The duodenal epithelium secretes bicarbonate ions and this is regarded as the primary defence mechanism against the acid discharged from the stomach. For an efficient protection, the duodenum must also function as a sensory organ identifying luminal factors. Enteroendocrine cells are well-established intestinal “taste” cells that express signaling peptides such as orexins and guanylins. Luminal factors affect the release of these peptides, which may modulate the activity of nearby epithelial and neural cells. The present thesis considers the effects of orexins and guanylins on duodenal bicarbonate secretion. The duodenal secretory response to the peptides was examined in anaesthetised rats in situ and the effects of orexin-A on intracellular calcium signaling by human as well as rat duodenal enterocytes were studied in vitro. Orexin-A, guanylin and uroguanylin were all stimulants of bicarbonate secretion. The stimulatory effect of orexin-A was inhibited by the OX1-receptor selective antagonist SB-334867. The muscarinic antagonist atropine on the other hand, did not affect the orexin-A-induced secretion, excluding involvement of muscarinic receptors. Orexin-A induced calcium signaling in isolated duodenocytes suggesting a direct effect at these cells. Interestingly, orexin-induced secretion and calcium signaling as well as mucosal orexin-receptor mRNA and OX1-receptor protein levels were all substantially downregulated in overnight fasted rats compared with animals with continuous access to food. Further, secretion induced by Orexin-A was shown to be dependent on an extended period of glucose priming. The uroguanylin-induced bicarbonate secretion was reduced by atropine suggesting involvement of muscarinic receptors. The melatonin receptor antagonist luzindole attenuated the secretory response to intra-arterially administered guanylins but had no effect on secretion when the guanylins were given luminally. In conclusion, the results suggest that orexin-A as well as guanylins may participate in the regulation of duodenal bicarbonate secretion. Further, the duodenal orexin system is dependent on the feeding status of the animals.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-22T20:50:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-02-21 / Diversos autores sugerem que a sensibilização comportamental, caracterizada pelo aumento da atividade psicomotora em resposta à administração repetida de drogas psicoativas, parece desempenhar um papel fundamental no desenvolvimento de abuso e dependência, aumentando a propriedade reforçadora destas substâncias. Animais que desenvolvem sensibilização ao etanol apresentam diferenças na densidade de receptores de alguns neurotransmissores e também na resposta à administração de agonistas e antagonistas destes receptores. A sensibilização comportamental é um fenômeno complexo que envolve diferentes fatores, sendo afetada pelo ambiente, possuindo um componente de aprendizagem. Para avaliar a influência da capacidade de aprendizagem no processo de sensibilização ao efeito estimulante do etanol, no presente estudo comparamos o desempenho de dois grupos de animais com diferentes níveis de sensibilização (alta e baixa) em dois tipos de tarefas (apetitiva e aversiva). Também avaliamos a influência de uma droga amnésica (escopolamina) no desenvolvimento e expressão da sensibilização. Foi observado que animais com diferentes níveis de sensibilização não diferiram quanto à capacidade de aprendizagem após o tratamento crônico com etanol, independentemente do tipo de tarefa. A escopolamina quando administrada no hipocampo dorsal simultaneamente ao tratamento crônico com etanol não alterou o desenvolvimento da sensibilização. Porém, quando administrada por via subcutânea, provocou aumento mais acentuado nos níveis de atividade locomotora em animais que já haviam desenvolvido alta sensibilização do que nos animais que haviam desenvolvido baixa sensibilização ou no grupo controle. Este fenômeno não foi observado quando a administração de escopolamina foi realizada diretamente no núcleo accumbens, e quando administrada em combinação com etanol, foi capaz de bloquear a sensibilização. Estes dados sugerem que o sistema colinérgico atue como um neuromodulador do processo de sensibilização. Porém, parece agir de maneira diferente dependendo do nível de sensibilização desenvolvido pelo animal. / Several authors suggest that behavioral sensitization, characterized as psychomotor activity increase in response to psychoactive drugs repeated administration, seems to play a fundamental role in the development of abuse and dependence, increasing the reinforcement property of these substances. Animals that develop sensitization to ethanol differ regarding the binding to some neurotransmitter receptors and also differ regarding the response to the administration of agonists and antagonists of these receptors. Behavioral sensitization is a complex phenomenon that involves different factors, being affected by environment and learning. To evaluate the influence of learning capacity in the sensitization process, in the present study we compared the performance of two groups of mice that presented different levels of sensitization (high and low) in two different learning tasks (appetitive and aversive). We also evaluated the influence of an amnestic drug (scopolamine) in the development and expression of sensitization. It was observed that mice with different levels of sensitization did not differ regarding their learning capacity after chronic treatment with ethanol, in both tasks. Scopolamine, when administered in the dorsal hippocampus simultaneously with ethanol treatment, did not alter the sensitization development. However, when administered subcutaneously it induced higher levels of locomotor activity in those animals that had already developed high sensitization than in low sensitized mice or in the control group. This phenomenon was not observed when scopolamine was administered directly in the nucleus accumbens. When administered in combination with ethanol, it blocked the sensitization. These data suggest that the cholinergic system acts as a neuromodulator in the sensitization process. However, the cholinergic system seems to act in different ways depending on the level of sensitization developed by the animal. / TEDE / BV UNIFESP: Teses e dissertações

IntroductionLa neurostimulation vagale (NSV) à haute fréquence (30 Hz) est utilisée commethérapeutique de certaines formes d’épilepsie et de dépression réfractaires aux traitements chezl’Homme. De plus, la NSV à basse fréquence (5 Hz) a été expérimentée avec succès chez l’animalpour traiter différentes inflammations périphériques, notamment digestives. Des travaux récents ontmis en évidence que cet effet anti-inflammatoire est induit par l’activation des fibres efférentesvagales, libérant en périphérie de l’acétylcholine, inhibant la sécrétion des cytokines proinflammatoires.Cette voie est connue sous le nom de voie anti-inflammatoire cholinergique.Toutefois, le mécanisme d’action de la NSV 5 Hz reste mal connu et d’autres voies pourraient êtremises en jeu impliquant le système nerveux central (SNC) et le système immunitaire périphérique.ButLes travaux réalisés ont eu pour objectif d’étudier l’implication du SNC et du systèmeimmunitaire dans la modulation de l’inflammation induite par la NSV basse fréquence chez unmodèle de rat anesthésié. Tout d’abord, afin d’étudier l’implication du SNC lors de la NSV 5 Hz, uneétude d’imagerie par résonance magnétique fonctionnelle (IRMf) a été réalisée sur le rat «sain»anesthésié. Ensuite, une étude a été effectuée sur l’effet de la NSV sur les cellules immunitairesspléniques ainsi que sur le tube digestif chez un modèle de rat «sain» puis chez un modèle de ratatteint d’une colite expérimentale induite par une injection intra-colique d’acide trinitrobenzènesulfonique (TNBS).RésultatsLes données obtenues lors de l’étude d’IRMf ont mis en évidence un rôle important desfibres afférentes vagales; elles modulent certaines structures du SNC qui pourraient participer à larégulation de l’inflammation digestive induite par la NSV 5 Hz. Les études réalisées sur les souspopulationslymphocytaires spléniques ont révélé que d’autres cellules immunitaires que lesmacrophages étaient impliquées lors de la NSV. Chez le modèle de rat «sain», les résultats decytométrie en flux ont montré que la NSV 3h 5 Hz induisait une diminution de l’activation deslymphocytes T CD4 ainsi que du pourcentage de NKT par rapport aux lymphocytes T. Ces résultatssont en faveur d’un rôle de la NSV 3h inhibant l’activation lymphocytaire et jouant un rôle sur les NKTpossédant des propriétés immunorégulatrices. La NSV 3h n’a pas le même effet chez le modèle de ratprésentant une colite. En effet, le dosage de cytokines sécrétées par les splénocytes en culturemontre que la NSV augmente le potentiel de sécrétion d’IL-10 (cytokine anti-inflammatoire) dessplénocytes et plus particulièrement des lymphocytes T CD4 spléniques. Parallèlement, l’effet antiinflammatoirede la NSV a été mis en évidence au niveau du côlon transverse (au-dessus de la zonelésée) par une diminution des ARNm de SOCS3 et du TNF-α et de la myéloperoxidase. Ces donnéesont démontré un rôle de la NSV sur la fonctionnalité des lymphocytes T CD4 spléniques. La NSV 3h 5Hz orienterait la réponse immunitaire vers une réponse anti-inflammatoire en phase d’initiationd’inflammation digestive. De plus, l’effet anti-inflammatoire de la NSV est retrouvé au niveau du tubedigestif au-dessus de la zone lésée (côlon transverse).ConclusionCes données expérimentales montrent que d’autres voies impliquant différents typescellulaires sont susceptibles d’être mises en oeuvre par la NSV basse fréquence. Elle induitl’implication du SNC par l’activation des afférences vagales et des cellules immunitaires spléniquestelles que les lymphocytes T CD4 et les NKT. Un effet anti-inflammatoire de la NSV est retrouvé auniveau du côlon transverse, mais pas au niveau des lésions dans le côlon distal. Ces résultatsprésentent des implications thérapeutiques : la NSV basse fréquence est actuellement en essaiclinique pour être utilisée comme traitement dans la maladie de Crohn. / Introduction High frequency(30 Hz)vagus nerve stimulation(VNS)has been approved as a treatment for some types of epilepsy and depression in humans. Low-frequency (5 Hz)VNS has also been successful for the treatment of different animal inflammation models, notably digestive inflammation. Recent studies have shown that the anti-inflammatory effect is induced by the activation of the efferent vagal fibers, which secrete acetylcholine in periphery. It links itself to α-7-nicotinic receptors on the macrophages surface, inhibiting the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. This pathway is known by the name of the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway. However, the mechanism of action of low-frequency VNS remains unclear and other pathways could be involved implicating the central nervous system (CNS) and the immune system. Aim The aim of this study was to evaluate the implication of the CNS and the immune system in the modulation of inflammation induced by low-frequency VNS in an anaesthetized rat model. Firstly, to study the implication of the CNS and the contribution of the afferent vagal fibers during 5Hz VNS, a study using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) on a «healthy» anaesthetized rat model was carried out. Secondly, an experiment on the effect of VNS on splenic immune cells as well as on the digestive tract was fulfilled on a «healthy» rat model followed by a study on a rat model of colitis induced by intracolonic injection of trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS). Results fMRI data brought to light an important role of the afferent vagal fibers. They modulate some structures of the CNS which could contribute to the modulation of digestive inflammation by 5Hz VNS. The studies carried out by FACS on the sub-populations of splenic lymphocytes revealed that other immune cells than macrophages could be implicated by VNS. In the «healthy» rat model, with no digestive inflammation, FACS data show that 3h VNS decreases T CD4 lymphocytes activation and the percentage of NKT in relation to T lymphocytes. These data are in favor of an inhibiting role of VNS on lymphocytes activation and also has an impact on NKT cells which have immunoregulatory properties. 3h VNS does not have the same effect on the rat model of colitis. In fact, the quantification of secreted cytokines by cultured splenocytes show that VNS increases the potential of IL-10(anti-iflammatory)cytokine by splenocytes and particularly splenic T CD4 lymphocytes. In the same way, the anti-inflammatory effect of VNS is seen in the transverse colon (above the lesions): decrease of TNF-α and SOCS3 mRNA and of myeloperoxidase. These results show a role of VNS on the functionality of splenic T CD4 lymphocytes inducing an important secretion of IL-10. 3h low-frequency VNS turns the immune response towards an anti-inflammatory response during the early phase of digestive inflammation. Moreover, VNS anti-inflammatory effect is seen in the transverse colon, above the lesions. Conclusion These results reveal that other pathways implicating different cell types are potentially involved besides the classic cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway by low-frequency VNS. It implicates CNS by the activation of vagal afferents and splenic immune cells such as T CD4 lymphocytes and NKT cells. An anti-inflammatory effect of VNS is found in the transverse colon (above the lesions) even during the initiation phase of digestive inflammation, but not in the distal colon (in the lesions). These date have therapeutic implications: low-frequency VNS is being clinically tested at the moment as a treatment for Crohn's disease.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Cigarette smoke exposure is a major risk factor to the development of cardiovascular diseases, neurocognitive and neurobiological deficits. Nowadays, phytotherapy is widely employed in the treatment of many illnesses. Curcumin, a polyphenol obtained from the rhizomes of Curcuma longa and commonly used in the oriental culinary and traditional medicine, has several pharmacological properties such as antioxidant, antiaggregant and neuroprotective. Despite its wide-ranging spectrum of pharmacological properties, curcumin possess potential to prevent the noxious effects caused by cigarette smoke exposure. In this context, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of curcumin on memory and parameters involved in the homeostasis of central nervous system (CNS) in rats passively exposed to cigarette smoke. The experiments were performed in two different stages, being the first divided in two sets. In the first set, animals were randomly assigned into four groups: vehicle; curcumin 12.5 mg/kg; curcumin 25 mg/kg; and curcumin 50 mg/kg. In the second set, animals were randomly assigned into five groups: vehicle, cigarette smoke; curcumin 12.5 mg/kg along with cigarette smoke; curcumin 25 mg/kg along with cigarette smoke; and curcumin 50 mg/kg along with cigarette smoke. In the second experimental stage, animals were randomly divided into ten groups: vehicle; curcumin 12.5 mg/kg; curcumin 25 mg/kg; curcumin 50 mg/kg; nanoencapsulated curcumin 4 mg/kg; cigarette smoke; curcumin 12.5 mg/kg along with cigarette smoke; curcumin 25 mg/kg along with cigarette smoke; curcumin 50 mg/kg along with cigarette smoke; and nanoencapsulated curcumin 4 mg/kg along with cigarette smoke. The treatment with curcumin and cigarette smoke was carried out once a day, 5 days each week, during 30 days. Curcumin was administered orally and, approximately 10 minutes later, the smoking groups were exposed to the sidestream smoke of four commercial cigarettes (nicotine 0.9 mg, tar 10 mg each) inside a whole-body smoke exposure chamber. After thirty days, the animals were euthanized, the blood collected and the brain dissected in cerebral cortex, hippocampus, hypothalamus, striatum and cerebellum. The group of rats exposed to cigarette smoke showed an increase in the activity of the enzymes E-NTPDase (ATP as substrate) and E-5 -NT, and a reduction in the activity of the enzyme E-NTPDase (ADP as substrate) in platelets; an increase in the activities of the enzymes E-NTPDase, E-5 -NT and AChE in synaptosomes from the cerebral cortex; an increase in the activity of AChE in cerebellum, cerebral cortex, hippocampus, striatum, hypothalamus and peripheral blood; a decrease in the activities of the enzymes Na+,K+-ATPase and Ca2+-ATPase and a redox imbalance. Furthermore, in the same group of animals, it was observed a cognitive impairment evaluated through the inhibitory avoidance test and the object recognition test. We conclude that the use of both formulations of curcumin, free and nanostructured, prevents the effects observed in the purinergic and cholinergic system, in the enzymes involved in the ion homeostasis and in the oxidative stress parameters. Finally, the results obtained in this study indicate that curcumin administration as lipid-core nanocapsules may be an alternative to increase its efficacy, probably by the increase of its bioavailability when administered orally. / A exposição à fumaça do cigarro é um fator de risco para o desenvolvimento de doenças cardiovasculares, déficits neurocognitivos e neurobiológicos. Atualmente, o emprego de fitoterápicos é uma das alternativas para o tratamento de diversas doenças. A curcumina, um polifenol obtido a partir de rizomas de Curcuma longa e amplamente utilizado na culinária e na medicina tradicional oriental, possui diversas propriedades farmacológicas como antioxidante, anti-agregante e neuroprotetora. Em virtude de seu amplo espectro de propriedades farmacológicas a curcumina possui potencial para a prevenção dos efeitos causados pela exposição à fumaça do cigarro. Neste contexto, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito da curcumina sobre a memória e parâmetros envolvidos na homeostase do sistema nervoso central (SNC) em ratos expostos de forma passiva à fumaça do cigarro. Os experimentos foram realizados em duas etapas, sendo a primeira delas dividida em duas fases. Na primeira fase, os animais foram divididos aleatoreamente em quatro grupos, denominados: veículo; curcumina 12,5 mg/kg; curcumina 25 mg/kg; e curcumina 50 mg/kg. Na segunda fase, os animais foram divididos aleatoreamente em cinco grupos, denominados: veículo; cigarro; cigarro + curcumina 12,5 mg/kg; cigarro + curcumina 25 mg/kg; e cigarro + curcumina 50 mg/kg. Na segunda etapa experimental, os animais foram divididos aleatoreamente em dez grupos, denominados: veículo; curcumina 12,5 mg/kg; curcumina 25 mg/kg; curcumina 50 mg/kg; curcumina nanoencapsulada 4 mg/kg; cigarro; cigarro + curcumina 12,5 mg/kg; cigarro + curcumina 25 mg/kg; cigarro + curcumina 50 mg/kg; cigarro + curcumina nanoencapsulada 4 mg/kg. O tratamento com a curcumina e com a fumaça do cigarro foi realizada uma vez por dia, cinco dias por semana, durante trinta dias. A curcumina foi administrada de forma oral e, após aproximadamente dez minutos, os grupos fumantes eram expostos à fumaça de quatro cigarros comerciais (0,9 mg de nicotina, 10 mg de alcatrão cada) dentro de uma câmara de exposição. Após trinta dias, os animais foram eutanasiados, o sangue coletado e o encéfalo dissecado em córtex cerebral, hipocampo, hipotálamo, estriado e cerebelo. O grupo de ratos expostos à fumaça do cigarro apresentou um aumento na atividade das enzimas E-NTPDase (ATP como substrato) e E-5 -NT, e uma redução na atividade da enzima E-NTPDase (ADP como substrato) em plaquetas; um aumento nas atividades das enzimas E-NTPDase, E-5 -NT e AChE em sinaptossomas de córtex cerebral; um aumento na atividade da enzima AChE em cerebelo, córtex cerebral, hipocampo, estriado, hipotálamo e sangue periférico; uma redução nas atividades das enzimas Na+,K+-ATPase e Ca2+-ATPase e um desequilíbrio no balanço redox. Além disso, neste mesmo grupo de animais observou-se um déficit cognitivo avaliado através dos testes da esquiva inibitória e do reconhecimento de objetos. Concluimos que o uso de ambas as formulações de curcumina livre e nanoestruturada previne os efeitos observados nas atividades das enzimas do sistema purinérgico, colinérgico, nas enzimas envolvidas na formação do gradiente iônico e nos parâmetros de estresse oxidativo. Por fim, os resultados obtidos neste estudo indicam que a administração da curcumina através de nanocápsulas de núcleo lipídico possa ser uma alternativa para o aumento de sua eficácia, provavelmente pelo aumento da biodisponibilidade da curcumina administrada de forma oral.

INTRODUÇÃO: A atuação do sistema nervoso parassimpático em células imunes é conhecida como \"Via Anti-inflamatória Colinérgica\". Trabalhos prévios demonstraram que a estimulação vagal reduz a inflamação e melhora a sobrevida em modelos experimentais com sepse. Neste estudo avaliamos se o uso do anticolinesterásico piridostigmina: altera o número de linfócitos T (CD4+ e CD8+) convencionais (CD25+Foxp3-) e reguladores (CD25+Foxp3+) no sangue periférico, no baço e no miocárdio; modifica a concentração de citocinas (interleucina 1, interleucina 6, TNFalfa) no miocárdio; e influencia a função ventricular após infarto agudo do miocárdio experimental (IAM) em ratos. MÉTODOS: Utilizamos ratos machos adultos da linhagem Wistar, com peso variando entre 200 e 250 g, divididos em 3 grupos de 20 animais cada: grupo controle (GC), grupo infartado sem tratamento (IC) e grupo infartado tratado com piridostigmina (IP). O infarto agudo do miocárdio (IAM) foi obtido com a técnica da ligadura da artéria coronária esquerda, e o grupo IP recebeu piridostigmina na dose de 40mg/kg/dia na água de beber, iniciada 4 dias antes do IAM. Todos os animais foram submetidos à canulação da artéria femoral no dia seguinte ao IAM para registro das curvas de pressão arterial, e posterior análise dos componentes da variabilidade da freqüência cardíaca (VFC), domínio do tempo (SDNN e RMSSD) e da freqüência (componentes LF e HF); o estudo ecocardiográfico foi realizado no segundo dia pós IAM. No terceiro dia pós IAM, os ratos foram divididos em subgrupos de 10 animais, e sacrificados de forma específica para coleta de materiais: 500 ul de sangue periférico e baço fresco para realização da técnica de citometria de fluxo; ventrículo esquerdo para dosagem de citocinas pela técnica de ELISA; e ventrículo esquerdo para realização de imunohistoquímica. Foram usadas as técnicas padronizadas e de uso corrente nos laboratórios. Os resultados foram avaliados por análise de variância (ANOVA) multifatorial, usando o programa GraphPad Prism com teste post hoc de Tukey. RESULTADOS: O grupo IC comparado ao grupo controle apresentou queda significativa da pressão arterial e aumento da freqüência cardíaca. O grupo IP, comparado ao grupo IC, apresentou maior atividade vagal, caracterizada pela significante redução da FC e aumento da VFC (SDNN, 9,2±1,5 vs 5,2±0,5 p < 0,05). Os parâmetros ecocardiográficos avaliados evidenciaram presença de área hipo/acinética e redução da fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo nos grupos infartados, de igual magnitude. Com relação ao número de linfócitos T, verificamos que o grupo IC, comparado ao grupo controle, apresentou número significativamente menor de linfócitos reguladores (CD25+Foxp3+) no sangue periférico (CD4+: 63,5 ±1,4 vs 70,6 ±3,2%, e CD8+: 68,3 ±1,9 vs 76,1 ± 2,8%). O grupo IP, comparado ao grupo IC, apresentou significativa redução do número de linfócitos T convencionais no sangue periférico (respectivamente, CD4+: 1,5 ±0,2 vs 2,2 ± 0,2 %; CD8+: 1,1 ± 0,1 vs 1,8 ± 0,9%), e no baço houve redução somente do tipo CD4+ (respectivamente, 1,4 ± 0,2 vs 2,2 ± 0,2%), com aumento do tipo CD8+ (respectivamente, 1,2 ± 0,1 vs 0,7 ± 0,1 %). O grupo IP também apresentou significativo aumento de linfócitos reguladores (CD25+Foxp3+) no sangue periférico (respectivamente, CD4+: 76,5 ± 2,9 vs 63,5 ± 1,4 %; CD8+: 75,1 ± 1,0 vs 68,3 ± 1,9 %), e não apresentou diferenças significativas no número dessas células no baço. O grupo IC comparado ao grupo controle apresentou significativa marcação de anticorpos para CD4 e CD8 nas áreas infartada e peri-infarto por meio da análise de imunohistoquímica. O grupo IP comparado ao grupo IC, apresentou significativo aumento de CD4+ (respectivamente, 20,9 ± 6,5 vs 12,2 ± 2,5, p < 0,05) e de CD8+ (respectivamente, 17,9 ± 2,8 vs 5,8 ± 1,1%, p < 0,05) na área infartada; observamos redução significativa na marcação de CD4+ (respectivamente, 6,0 ±1,2 vs 12,5 ±4,8) na área peri-infarto, sem alterações significativas na marcação de CD8+. CONCLUSÃO: O tratamento com piridostigmina em ratos com IAM está associado a aumento da atividade vagal, aumento do número de linfócitos reguladores (CD25+Foxp3+) no sangue periférico e maior mobilização de células inflamatórias (CD4+ e CD8+) para a área infartada no miocárdio, com redução de CD4+ na área peri-infarto, no entanto sem mudança de CD8+ nesta região. A mudança do perfil inflamatório decorrente do aumento da atividade vagal na fase aguda do IAM, pode ser um possível mecanismo para explicar os benefícios detectados no remodelamento cardíaco após o IAM, em especial, na redução da área de lesão e na melhora da função ventricular, com uso de anticolinesterásicos / INTRODUTION: The role of the parasympathetic nervous system in immune cells is known as \"Cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway\". In previous work has demonstrated that vagal stimulation reduces inflammation and improves survival in experimental sepsis models. The aim of the present study evalued the use of anticholinesterase pyridostigmine: change the number of T lymphocytes (CD4+ and CD8+) conventional (CD25+Foxp3-) and regulatory (CD25+Foxp3+) in peripheral blood, spleen, and myocardium: modifies the concentration of cytokines (interleukin-1, interleukin-6, TNFalfa) in the myocardium, and influences ventricular function after experimental myocardial infarction (MI) in rats. METHODS: Adult male rats of Wistar strain, weighing between 200 and 250 g were divided into 3 groups of 20 animals each: control group (GC); untreated group without treatment (IC) and infarcted group treated with pyridostigmine (IP). Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) was obtained with the technique of ligation of the left coronary artery, and the IP group received pyridostigmine dose of 40 mg/Kg/day in drinking water starting 4 days before the AMI. All animals underwent cannulation of the femoral artery on the day following AMI to record the blood pressure curves, and subsequent analysis of the components of heart rate variability (HRV), the time domain (SDNN and RMSSD) and frequency (components LF and HF), the echocardiografic study was performed on the second day after AMI. On the third day post-MI, mice were divided into subgroups of 10 animals, and were sacrificed in order to collet specific materials: 500 ul of fresh peripheral blood and spleen technique for performing flow cytometry left ventricle for measurement of cytokine ELISA, and the left ventricle to perform immunohistochemistry. Techniques used were standardized and commonly used in laboraties. The results were evaluated by analysis of variance (ANOVA) multifactorial, using the GraphPad Prism with Tukey post hoc test RESULTS: The HF group compared to the control group showed a significant drop in blood pressure and increased heart rate. The IP group compared to the IC group showed higher vagal activity, characterized by a significant reduction in HR and increase HVR (SDNN, 9.2 ± 1.5 vs 5.2 ± 0.5, p < 0.05). The echocardiography parameters evaluated showed presence of area hypo/acinetic and reduced ejection fraction of the left ventricle in infracted groups of equal magnitude. Regarding the number of T lymphocytes, we found that the IC group compared with the control group showed significantly fewer lymphocytes regulators (CD25+Foxp3+) in peripheral blood (CD4+:63.5 ± 1.4 vs 70.6 ± 3.2% and CD8+ cells: 68.3 ± 1.9 vs 76.1 ± 2.8%). The IP group compared to the IC group showed a significant reduction in the number of conventional T lymphocytes in peripheral blood (CD4+:1.5 ± 0.2 vs 2.2 ± 0.2%; CD8+: 1.1 ± 0.1 vs 1.8 ± 0.9%) and was reduced only in the spleen of the type CD4+(1.4 ± 0.2 vs 2.2 ± 0,2%) with increased CD8+(1.2 ± 0.1 vs 0.7 ± 0.1%). The IP group also showed a significant increase of lymphocytes regulators (CD25+Foxp3+) in peripheral blood (CD4+: 76.5 ± 2.9 vs 63.5 ± 1.4%; CD8+:75.1 ± 1.0 vs 68.3 ± 1.9%), and no significant differences in the number of these cells in the spleen. The IC group compared to the control group showed significant labeling antibodies to CD4 and CD8 areas infarcted and peri-infarction by immunohistochemical analysis. The IP group compared to the IC group showed a significant increase in CD4 (20.9 ± 6.5 vs 12.2 ± 2.5, p < 0.05) and CD8 (17.9 ± 2.8 vs 5.8 ± 1.1%, p < 0.05) in the infarcted area, and we observed a significant reduction in the labeling of CD4 (6.0 ± 1.2 vs 12.5± 4.8) in the peri-infraction without significant changes in the marking of CD8. CONCLUSION: The treatment with pyridostigmine in rats with acute myocardial infarction is associated with increased vagal activity, increased number of regulatory lymphocytes (CD25+Foxp3+) in peripheral blood and increased mobilization of inflammatory cells (CD4 and CD8) to the infarcted myocardium, with reduction of these cells in the peri-infarction. The change of the inflammatory profile due to increased vagal activity may be a possible mechanism to explain the benefits in the evolution of myocardial infarction, especially in the improvement of cardiac remodeling and maintenance of ventricular function with anticholinesterase drugs

Le système cholinergique est impliqué dans les phénomènes d’attention, de mémoire et d’apprentissage et les récepteurs cholinergiques régulent de multiples fonctions du système nerveux central. Néanmoins, leur rôle au niveau de la modulation des propriétés du cortex visuel reste à être établi. L’un des objectifs de cette thèse était d’étudier le rôle des récepteurs muscariniques impliqués dans le fonctionnement normal du cortex visuel. Nous avons pu déterminer que les récepteurs muscariniques sont impliqués dans l’établissement de nombreuses propriétés visuelles telles la taille des champs récepteurs, la sensibilité au contraste, la sélectivité à la fréquence spatiale et la finesse de la connectivité corticale. L’autre objectif était d’identifier les récepteurs cholinergiques impliqués dans la potentiation des capacités visuelles. Nous avons amélioré le traitement cognitif de l’information visuelle par stimulation électrique du télencéphale basal (noyau où sont localisés les corps cellulaires cholinergiques) et par la stimulation cholinergique par le donépézil, un inhibiteur de l’acétylcholinestérase. La combinaison répétée d’une stimulation visuelle et cholinergique (qu’elle soit électrique ou pharmacologique) améliore similairement l’activité corticale visuelle. Toutefois, les récepteurs impliqués ne sont pas les mêmes. Suite à la stimulation pharmacologique, ce sont principalement les récepteurs muscariniques qui influencent l’acuité visuelle de manière tardive et cette modulation est plus précoce lors de la stimulation électrique. Ces résultats démontrent que le couplage répétitif d’une stimulation cholinergique et d’une stimulation visuelle est en mesure d’améliorer l’activité corticale visuelle. Le fait de connaître les récepteurs cholinergiques impliqués permettra dans un futur proche de les cibler directement pour améliorer la fonction corticale. / The cholinergic system is involved in attention, learning and memory and cholinergic receptors regulate multiple functions of the central nervous system. Nevertheless, their role in modulating the properties of the visual cortex remains to be established. One of the objectives of this thesis was to study the role of muscarinic receptors involved in the normal function of the visual cortex. We have been able to determine that the muscarinic receptors are involved in the establishment of many visual properties such as the size of the receptor fields, contrast sensitivity, spatial frequency selectivity and accuracy of the cortical connectivity. The other objective was to identify the cholinergic receptors involved in the potentiation of visual abilities. We improved the cognitive processing of visual information by electrical stimulation of the basal forebrain (the nucleus where the cholinergic cell bodies are located) and by cholinergic stimulation using donepezil, an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor. The repeated combination of visual and cholinergic stimulations (whether electrical or pharmacological) similarly enhances visual cortical activity. However, the receptors involved are not the same. Following the pharmacological stimulation, it is mainly the muscarinic receptors that influence visual acuity with a delay in the receptors expression and this modulation is earlier for the electrical stimulation. These results demonstrate that repetitive coupling of cholinergic stimulation and visual stimulation can enhance visual cortical activity. Knowing the cholinergic receptors involved will allow in a near future to target them directly to improve cortical function.

Cette thèse démontre qu’une potentialisation cholinergique durant un conditionnement visuel typique permet de raffiner la réponse et la connectivité des neurones des aires corticales visuelles ainsi que des aires associatives supérieures via un phénomène plastique. Afin de déterminer cet effet sur un conditionnement visuel monoculaire sur la réponse corticale, nous avons utilisé un système d’imagerie calcique à large champ sur des souris adultes exprimant le rapporteur calcique GCaMP6s. La potentialisation cholinergique était causée par l’administration de donepezil (DPZ), un inhibiteur de l’acétylcholinestérase qui dégrade l’acétylcholine. Cette technique, possédant de bonnes résolutions spatiale et temporelle, a permis l’observation de l’activité neuronale dans les couches supra granulaires du cortex visuel primaire (V1), des aires secondaires (A, AL, AM, LM, PM, RL) ainsi que dans le cortex retrosplénial (RSC). Il a été alors possible de mesurer les modifications d’activité neuronale de ces aires au repos et lors de la présentation de stimulations visuelles, composées de réseaux sinusoïdaux d’orientation et de contraste varié. La réponse corticale des animaux naïfs est similaire en matière d’amplitude et de sensibilité au contraste pour chacune des orientations de stimulations visuelles présentées. Le conditionnement visuel accompagné de l’administration de DPZ diminue significativement la réponse neuronale évoquée par le stimulus conditionné dans la majorité des aires observés alors qu’il ne modifie pas la réponse à la stimulation non conditionnée. Cet effet n’est pas présent sans potentialisation cholinergique. Il est intéressant de noter qu’un effet sur la corrélation d’activation est observé exclusivement dans les aires de la voie visuelle ventrale. Finalement, le conditionnement monoculaire diminue la corrélation au repos entre les aires visuelles monoculaire et binoculaire de chacun des hémisphères, un effet qui disparaît lors de l’administration du DPZ durant le conditionnement. En conclusion, nos résultats démontrent une diminution de l’amplitude et de l’étalement de la réponse corticale dans les couches supra-granulaires de PM et de V1 en réponse à notre traitement. Nous suggérons que ces résultats démontrent une diminution de la réponse excitatrice causée par l’augmentation de l’activité inhibitrice en réponse à la stimulation conditionnée. / The cholinergic system of the basal forebrain modulates the visual cortex and enhances visual acuity and discrimination when activated during visual conditioning. As wide-field calcium imaging provides cortical maps with a fine regional and temporal resolution, we used this technique to determine the effects of the cholinergic potentiation of visual conditioning on cortical activity and connectivity in the visual cortex and higher associative areas. Mesoscopic calcium imaging was performed in head-fixed GCaMP6s adult mice during resting state or monocular presentation of conditioned (0.03 cpd, 30°, 100% contrast) or non-conditioned 1Hz-drifting gratings (30°, 50 and 75% contrast; 90°, 50, 75 and 100% contrast), before and after conditioning. The conditioned stimulus was presented 10 min daily for a week. Donepezil (DPZ, 0.3 mg/kg, s.c.), a cholinesterase inhibitor that potentiates cholinergic transmission, or saline were injected prior to each conditioning session and compared to a sham-conditioned group. Cortical maps were established, then amplitude, duration, and latency of the peak response, as well as size of activation were measured in the primary visual cortex (V1), secondary visual areas (AL, A, AM, PM, LM, RL), the retrosplenial cortex (RSC) , and higher cortical areas. Visual stimulation increased calcium signaling in all primary and secondary visual areas, but no other cortices (except RSC). The cortical responses were sensitive to contrast but not to grating orientation. There were no significant effects of sham-conditioning or conditioning alone, but DPZ treatment during conditioning significantly decreased the evoked neuronal activity response for the conditioned stimulus in V1, AL, PM, and LM. The size of activated area and signal-to-noise ratio were affected in some cortical areas. There was no effect for the non-conditioned stimuli. Interestingly, signal correlation appeared only between V1 and the ventral visual pathway and RSC and was decreased by DPZ administration. The resting state activity was slightly correlated and rarely affected by treatments, except between binocular and monocular V1 in both hemispheres. In conclusion, despite the previously observed enhancement of the cortical response of layer 4 after visual conditioning with cholinergic potentiation, mesoscale cortical calcium imaging showed that cholinergic potentiation diminished the cortical activation in layer 2/3 and sharpened the responses to the conditioned visual stimulus in V1 and PM, via a layer-dependent effect.

Celiac ganglia are important sites of signal integration and transduction. Their complex neurochemical anatomy has been studied extensively in guinea pigs but not in mice. The goal of this study was to provide detailed neurochemical characterization of mouse celiac ganglia and noradrenergic nerves in two target tissues, spleen and stomach. A vast majority of mouse celiac neurons express a noradrenergic phenotype, which includes tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), vesicular monoamine transporter 2, and the norepinephrine transporter. Over 80% of these neuron also express neuropeptide Y (NPY), and this coexpression is maintained by dissociated neurons in culture. Likewise, TH and NPY were colocalized in noradrenergic nerves throughout the spleen and in stomach blood vessels. Somatostatin was not detected in principal neurons but did occur in small, TH-negative cells presumed to be interneurons and in a few varicose nerve fibers. Cholinergic nerves provided the most abundant input to the ganglia, and small percentages of these also contained nitric oxide synthase or vasoactive intestinal polypeptide. A low-to-moderate density of nerves also stained separately for the latter markers. Additionally, nerve bundles and varicose nerve fibers containing the sensory neuropeptides, calcitonin gene-related polypeptide, and substance P, occurred at variable density throughout the ganglia. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that principal neurons of mouse celiac ganglia have less neurochemical diversity than reported for guinea pig and other species but receive input from nerves expressing an array of neurochemical markers. This profile suggests celiac neurons integrate input from many sources to influence target tissues by releasing primarily norepinephrine and NPY.

No description available.