Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:07:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AldinidaMS_TESE.pdf: 1229219 bytes, checksum: 7c40bbf14f23bfc18690e4c854e614e6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-08-27 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / Ines de Castro is a theme in literature from the fourteenth century. The historical fact of his death, in 1355, became a landmark in the history of Portugal and, since then, several literary texts from various genres, have dealt with this theme, this made the couple Pedro and Ines a myth of love passion, of love beyond the barriers of death, like Tristan and Isolde, Romeo and Juliet, Abelard and Heloise. The literary myth - or any picture that mythologize literature - is always prepared before culturally and works in the same way that so many others, this is, as an element of cultural identity, either collectively or individually, making it also a feature poetic. Thereby, is an archetype confirmed through time and eventually reveals a series of webs of the human psyche. Ines de Castro became the Portuguese myth of eternal love: she became queen after your dead. The persistence of the myth makes the love story of Pedro and Ines continue to produce texts of various literary genres. This study examines six contemporary historical novels, to show that the way actually this kind o novel does a new formulacion of Pedro e Ines mythical, because now it s different view likes the victim in Os lusiadas and other texts from the past. Collaborate to this news relacions between history and literature and a novelist's new stance in relation to historical facts that relate like reffering to novel. The intention is to show, through the novels chosen now Ines de Castro have different profiles than it had before in tradicional historic novels from the period of Romanticism and New Romanticism. Authored by Agustina Bessa-Lu?s, Jo?o Aguiar, Ant?nio C?ndido Franco, Seomara da Veiga Ferreira and Luis Rosa, the six novels studied show the circularity cultural of inesian myth showing this new character of the new person Ines in the contemporany historical novel / In?s de Castro ? um tema presente na literatura desde o s?culo XIV. O fato hist?rico de sua morte, em 1355, tornou-se um marco na Hist?ria portuguesa e, desde ent?o, diversos textos liter?rios, de v?rios g?neros, t?m tratado desse tema, o que fez do casal, Pedro e In?s, um mito do amor paix?o, do amor que ultrapassa as barreiras da morte, assim como Trist?o e Isolda, Romeu e Julieta, Abelardo e Helo?sa. O mito liter?rio ou qualquer figura que literatura mitificou ? sempre pr?-elaborado culturalmente e funciona nos mesmos moldes que tantos outros, isto ?, como um elemento da identidade cultural, quer coletiva, quer individualmente, tornando-se, tamb?m, um recurso po?tico. Desse modo, ? um arqu?tipo confirmado pelo tempo e acaba por revelar uma s?rie de teias da psique humana. In?s de Castro tornou-se o mito portugu?s do amor eterno: ? a "que depois de morta foi rainha". A perman?ncia do mito faz com que a hist?ria de amor de Pedro e In?s continue a render textos liter?rios de diversos g?neros. Esta pesquisa debru?a-se sobre seis romances hist?ricos contempor?neos, a fim de evidenciar que a forma como esse romance ? escrito na contemporaneidade traz uma reelabora??o da imagem m?tica de In?s, visto que agora n?o ? mais tratada como a In?s v?tima, presente n Os lus?adas e em outros textos de ?pocas passadas. Para isso, colaboram as novas rela??es entre Hist?ria e Literatura e uma nova postura do romancista em rela??o aos fatos hist?ricos tomados como referentes do romance. O intento ? evidenciar, atrav?s do corpus escolhido, que In?s de Castro tem agora diversos perfis, os quais n?o se viam nos romances hist?ricos tradicionais, da ?poca do Romantismo e Neo-romantismo. Da autoria de Agustina Bessa-Lu?s, Jo?o Aguiar, Ant?nio C?ndido Franco, Seomara da Veiga Ferreira e Lu?s Rosa, os seis romances em estudo comprovam a circularidade cultural do mito inesiano, mostrando essa nova personagem In?s de Castro romance hist?rico contempor?neo

O circo-teatro, presente na paisagem urbana de São Paulo em todo o século XX, constituiu-se em espetáculo popular baseado na hibridização cultural, com elementos da cultura erudita e da cultura de massa. Por sua vez, essas duas se apropriaram do discurso circense, num processo evidente de circu-laridade cultural. / The circus-theater, that could be seen at São Paulos urban landscape throughout twentieth century, constituted itself in a form of popular per-formance based in the cultural hybridization, with elements from learned culture and mass culture. In turn, both of these cultures assimilated the cir-cus discourse, in an unequivocal process of cultural circularity.

[pt] A teoria da verdade de Tarski, também conhecida como teoria clássica da verdade, forneceu uma definição para o conceito de verdade que pode ser considerada adequada do ponto de vista material, no sentido de implicar logicamente todas as definições parciais de verdade para sentenças isoladas, do tipo ´s é verdadeira se e somente se p`, sendo p uma sentença qualquer de uma das linguagens às quais a definição tarskiana de verdade se aplica, e sendo s um nome para tal sentença. Essa definição de verdade é consistente - até onde se sabe - mas para garantir a consistência da mesma Tarski precisou restringir seu campo de aplicação ao conjunto das linguagens que não podem ser utilizadas para tratar de sua própria semântica, às quais chamamos linguagens semanticamente abertas. Uma outra teoria da verdade, devida a J. Barwise e J. Etchemendy, foi desenvolvida com vistas a poder ser aplicada de modo consistente às linguagens semanticamente fechadas. Entretanto, para garantir a consistência de sua teoria, Barwise e Etchemendy acabaram por formulá-la de um modo em que a mesma não pudesse ser considerada materialmente adequada, no sentido especificado acima. Isso poderia causar a impressão de que a consistência de uma definição de verdade exigisse que se abrisse mão da adequação material da mesma, tal como fazem Barwise e Etchemendy, ou então que se restringisse seu campo de aplicação às linguagens semanticamente abertas, tal como faz Tarski. Construindo uma definição de verdade materialmente adequada no sentido em questão, e ao mesmo tempo aplicável a linguagens semanticamente fechadas, contudo, S. Kripke mostrou que isso não é o caso. Após uma análise comparativa dessas três teorias da verdade, encontramos razões para formular uma outra definição de verdade, baseada nas intuições russellianas acerca dessa noção, e capaz de ser aplicada consistentemente às linguagens semanticamente fechadas, mantendo a adequação material no sentido acima descrito. No presente trabalho, podem ser encontradas essa análise comparativa das teorias da verdade de Tarski, Barwise-Etchemendy e Kripke, bem como a definição de verdade que formulamos de modo a satisfazer as condições que mencionamos acima. / [en] The tarskian theory of truth, that is also known as the classical theory of truth, has provided a truth definition that may be considered adequate from a material standpoint. By a materially adequate truth definition we understand a truth definition that logically entails every partial truth definition for a specific sentence, of the kind ´s is true if and only if p`, where p is any sentence from some language that is object of the tarskian truth definition, and where s is a name for such sentence. This truth definition is consistent - so far as we know - but in order to guarantee its consistency Tarski had to restrict its field to the set of the languages which cannot be used to speak about their own semantics. These languages are called semantically open languages. Another truth definition, due to J. Barwise and J. Etchemendy, was developed in order to be consistently applied to semantically closed languages. However, in order to assure the consistency of their theory, Barwise and Etchemendy developed it in such a way that it cannot be considered as a materially adequate theory in the sense that has been specified above. We may conclude from this that in order to guarantee the consistency of a truth definition we have either to abandon its material adequacy or to restrict its field to the set of semantically open languages. Kripke showed that this is not the case through developing a truth definition that is both materially adequate and applicable to semantically closed languages. After doing a comparison between these three truth theories, we have found some reasons to formulate another truth definition, which is based on russellian intuitions concerning the notion of truth, and which is able to be consistently applied to semantically closed languages and is also materially adequate in the sense specified above. In this dissertation one can find the comparison between the truth theories of Tarski, Barwise and Etchemendy, and Kripke, which we just mentioned, and also the truth definition that we formulated in order to satisfy the conditions which we described above.

Le Laboratoire Commun de Métrologie LNE-CNAM (LCM) souhaite affiner sa maîtrise des références de pression afin de réaliser des appareillages de tout premier rang au niveau international. L'incertitude relative visée sur les références de pression est de l'ordre de 10-6. Cet objectif se traduit par une problématique de métrologie dimensionnelle où une mesure de la forme des pistons/cylindres utilisés dans les balances manométriques doit être menée. La mesure de cylindricité est également impliquée dans un très grand nombre d'applications industrielles comme la qualification d'étalons de référence destinés à la qualification d'appareillages de mesure. Notre travail de recherche, réalisé dans le cadre d'une convention CIFRE avec la SAS GEOMNIA, concerne la réalisation d'un instrument de référence de très haute précision permettant la mesure de forme de cylindres creux ou pleins. Nous proposons un saut technologique pour satisfaire un niveau d'incertitude sur la mesure de l'écart de cylindricité de l'ordre de 10 nanomètres dans un volume de mesure cylindrique de Ø350 mm et de hauteur 150 mm. La mesure de forme est habituellement pratiquée en déplaçant un capteur par rapport à la surface à mesurer par un guidage de haute précision. Il n'est cependant pas possible de réaliser un guidage entre deux solides d'un niveau de précision permettant de garantir les incertitudes souhaitées, même en utilisant les techniques de correction d'erreurs dont la précision est limitée par le défaut de répétabilité des guidages. Pour satisfaire à ce niveau d'incertitude, nous proposons une démarche basée sur le concept de structure métrologique dissociée. La mesure d'une pièce consiste alors à comparer sa forme à celle d'une pièce cylindrique de référence. Cette dernière doit seulement présenter une stabilité de forme parfaite. La cartographie d'écart de forme de la référence cylindrique doit cependant être identifiée au même niveau d'incertitude visé.Le travail de recherche développé propose une analyse détaillée des machines actuelles et de leurs limitations. Suite à cette analyse, une architecture de machine a été proposée pour lever ces limitations. Cette architecture tient compte des écarts « secondaires » liés à la position des capteurs et des effets de second ordre, pour satisfaire le niveau de précision visé. Une procédure complète d'étalonnage de la machine a été élaborée en s'inspirant des méthodes de séparation d'erreurs. Cette procédure originale permet de séparer les défauts de forme du cylindre de référence de ceux d'une pièce de qualification cylindrique mesurée simultanément. La méthode employée ne présente pas de limitations en termes d'exactitude. Cette procédure a été expérimentalement validée. Une analyse des effets liés à la mesure de surfaces cylindriques par des capteurs capacitifs a été menée. Ces essais ont conduit au développement de stratégies d'étalonnage de ces capteurs in situ utilisant des interféromètres à laser intégrés dans la machine. La traçabilité métrologique des résultats des mesures est ainsi garantie. Deux bancs de tests ont été développés pour caractériser les diverses influences et valider les procédures d'étalonnage des capteurs. La conception détaillée de l'instrument est issue de la synthèse des réflexions menées sur l'architecture, sur l'étalonnage et sur la maîtrise de la mesure de déplacements par capteurs capacitifs. Ce travail a abouti à la réalisation de ce nouvel instrument de référence ; sa conception, son montage et son réglage sont présentés. / The “Laboratoire Commun de Métrologie LNE-CNAM (LCM)” seeks to improve the measurement of primary pressure standards done using pressure balances, to an order of 10-6 relative uncertainty. Therefore, it is appropriate to back-up these pressure balances with a measurement of the topology of the piston-cylinder devices used on these balances. Cylindricity measurement is also found in many industrial applications such as the measurement of standards used for the calibration of measuring machines. This research project, conducted in collaboration with SAS GEOMNIA under a CIFRE agreement, has a main objet to develop a new ultra-high precision machine for cylinders form measurement. We pushes with this project the leading edge of the cylinders form measurement area; we propose indeed a technological leap which leads to reduce the uncertainty associated to cylindricity errors up to 10 nm in a cylindrical working volume of 350 mm diameter rand 150 mm height. Form measurement is usually done using a measurement probe moved about the surface to be measured with high precision guiding systems. Nonetheless, these guiding systems are not precise enough to offer the low uncertainty required even when error correction techniques are used. This is because the precision of the guides is limited by their low repeatability. To meet this uncertainty level, we propose an approach based on the “dissociated metrological structure” concept. The measurement consists of comparing the artifact's form with the form of a cylindrical reference which should have perfect form stability. However, the mapping form deviation of this cylindrical reference needs to be identified at the same level of uncertainty referred.The present work exposes a detailed analysis of the existing measuring machines and their limitations. Consequently, an optimized machine architecture is proposed in order to overcome the present limitations. The proposed machine architecture takes into account the "secondary" error terms relative to the probes positions and second order effects in order to satisfy the level of accuracy sought. A complete calibration procedure of the machine has been elaborated based on the error separation methods; it allows the separation of the form errors of each of the reference cylinder and a qualification cylindrical part simultaneously measured. This procedure does not present any accuracy limitations and has been experimentally verified. An analysis of the effects related to the measurement of cylindrical artifacts using capacitive sensors has also been investigated. These experiments have led to the development of in-situ calibration strategies using laser interferometers integrated in the machine. Thus, the metrological traceability of the measurements is guaranteed. Two test benches have been developed to characterize the error sources that influence the measurement and to validate the calibration procedures of the probes used. The detailed design of the instrument synthesizes all the conceptual thoughts about the architecture, the calibration and the displacement measurement of the capacitive probes. This work has resulted in the development of this new reference instrument; its design, installation and adjustment are detailed.

This thesis concerns the question of what it is for a subject to act. It answers this question in three steps. The first step is taken by arguing that any satisfactory answer must build on the idea that an action is something predicable of the acting subject. The second step is taken by arguing in support of an answer which does build on this idea, and does so by introducing the idea that acting is doing something which is an exercise of a particular kind of disposition on the part of the acting subject. The third step is taken by arguing that the disposition in question must be of a kind which is exercised in conditions in which the acting subject thinks they are acting. From this vantage point the thesis develops many further commitments: That action is constitutively subject to a mode of explanation that mentions the kind of disposition just mentioned; that any case of acting requires a veridical representation of a means by which the action is performed; and that a problem about the underspecified nature of desire ascriptions can be solved by appeal to the conceptual materials made available by these investigations. The thesis finally develops several objections to the account it gives, both substantive and methodological, and explains why these objections ought to be rejected.

The business environment is constantly being challenged with growing complexity and rapid changes, usually unforeseeable, as it could be observed during the last decades. One topic growing intensively in importance is environmentally sustainable business practices, which are often driven by societal expectations and new regulations; and which, under the enormous pressure of external stakeholders, cannot be avoided by companies anymore. Circular Economy, a relatively new concept, is becoming more popular, offering businesses not only a competitive advantage, but also the possibility to operate profitably, while still contributing to a sustainable development. This thesis provides insights on how MNCs with linear business models can take advantage of dynamic capabilities in order to incorporate circular business strategies. Current literature lacks research about the connection of how dynamic capabilities can support companies with the implementation of Circular Economy principles. Startups often implement sustainable strategies from inception, but: how can traditional MNCs of complex character successfully innovate their business models and strategies, without major disruption and losing their profitability? We argue that not only these young and born circular companies will lead the markets in the future, but also existing MNCs can successfully develop and stay competitive. This study wants also to highlight what resources and capabilities both types of companies state as key for successful circular business strategies, and how they are handled and embedded in the organizational structure by managers. A qualitative case study approach provided the detailed necessary information (from different industries and degree of circularity) to address the question. The findings widen the research of business model innovation towards circular business strategies and show a clear picture of which dynamic capabilities are of importance and how they can be successfully incorporated. We conclude by indicating that the concepts of learning, knowledge, relationships, leadership and management style were perceived as the most decisive within the organizations; with remaining external barriers as challenging.

Background. The amount of waste generated each year is increased, research indicates that 79 % of plastic waste is dumped in landfills, 12% to incinerated and 9% of the plastics are recycled. At the beginning of the year 2020, an increase in personal protective equipment (PPE) was noted as a direct result of the Covid-19 pandemic that spread around the world. As a foundation to the waste problem in society, VolvoGroup presented its zero mission goals. The zero missions goals were to be captured in a problem space provided by Volvo. A problem space that students at Blekinge Institute of Technology and Stanford University were set out to find a solution to. Objectives. The objectives of this thesis were through the Design Thinking strategy to find solutions that are circular and applied as a PSS. The goal is to apply a circular system of which Volvo Group can apply in their line of work, also to transition this solution into other areas, e.g. healthcare. Methods. For research measures, the Design Research Methodology was used to frame the research and Design Thinking to frame the design process. Results. The result presented is a machine that can provide Volvo Group or healthcare with circular single-use gloves. The circular aspects are enabled by a certain material, allowing the created system to be circular. The system is applied as a product-service system, enhancing the availability of gloves in either healthcare or inside Volvo Group. Conclusions. The circular system applied as a PSS satisfies the goals by Volvo Group by reducing waste generated, increasing availability of protective equipment, thus increasing the safety of users in need of PPE. The created circular system has the potential to be applied in other areas than waste management and healthcare, which can be proved through future research. / Bakgrund. Mängden sopor som slängs ökar för vart år som går. Forskning visar att79% av all plast som slängs går till deponi, 12% går till förbränning och resterandemängd plast (9%) återvinns. Under år 2020 har förbrukningen av skyddsartiklar av engångstyp ökat på grund av den Covid-19-pandemi som bröt ut i början av året. Den ökade förbrukningen har sin tur medfört nedskräpning av skyddsartiklar i naturen i en ökad omfattning. Till följd av detta har Volvo Group utformat ett uppdrag i syfte att få hjälp med att nå sin nollvision. Visionen innebär att utsläpp, olyckor och produktionsstopp ska upphöra helt och hållet. Uppdraget tilldelades en gruppstudenter på Blekinge Tekniska Högskola och Stanford University. Studenterna fick i uppgift att angripa problemet och komma med en lösning som uppfyller företagets nollvision. Syfte. Syftet med denna rapport är att genom design thinking- strategin finna en lösning som kan skapa ett cirkulärt system och appliceras som ett produkt-servicesystem (PSS). Målet är att kunna applicera detta system inom Volvo koncernen, men att även kunna presentera möjligheten att göra systemet tillämpningsbart inom sjukvården. Metod. I rent forskningssyfte användes Design Research Methodology för att rama in forskningen som skedde parallellt med utvecklingsprocessen. Utvecklingsprocessen följde ramarna för Design Thinking som presenterar olika typer av verktyg för design och utveckling av en produkt. Resultat. Det resultat som presenteras i denna rapport är ett cirkulärt system applicerat i en form av en PSS. Det som möjliggör detta system är ett material som tillåter reproduktion av engångshandskar som går att applicera inom sophanteringsindustrin. Detta indikerar även på att ett likande system kan medföra att sjukvården kan bli självständig i sitt användande av skyddsutrustning. Slutsatser. Ett cirkulärt system som uppfyller Volvos nollvision genom att skydda deras arbetare sluter ett kretslopp för en typ av skyddsutrustning. Det leder även tillökad tillgänglighet av utrusning. Detta system har potentialen att appliceras inom sjukvården i form av ett centraliserat system på sjukhus som tillför mindre enheter med tillverkade handskar.

This study seeks to explore anorexia nervosa as experienced within the South African coloured community in the specific. It represents an examination of themes within the participants’ depictions, discovering those themes that concur with existent literature, as well as discerning novel themes within the target group. Literature proves to yield varied results with regard to anorexia as presented in diverse cultures. Sufficient awareness is lacking within the South African context, where a scarcity of available literature that explores the experiences of the coloured anorexic individual necessitates the need for the current study. The contributing factors are viewed to involve societal, cultural, and familial aspects, all of which are situated within a systemic frame of reference. Systems theory provides the foundation within which these factors are explored, aiming to provide the reader with in-depth knowledge as to the functioning of the anorectic patient. It should be noted that these factors are interconnected, influencing each other in a circular manner. Attention is awarded to not only larger systems of societal and cultural influences, but also serves to encompass the functioning of the anorectic within the familial system. The reciprocity that exists within and between sub-systems is investigated, with the focus being the interrelatedness between members. Recursive feedback and associated processes are examined as they relate to the development and maintenance of anorexia. A qualitative research design was applied, where semi-structured interviews served as the chosen data collection strategy. Interviews were conducted at the hospital where they received treatment, and aimed to extract the meanings inherent in the participants’ experiences. A limited availability of diagnosed coloured anorexic individuals resulted in two willing participants partaking in the study. Thematic networks enabled the researcher to explore their representations in depth, leading to the subsequent organising of themes for further analysis. Two global themes emerged upon examination, the first of which was identified as “familial impact and patterns”, consisting of organising themes of relational positioning and interactional processes. Organising themes of expectations and internal emotional states constitute the second global theme of “control”. These themes are supported by a variety of basic themes, all of which serve to enhance the understanding of the organising themes, contributing to the respective global themes. Extensive exploration of the discovered themes followed, with the investigation proceeding within a systems theory framework. A conclusive discussion serves the purpose of bringing the exploration to a close. Relevant literature is incorporated into the discussion, providing the reader with an integrated understanding of the findings of the study within the broader field of anorexia nervosa. Copyright / Dissertation (MA)--University of Pretoria, 2008. / Psychology / unrestricted

Cette thèse fournit des clés pour mesurer, améliorer et piloter la performance de circularité de produits industriels à différentes échelles d’implémentation de l’économie circulaire (micro, meso, macro). Plusieurs indicateurs de circularité y sont expérimentés au travers d’un cas d’étude industriel et une analyse critique de ces indicateurs est effectuée au regard, entre autres, du paradigme de l’économie circulaire, et de leur intégration dans les pratiques industrielles de (re)conception et développement de produits et services. Dans le même temps, en réponse au nombre croissant d’indicateurs de circularité développés, de périmètres et d’ambitions inégales, une taxonomie d’indicateurs de circularité est proposée dans le but de clarifier le flou actuel autour de cette nébuleuse d’indicateurs de circularité. Cette classification ordonnée d’indicateurs est accompagnée de son outil informatique d’aide à la sélection afin de faciliter leurs usages appropriés. Un nouvel indicateur de circularité est également développé et expérimenté, puis des recommandations pour le développement d’indicateurs futurs sont discutées. Bien que les indicateurs évoqués dans la thèse aient pour vocation à être utilisés pour tout type de secteur, l’industrie des véhicules lourds en est le cadre d’application. En effet, en l’absence de réglementation européenne sur la fin de vie de ces véhicules, il s’agit d’identifier, de questionner et de tester les leviers d’actions que cette industrie peut activer pour améliorer sa performance dans une perspective d’économie circulaire.Tout d’abord, les meilleures pratiques et les défis actuels de l’industrie des véhicules légers et des véhicules lourds sont mis en exergue au regard des quatre pierres angulaires de l’économie circulaire définis par la Fondation Ellen MacArthur (conception circulaire, nouveaux modèles d’affaires, logistique inversée, écosystème) et des quatre boucles principales du modèle circulaire (maintenance, réutilisation, reconditionnement, recyclage). Ces pratiques exemplaires sont synthétisées au sein d’un guide de deux pages pour faciliter leur diffusion et adoption par les praticiens industriels désirant mettre en oeuvre de tels modèles de circularité. Par la suite, une étude industrielle pilote a été menée avec un constructeur d’engins de manutention cherchant à développer son activité de reconditionnement d’engins en fin de vie. Inspiré par des investigations sur le terrain couplé à un état de l’art étendu, une modélisation multi-échelles – a) engin et composants clés, b) processus de démantèlement, c) filières de valorisation – a permis (i) de proposer et de valider une amélioration (en temps et en ressources) des opérations de démontage d’un point de vue organisationnel et technique, (ii) d’effectuer une analyse économique et environnementale des activités de démantèlement et de valorisation. Un premier outil d’aide à la décision a également été conçu pour accompagner l’industriel dans la valorisation optimale de son engin en fin de vie. Des réflexions sur la généralisation et transposition des approches développées à d’autres engins ou secteurs sont données, ainsi que des pistes de recherche prometteuses pour accomplir davantage la transition vers une économie circulaire – effective, efficiente et durable. / Implementing circular economy practices is increasingly acknowledged as a convenient solution to meet the goals of sustainable development. Meanwhile, there is at present no recognized way of measuring how effectively a region or a company is in making the transition to a circular economy, nor holistic monitoring tools for supporting such a process. New methods and tools are required to support industrial practitioners in their transition towards more circular practices, as well as to monitor the effects of circular economy adoption. In absence of regulations addressing the end-of-life management of their fleet, the heavy vehicles industry is both a challenging and promising industrial sector – of huge economic and environmental importance, but barely addressed from a research perspective – that needs to be boosted in its move to a more circular economy. An in-depth preliminary study reveals indeed huge potential to develop circular strategies and solutions in the heavy vehicles sector. This research explores the improvement potential for closing industrial material and components loops.On this basis, the objectives of the present Ph.D. thesis are: to provide an integrated and comprehensive framework to measure, improve and monitor the circularity performance of complex industrial systems; to identify the best mechanisms and action levers to close the loop on heavy vehicles and associated key components - providing thus decision-making support for the end-of-life management of heavy vehicles. At the intersection of design engineering and industrial ecology, this Ph.D thesis - by articles - aims to provide new meaningful insights both for academics and industrial practitioners. In fact, for each chapter, academic publications and industrial deliverables are given, illustrating and disseminating both theoretical contributions and practical implications. For instance, it includes: a proposed taxonomy of circularity indicators and its associated selection tool; an experimentation and critical analysis of several circularity indicators on a heavy vehicle’s key component; the design of a multi-tool methodology to model, simulate and quantify the impact of potential circular strategies; an industrial pilot study on an end-of-life heavy vehicle, dealing with the techno-economic and environmental analysis of possible recovery options.

La question centrale de cette étude est celle de savoir si les expériences perceptives peuvent être conçues comme des manières d’être réellement en contact avec le monde et si elles peuvent nous fournir des raisons d’entretenir certaines propositions à propos du monde, voire nous permettre d’acquérir des connaissances à son sujet. Cette compréhension intuitive de la perception est aujourd’hui comme hier largement combattue. Ce rejet passe généralement par l’adoption d’une forme ou d’une autre d’internalisme (de la perception et/ou de la justification et de la connaissance perceptive). Percevoir serait un phénomène purement ou essentiellement interne aux sujets dotés de capacités perceptives dont on pourrait douter qu’il puisse nous permettre de croire de manière justifiée ou de connaître quoi que ce soit. Peut-on éviter cette conclusion ? Peut-on apaiser les angoisses philosophiques qu’elle fait apparaître (sans pourtant affirmer y mettre fin ou encore qu’elles n’ont aucun sens) ? Tel est le but de cette étude. L’enquête philosophique proposée ici prend essentiellement trois formes: métaphysique, ontologique et épistémologique. Une investigation de la nature métaphysique de l’expérience perceptive est ensuite mise en œuvre. L’enjeu est alors de soutenir une forme assez robuste d’externalisme de la perception (Disjonctivisme métaphysique). De la nature de la perception, nous en venons dans une seconde partie à une réflexion ontologique sur la nature des propriétés avec lesquelles l’expérience perceptive nous met semble-t-il en contact. Le réalisme de la couleur est défendu contre diverses attaques antiréalistes. Les couleurs sont des propriétés réelles des choses auxquelles on les attribue correctement. Une ontologie réaliste, non réductive et non relationnelle des propriétés chromatiques est esquissée (Primitivisme de la couleur). Enfin, les enjeux épistémologiques de la perception sont mis en lumière et discutés. Nous défendons l’idée que l’expérience perceptive, en tant qu’elle nous met véritablement en contact avec le monde (objets, propriétés, faits, etc.), est un moyen par lequel certains êtres peuvent entretenir des croyances justifiées quoique cette justification soit non réflexive et prima facie. Différentes réponses aux attaques sceptiques contre la possibilité de connaître perceptivement certaines propositions sont enfin envisagées et rejetées. Une autre stratégie anti-sceptique est proposée (une défense néo-mooréenne de la possibilité de la connaissance perceptive, et une remise en cause du défi sceptique lui-même). Finalement, à la question philosophique classique « L’esprit peut-il réellement être en contact perceptif et cognitif avec le monde ? », rien ne nous force à répondre par la négative, que cette question soit abordée du point de vue de la métaphysique de la perception, d’un point de vue ontologique ou épistémologique. Du moins, c’est ce que notre étude cherche à montrer en soulignant à la fois qu’une réponse positive à cette question est parfaitement viable, voire correcte, et que la réponse négative a, quant à elle, toutes les chances d’être passablement erronée / The main topic of this study is to discuss the idea according to which perceptual experiences sould be conceive as ways of being in contact with the world and perceptual experiences can give reasons for believing some propositions about the world and can give rise to knowledge. Lots of philosophers countervail this intuitive and naive conception of perception. This rejection is linked to the fact that they adopt an internalist conception of perception and/or justication and/or perceptual knowledge. Perceiving sould be conceive as an purely internal event of subjects which possess perceptual capacities. And so, one may doubt that they can have justifications for their beliefs or that they can know anything. Is it possible to avoid this conclusion ? How to alleviate philosophical fear that this conclusion gives rise ? That is the aim of this study. The proposed philosophical inquiry comes in three forms. In the first place, indirect conception of perception is examined and criticized. Afterwards, an inquiry about the nature of perceptual experience is pursued. The stake for us is to defend a strong form of externalism about perception (metaphysical disjunctivism). Then, in the second part of this work, we get into an ontological reflexion about the nature of properties that perceptual experience seems to acquaintance us with. Color Realism is defended against various antirealist objections. Colors are or can be real properties of things. A realist, non redutive and non relationnal ontology for chromatic properties is sketched (color Primitivism). Lastly, the epistemological stakes of perception are underlined and examined. We defend the idea that perceptual experience is a mean by which certain beings can have justified beliefs although this justification is not reflexive and prima facie. It can be so if it's true that perceptual experience puts us in contact with the world (objects, properties, facts, etc.). We examine and reject different replies to skeptical attacks against the possibility of knowing anything. Then, another strategy is proposed (a morean defense of perceptual knowledge and the questioning of skeptical challenge itself). In fact, from an metaphysical, ontological or epistemological point of view, we don't have to give a negative reponse to the classical and philosophical question "Can mind be really in perceptual and cognitive contact with the world ?" or so we think. Indeed, our study underlines that a positive reply to this question is sustainable, not to say correct, and that the negative reponse is probably wrong