This thesis attempts to identify the philosophy, key questions and priorities behind the trust laws of Jersey and Malta. By wide accord, the Jersey law has served as a model in many ways to its later Maltese counterpart. This affinity is placed against the similar background of either jurisdiction, which embraced, to varying degrees, both the Civil Law tradition and Common Law influence. The analysis is advanced through the different moments of the trust, from its creation to termination. Nevertheless, the underpinning focus and thrust is on the civilian identity of either trust. It considers whether, and how far, the fundamental Civil Law concepts and language play a defining role in their civilian configuration. The question is asked whether the creation of the trust and the duties of a trustee can possibly be classified as obligational or contractual, or maybe something else. The nature and character of the beneficiary’s rights are also reviewed. The overarching role of good faith and civil responsibility, along with their extent of interaction with traditional Equity fiduciary duties, are weighed, an assessment naturally following from the civilian flavour attributed to the trusts. The conceptual overlapping between the Roman-Civil law fiducia, and related figures such as the mandat prêt-nom, with the Equity fiduciary duties, is assessed. The role, even if subsidiary, of civilian unjustified enrichment, remains an ever-present relevant factor. Sham trusts and simulatio, the Pauline fraud and legitim are considered in the context of the civilian identity of these trusts. The discussion then engages with the other strand of the thesis, being the role of the governing law, as the ‘mind’ behind the trust legislations assessed. The discussion engages with the question whether the trusts fall on the side of respect for the ‘autonomie de la volonté des parties’ or on other policy determinants behind the law.

Dés la réorganisation de l'aviation civile en italie après la Seconde Guerre Mondial, le personnel navigant technique, grâce aux caractéristiques de son identité professionnelle valorisée par l'efficacité organisationnelle et politique de ses instances représentatives au niveau national et international, arrive à obtenir non seulement un statut professionnel mais aussi une légitimisation politique qui ne sera pas vraiment remise en cause jusqu'à la faillite de la compagnie nationale Alitalia. La recherche vise à étudier sous l'angle historique le travail du personnel navigant technique afin d'appréhender l'évolution de cette catégorie professionnelle et de comprendre les origine du phénomène corporatiste. / The research project aims to document and discuss from the historical point of wiew the work of civilian pilots and their workers' representatives in order to consider the origins and evolution giving rive to a corporatist union model in Italy after the Second World War.

Under the United Nations’ proposal of downsizing military plans for peacekeeping, countries are continuously decreasing their military personnel size, resulting in a global military personnel decrease of 10% in twenty years, which is equivalent to a decrease of 3 million soldiers. Sweden, on the other hand, decreased its military personnel by 15% in just one year (2020), leaving these military personnel for the quest of new careers in civilian jobs.The purpose of this study is to understand how military experience affects the perception of recruiters in Swedish Civilian Job. This study will be able to help Swedish individuals with military experience who are switching careers to civilian jobs to understand the perception of recruiters on them and provide guidance for successful employment. For recruiters, this study can be used as a measurement model of how to accurately evaluate veterans, which can more effectively translate expertise for organizations, and help to enrich their human resources.This paper conducts a qualitative study, collecting responses from thirteen Swedish civilian recruiters by the method of semi-structured interviews to ensure effective data collection. Through the analysis of the data by NVivo coding program, and further analysis by the researchers, the theoretical model is established and discussed.The findings show that military experience does affect the perception of recruiters in swedish civilian jobs. The effect is overall mirthful and positive because military experience is perceived to affect personality and skills positively. However, the findings also showed that in the eyes of recruiters, military experience may generate some obstacles to employment if the individual did not obtain other qualities or sets, such as education, job experience before their military service, good communication skills, and emotional intelligence.

A research report submitted to the School of Governance in the Faculty of Commerce, Law and Management of the University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, in part fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of the Masters of Management in Public Policy / Any democratic state would be concerned about a policing approach that is characterised by militarism. South Africa under the apartheid government experienced the hardships that come with a police agency that is militaristic and politically oriented to serve minority interests and ‘deal’ with the apartheid government detractors. Security Sector Reform (SSR) was amongst the crucial policy issues that a democratic South Africa had to address considering the historical nature of the functioning of security and intelligence institutions. The transformation of the South African Police Service (SAPS) from a force to a service-oriented police agency formed part of the SSR, amongst which included creating civilian oversight mechanisms to serve as checks and balances on how the SAPS functions in a democratic state. The Civilian Secretariat for Police Service (CSPS) forms part of the civilian oversight institutions. Overtime, the SAPS started showing signs of reverting back to the militaristic policing approach which included reverting back to adopting military ranks in 2010. This raised concerns in the public domain with a consequential regression in terms of public trust and police integrity. This research assessed the role of the CSPS in terms of SAPS transformation focussing on police militarisation, demilitarisation, role and power of the Minister and role of SAPS in policy development. Further, the research also assessed the South African SSR policy and Security Sector Governance (SSG) framework to understand the implications these have regarding SAPS transformation. The study found that the SAPS is to some extend militarised through PPUs but the latter failed to gain full traction. Militarisation in itself is not a negative approach, however, the extent and degree of deploying militaristic policing approaches require stricter monitoring. The CSPS has adequate powers derived from policy and legislation but such are not adequately utilised to ensure a significant success on SAPS transformation. Political will is crucial to propel police reform in South Africa. The Minister of Police can strengthen the political oversight role on the SAPS by ensuring effective use of the CSPS and governance framework established for SAPS transformation. / M T 2019

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Under what conditions are drones effective in protecting civilians in armed conflict? And what shapes support for their use for civilian protection in armed conflict? Drones have been adopted into international peacekeeping operations for the protection of civilians in armed conflict based on the expectation of effectiveness in performing difficult tasks with limited risks. However, in the security studies literature, the question of the effectiveness of drones has been primarily explored within the context of the War on Terror. We know little about drones' effectiveness in non-combat areas like civilian protection in peacekeeping. This dissertation fills this gap by focusing on questions that emerge at the intersection of the fields of emerging technologies, peacekeeping, and civilian protection, political violence, and broader security studies, with the aim of extending this literature and providing policymakers and scholars a framework for conceptualizing emerging technologies for civilian protection in armed conflict. Empirically, it employs qualitative evidence consisting of document reviews, archival work, and expert interviews with officials at the UN headquarters and mission levels, mission intelligence officers, peacekeepers, and humanitarian workers in assessing the effectiveness of drones in peacekeeping for civilian protection. It additionally employs an original survey and a survey experiment among civilian adult populations in the Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo to examine what shapes civilian support for the adoption of drones in peacekeeping. Overall, this dissertation provides valuable insights for both scholars and policymakers who, due to the limited research on this subject, often base assumptions about drone effectiveness in other domains like peacekeeping on their performance in combat contexts.

Normatively, protecting civilians from the conduct of hostilities is grounded in the Geneva Conventions and the UN Security Council protection of civilian agenda, both of which celebrate their 70 and 20 year anniversaries in 2019. Previous research focusses heavily on protection of civilians through peacekeeping whereas this research focuses on ‘non-armed’ approaches to enhancing civilian protection in conflict. Prior research and experience reveals a high level of missingness and variation in the level of available data on civilian harm in conflict. Where civilian harm is considered in the peace and conflict literature, it is predominantly from a securitized lens of understanding insurgent recruitment strategies and more recent counter-insurgent strategies aimed at winning ‘hearts and minds’. Through a structured focused comparison of four case studies the correlation between the level of quality, timely and consistent data on civilian harm and affect on the conduct of hostilities will be reviewed and potential confounders identified. Following this the hypothesized causal mechanism will be process traced through the pathway case of Afghanistan. The findings and analysis from both methods identify support for the theory and it’s refinement with important nuances in the factors conducive to quality, timely and consistent data collection on civilian harm in armed conflict.

Purpose: The purpose of this essay is to find out what role the Swedish civilian population is expected to have in the country's total defense and what the civilians are expected to do in cases where there is a high level of preparedness, crisis, or war. This purpose includes finding out if the authorities questioned have varying views of said role.   Method: The research method on which this essay is based in an interview study and a document analysis. The informants are made up by five different Swedish authorities and one municipality.   Material: All the policy documents that this essay analyzes are taken from the government's data base and deal with the various proposals that came about during the closing down of total defense at the turn of the millennium and the rearmament around the mid 2010's. Furthermore, the material also consists of interviews as mentioned above.   Conclusion: The analysis of the various policy documents and the interviews resulted in a clarification of the civilian population's role in total defense. This is because the authorities gave tangible examples of what they believe the civilian population should do in the event of heightened alert, crisis, or war. The previous ambiguity of the role is explained with the help of the policy documents and reflections from the informants. The study is concluded with a discussion about the role of the civilian population and offers suggestions for further research on the role of the civilian population in the Swedish total defense.

Why do some communities experience more violence against civilians than others? This study argues that civilian communities embracing relationships that bridge salient group divides and norms of non-violence, will commit to actions of protection across those divides, which will in turn limit possibilities for armed actors to commit violence against civilians. On the other hand, communities that do not embrace bridging relationships and instead promote more violent norms, will commit to denunciation of other civilians during war. This will in turn create more opportunities for armed actors to commit violence against civilians. Through interview-based field research I test this theory on two communities in Kosovo. I compare the town of Prizren, largely spared from violence against civilians during the war of 1998-1999, to the town of Gjakova, which experienced higher levels of violence against civilians. The results show support for the theoretical argument. However, I cannot fully account for alternative explanations to the difference in violence. Research on civilian agency during the Kosovo war has been severely lacking, an empirical gap which I aim to partly fill through this research.