: Correlations between approval of social control and willingness to tolerate social control personally decrease with increasing costs to tolerate these control activities. Additionally, the logic of low – cost is transferable to other sociological constructs: The effect of fear of crime and authoritarianism is the less relevant for tolerating social control activities, the higher the costs for these control activities. These empirical findings confirm the low cost hypothesis for the production of second order collective goods.

High performance organizations desire to provide services in an effective and efficient manner with positive outcomes; therefore measures of performance and cost can be utilized to gauge such success. Through comparative research and analysis of local governments that have and do not have collective bargaining for law enforcement, findings and results can determine if there is any correlation between employee workforce classification (in collective or non-collective bargaining workplaces), high performance traits, costs and high performance return on costs (HPRC) for law enforcement. A HPRC composite measure was developed and utilized to compare and contrast all of the local governments to determine relationships between performance and costs. Based upon the research, the following findings were discovered for the null hypothesis which compared two forms of collective bargaining - arbitration and mediation - separately to non-collective bargaining localities: 1) Correlation between workforce classification and high performance attributes – mediation (negative – perform at a lower performance level); 2) Correlation between workforce classification and law enforcement costs - arbitration (negative – costs are at a lower level); and 3) No correlation between workforce classification and HPRC. In the preceding three areas, only the model on high performance attributes had a high r square and low variance with adjusted r square; both indicators of a parsimonious model. While correlations arose, further research in this area is warranted in developing a more enhanced and publicly accepted comparable metric of performance, costs and HPRC for law enforcement. In addition, certain control variables illustrated a correlation with the dependent variables as follows: 1) Performance - High median household incomes, density, age, survey quality of life, and city; 2) Law Enforcement Costs per Capita - Non-right-to-work state and county; and 3) HPRC - Median household income and county. A rational choice theory was utilized as the lens of framework in assessing an employee’s motivational behavior in a collective and non-collective bargaining work environment that could contribute to differentials in performance.

The aim of this thesis is to identify the key roles of expatriates in a major Japanese MNE and factors influencing formation of their roles. It also examines to what extent expatriates have discretion in forming their roles. The thesis uses empirical data from 109 interviews and 5 years of action research (44 advisory board meetings and 144 Human Resource Management (HRM) workshops, 19 research sites in 9 countries and 17 additional meetings on specific topics) that enabled the researcher to carry out insightful and in-depth analysis with cross-national and multi-layer perspectives. The study applies organisational design theory to unveil the mechanisms of role formation, significantly expanding the understanding of these issues in Japanese business and the international business literature. The findings suggest that the process of role formation of expatriates can be explained by combining contingency theory and strategic choice theory in a framework that argues that the roles of expatriates are the result of a political process of organisational design (Child, 1997). This includes adaptation to the environment (Lawrence and Lorsch, 1967) but also the relationship between organisational agents and the environment in the process of strategic choice (Child, 1997). The major contribution of this study is to provide evidence that expatriates are not merely agents of HQs in international business as traditionally understood, but that their role is more complex and multifaceted. The study empirically identifies five key roles of expatriates – two more than previously identified in the literature – and unveils six contingency factors and two strategic choice factors influencing role formation. The thesis demonstrates that expatriates strategically select their roles, although internal and external factors can act either as enhancers or obstacles to their making of choices and role formation.

Students who identify as being from an ethnic minority are under-represented within school geography in England at Key Stage 4 (ages 14 – 16) and Key Stage 5 (ages 16 – 18). At these stages geography is an optional subject and how students view geographical knowledge may influence their GCSE and A level subject choices. This study uses an intersectional theoretical lens to explore representations of geographical knowledge by students of different ethnicities, the stories that relate to these representations and how the students accounted for the GCSE and A level subject choices that they made. The first part of the study reveals a lack of empirical and contemporary research into ethnic minority students’ views of geographical knowledge and subject choices. This is followed by a two-strand exploratory case study at one girls’ grammar school in England. The practitioner-researcher strand was two phase; in the first phase, 314 sixth form students (aged 16 – 18) completed a questionnaire to gauge initial views of geographical knowledge. During the second phase, eight of these students represented their views of geographical knowledge through collages, critical incident charts and semi-structured interviews that explored their stories in depth. In parallel, a group of Year 10 (aged 14 – 15) students as researchers used questionnaires to investigate the influence of parents and other factors contributing to students’ subject choices at GCSE level. In the study, geographical knowledge was represented in different ways given different methods. It was found to be diverse and individual, although it was possible for specific themes to be identified. The representations reflected the characteristics and concepts from students’ recent formal experiences of geography. Informal experiences also featured but these were not always explicit or straightforwardly definable. Unless students could see the intrinsic usefulness of their view of geographical knowledge then they were unlikely to choose the subject past GCSE level. This study expands theoretical conceptualisations of how students represent geographical knowledge and the factors affecting subject choice, engages students as researchers in a methodologically innovative way and provides a rich and detailed account of post-14 subject choice by ethnic minority students which otherwise does not exist in an English context.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T19:20:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Walter B Juniro.pdf: 1159976 bytes, checksum: 491b2d9a633d9c06bfb751ce4235b805 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-05-11 / When we analyze the contemporaneous Brazilian religious camp we can notice great changes in the religious map of the country. At the same time that there is a tendency of reducing the number of affiliations to traditional religions such as catholic and historical protestant, the evangelical churches are spreading around, specially the neopentecostal . One of the main reasons for this change is the use of the Prosperity Theology by the priests of the neopentecostal churches. In this work we propose to build a study of the Prosperity Theology as a success tool used by Igreja Universal do Reino de Deus (IURD) in order to increase the affiliation number. The religious phenomena analyses will be made under a theoretical perspective of Religion Sociology, known as Rational Choice, by Rodney Stark. This theory proposes to apply economical theories and the one of Rational Choice to the religious phenomena, taking into account the existing religious pluralism in Brazil where the presence of a State with freedom of religion guarantees a free market for the companies that offer religious service. In this context, the conditions for a religious exploitation in the country are established and the specialists have to offer a service that meets the customers needs in order to survive the market competition. The analysis takes into account not only the religious demand in the Brazilian religious camp but mainly the offer of religious assets made by IURD specialists / Analisando o campo religioso brasileiro contemporâneo, notam-se grandes transformações no mapa religioso do país, numa tendência de queda de fiéis das religiões tradicionais como a católica e a protestante histórica e a ascensão das igrejas evangélicas, particularmente as neopentecostais. Um dos fatores responsáveis por essa transformação é a adoção da Teologia da Prosperidade praticada pelos pastores das igrejas neopentecostais. Este trabalho propõe construir um estudo da Teologia da Prosperidade, apontando-a como um instrumento de sucesso utilizado pela igreja Universal do Reino de Deus para aumentar o seu quadro de fiéis. A análise do fenômeno religioso vai se dar sob a perspectiva teórica da Sociologia da Religião, conhecida por Teoria da Escolha Racional de Rodney Stark. Essa Teoria propõe a aplicação de teorias econômicas e da escolha racional para os fenômenos religiosos, levando em conta o pluralismo religioso presente no Brasil, onde a presença de um Estado laico garante a livre concorrência entre as firmas que oferecem serviços religiosos. Assim, criam-se condições para a explosão religiosa no país, e os especialistas devem oferecer um serviço que atenda à necessidade daquele que busca esse tipo de oferta, para sobreviverem à concorrência. A análise leva em consideração não apenas a demanda religiosa no campo religioso brasileiro, mas principalmente a oferta de bens religiosos dos especialistas da IURD

本文主旨在以空間理論的方法，探討選舉制度與競選策略的關係。即是以形式化的演繹方法，討論候選人或政黨在不同的選舉制度下，各種策略的選擇會導致何種結果，從而推論出候選人或政黨所應採行的最適策略。全文共有五章，分別略述如下： 　　第一章導論，第一節介紹研究的動機與目的，第二節介紹研究的範圍與方法。 　　第二章則是選舉制度，競選策略與空間理論基本模型的說明。 　　第三章討論單一選區制下候選人的競選策略，包括多數決的二人爭一席模式，相對多數決的多人爭一席模式，與絕對多數決二段投票制。 　　第四章討論非單一選區制下的政黨競選策略，包括頓特最高平均數法名單比例代表制，單記可讓渡投票制，與單記非讓渡投票制。 　　第五章結論，第一節總節主要的研究結果，第二節則提出研究的限制與對未來研究的建議。

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Anthony Downs public choice theory proposes that every rational person would try to meet their own desires in preference to those of others, and that such rational persons would attempt to obtain these desires in the most efficient manner possible. This thesis submits that the application of this theory would mean that public servants and politicians would perform acts of corruption and maladministration in order to efficiently meet their desires. As such action is unavoidable, political parties must appear to meet the public demand for accountability systems, but must not make these systems viable lest they expose the corruption and maladministration that would threaten the government’s chance or re-election. The thesis demonstrates this hypothesis through a study of the history of the public sector in Queensland. It shows that all governments have displayed a commitment for accountability whilst simultaneously ensuring the systems would not be able to interfere with government control or expose its flaws.

Submitted by Andréa Oliveira de Carvalho e Silva (andreadecarvalhoesilva@gmail.com) on 2016-08-19T14:38:41Z No. of bitstreams: 1 de_carvalho_e_silva,_andrea_oliveira-master_thesis-2016-when_does_it_pay_to_be_corrupt_in_the_private_sector.pdf: 1804232 bytes, checksum: 4fec3231d6c23852b281d66d247d46c2 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Pamela Beltran Tonsa (pamela.tonsa@fgv.br) on 2016-08-19T14:45:08Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 de_carvalho_e_silva,_andrea_oliveira-master_thesis-2016-when_does_it_pay_to_be_corrupt_in_the_private_sector.pdf: 1804232 bytes, checksum: 4fec3231d6c23852b281d66d247d46c2 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-19T16:58:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 de_carvalho_e_silva,_andrea_oliveira-master_thesis-2016-when_does_it_pay_to_be_corrupt_in_the_private_sector.pdf: 1804232 bytes, checksum: 4fec3231d6c23852b281d66d247d46c2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-07-13 / Private-to-private corruption is a phenomenon that greatly affects both firms and countries they operate in. Both contextual and behavioral aspects of decision-making under corruption risk have been previously studied. However, as the phenomenon is very complex, the field lacks on understanding the causal relationships and comprehensive models for private-to-private corruption. Given the described research opportunities, this study investigated when it pays to be corrupt in the private sector. To conduct this study, it was employed a 3x2 (risk – high, medium, low and business as usual/not as) anecdotal field experiment through the vignette technique, emulating a procurement process. This experiment had a sample of n=168; respondents had, in average, both work experience and familiarity with the B2B procurement process. Through rational choice and expected utility theory, this thesis was able to combine contextual and individual factors for decisional process, disclosing the mechanisms through what a decision-maker opt whether to act or not corruptly. It was possible to establish the causal relationship of informal social norms and the risk of punishment in corruption inclination. Also, the present study assessed variables relationships’ robustness through employing three methods to analyze the empirical data. Variables were modeled jointly through two methods: OLS and SEM-PLS. This thesis contribution to literature is threefold. In the theoretical perspective, it contributed to literature by reinforcing rational choice theory appropriateness as a framework for studying decision making under corruption risk in the private sector. In the methodological perspective, there were built integrative multiple causation models for corruption (exploring mediating relationships, also), giving an important contribution to literature, which lacked on comprehensive models for corruption and where causal relationships were mostly ignored. In the practical perspective, it contributed by questioning current policy-making strategies: it was found that, despite bounded rationality evidences, people behave mostly rationally when deciding to engage or not in corruption. However, even then we found that punitive strategies that are based on this premise are effective on diminishing corruption, which implies the fact that other policies based on moral issues should be needed to combat this problem. / Corrupção entre agentes privados é um fenômeno que afeta enormemente tanto as firmas quanto os países em que operam. Ambos aspectos contextuais e comportamentais do processo decisório sob risco de corrupção foram estudados previamente. Contudo, como o fenômeno é muito complex, o campo carece de entendimento sobre relações causais e de modelos abrangentes para corrupção privada. Dadas as oportunidades de pesquisa descritas, esse estudo investigou quando vale se corromper no setor privado. Para realizar esse estudo, empregou-se um anecdotal field experiment 3x2 (risco – alto, médio e baixo e corrupção como regra do jogo/ não é regra do jogo) através da técnica de cenários, emulando uma situação de compra e venda. Esse experimento contou com uma amostra de n=168 respondentes; os respondents tinham, em media, tanto experiência de trabalho quanto familiaridade com o processo de compra e venda B2B. Através da teoria de escolha racional e de utilidade esperada, essa dissertção combinou a influência de fatores individuais e contextuais para o processo decisório, revelando os mecanismos através dos quais quem toma a decisão opta por agir ou não de forma corrupta. Foi possível estabelecer relações causais entre normas sociais informais e risco de punição na inclinação em se corromper. Além disso, o presente estudo investigou a robustez das relações entre as variáveis empregando três métodos para analizar os dados empíricos. As variáveis foram analisadas aos pares através de ANOVA e modeladas em conjunto através de dois métodos: OLS e SEM-PLS. A contribuição dessa dissertação para a literatura é tripla: teoricamente, contribuiu ao reforçar que a teoria das escolhas racionais é adequada para a investigação do processo decisório sob risco de corrupção no setor privado; metodologicamente, foi construído um modelo integrado de múltiplas causas para corrupção, explorando também as relações de mediação – oferecendo, portanto, uma importante contribuição à literatura, que carecia de modelos abrangentes para corrupção e em que a maioria das relações causais era desconhecida; por fim, contribui para a prática ao questionar as políticas atuais para o combate à corrupção: Foi descoberto que, embora haja evidências de que limitações à racionalidade, as pessoas se comportam basicamente de forma racional ao optar por se envolver ou não em corrupção; no entanto, ainda que tenhamos encontrado evidências de que estratégias punitivas baseadas nessa premissa seriam efetivas na redução da corrupção, outras políticas baseadas em questões morais devem se fazer necessárias para que se combata esse problema.

The increasing demand for couples therapy and its present low success rate led to the question whether Glasser's reality therapy, with its innovative approach, could possibly be of value to couples therapy in South Africa. Glasser emphasizes the importance of healthy personal relationships, freedom of choice and responsibility. In therapy he focuses on the fact that each person has control of what he/she does and thinks and that he/she should take responsibility for it. On the basis of a limited qualitative study, it was found that, with certain reservations, this therapy could make a valuable contribution to the success of couples therapy. Professional persons should be encouraged to apply reality theory in couples therapy, training institutions should train their students in this regard and more comprehensive and in-depth research should be undertaken to determine its value in larger and more representative groups. / Educational Studies / M. Ed.