O papel da polícia em uma sociedade democrática é auxiliar os cidadãos e fazer com que todos observem as leis. Por isso mesmo, a atividade policial não deve estar acima das leis. Como toda instituição republicana, a polícia deve prestar contas das suas atividades, ainda mais porque utiliza a força, podendo facilmente ultrapassar os limites da violência legítima. A experiência das ouvidorias de polícia mostra que a sua instalação faz diferença. As ouvidorias são instituições que incentivam a participação dos cidadãos. Trata-se de instituições recentes e inovadoras com grande potencial para ajudar a garantir os direitos humanos. / The role of the police in a democratic society is to help citizens and make them obey the law. For this reason, police activities should not be above the law. As with every institution of a republic, the police are expected to be accountable for their actions, even more so because they use force and may easily exceed the limits of justifiable violence. The experience of civilian oversight of the police shows that its existence makes a difference. Such oversight comes in the form of institutions that invite the involvement of citizens. These institutions are recent and innovative with great potential for helping and guaranteeing human rights.

Goodbye to All That Again concerns the odyssey of an Iraq War veteran who must complete his journey past desert combat and academic strife in order to reclaim his heroic identity. The novel uses a fragmented storytelling mode that offers readers thirteen years of the protagonist’s timeline in a nonlinear sequence. Through this technique, the novel evokes the cognitive disassociation experienced by individuals who suffer Post Traumatic Stress and echoes the postmodern practices employed by American military novelists such as Joseph Heller and Tim O’Brien for the last sixty years. GOODBYE TO ALL THAT AGAIN seeks to intervene in the discourse of the American war novel by updating the depiction of military members from unwilling draftees, the situation Heller and O’Brien portray, to that of career-driven volunteers. The novel also considers adjustment concerns raised by the political correctness movement, a bar to civilian reintegration unknown by prior generations of veterans. In doing so, the writer hopes to adjust the zeitgeist, a major concern of his practice as detailed in his STATEMENT OF PURPOSE, toward a more accurate representation of military members so that society can more effectively meet their needs.

The principal purpose of this study was to discover what tangible evidence remains of the Civilian Conservation Corps construction projects undertaken on the National Forest System lands in the Pacific Northwest Region: to identify, locate, describe and evaluate these historic cultural resources and to ascribe some significance to them. It should be noted that all references to National Forests and to Ranger Districts are to current administrative jurisdictions, unless otherwise specified, for reasons of convenience.

This study of perceptions of campus climate for Personal and Social Responsibility (PSR) evaluated the extent to which observable differences existed among campuses that had or did not have military cadets as their primary student population. Specifically, it looked at civilian colleges and universities and collegiate military academies such as the United States Military Academy at West Point (USMA) and the United States Air Force Academy at Colorado Springs (USAFA). The data sample for this study came from civilian-college students and cadets enrolled in 23 colleges and universities (which included USMA and USAFA) that were chosen by the Association of American Colleges and Universities to participate in the Personal and Social Responsibility Inventory (PSRI) during the 2007-08 school year. I measured the outcomes in this study by controlling for personal pre-college characteristics (i.e., highest level of parent’s education, race, gender, age, religious preference), structural variables of interest (i.e., campus size, campus selectivity, student class year, whether the school has a traditional honor code in place, whether the school is a military academy), and experience variables of interest (i.e., faculty/student interactions, meaningful discussions, public advocacy, efficacy of a judicial process). Results from this study revealed that cadets had an overall higher perception of campus climate for PSR than college students did. Cadets also had unique and positive communications with military academy educators compared to communications between civilian-college students and civilian educators. Finally, both student and cadet perceptions of PSR seemed to decrease as they progressed in class year.

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This thesis aims to analyse the change and continuity issue in German Foreign Policy. In this study, the basic aim is to identify the basic parameters of the West German foreign policy during the Cold War and identify the implications of the reunification on foreign policy of Germany. Actually, after the reunification, the economically giant Germany has started to pursue a more self-reliant foreign policy course but there is not a radical shift from the basic parameters and the core values. The concept of &amp / #8216 / civilian power&amp / #8217 / and the international climate within which the foreign policy is formulated, will be given priority. It is argued that from the Gulf War in 1990-1991 to the Kosovo War of 1999, German contribution to military operations has increased. However, Germany has done this within a multilateral context and the aim has been to keep the values of respect for democracy and human rights. Thus, continuity dominates over change in German foreign policy, with regard to its policy record during the 1990s.

The purpose of this paper is to examine how the target to convert the Swedish military aviation industry towards working within the civilian sector was planned and implemented parallel to the target of building a world-class military aircraft. A number of Government bills have been studied, bills directly connected to the JAS-project as well as bills dealing with civilian project ́s for the military aviation industry. The first group includes bills dealing with the JAS-project ́s role in the overarcing defence policy, as well as the Government ́s bill specifying the guidelines for the JAS-project. The other group includes five bills regarding Government funding for civilian projects supporting the military aviation industry ́s transition from the military to the civilian market. The paper shows that the double targets of the JAS-project were separated early on into two simultaneous processes. While the target of developing and producing a new military aircraft was placed within the JAS-project, the target of converting the military aviation industry for the civilian market was directed toward a number of government-supported civilian projects. These civilian projects were based and dependent on cooperation deals between the Swedish aviation industry (Saab aviation and Volvo flygmotor) and two of their American counterparts (Fairchild Industries and General Electric Company). This paper points to the Government having an ambition for the civilian projects to create the base for a stable Swedish civilian aviation industry to which the personnel from the military side of the aviation industry could be transferred once their work on the JAS-project was done. Unfortunately, with the cancellation and changes of the deals with the American aviation industy during the 1980 ́s and the decison by Saab aviation to stop production of commercial aircrafts in 1999, the Government ́s vision of a civilian aviation industry could not be realised. As no Swedish civilian aviation industry had been established the personnel from the development side of the JAS-project would have nowhere to be transferred to (after their part in the project was done). While the Governments target with converting of the aviation industy to save the industries knowledge and expertise was fulfilled in the short term, the ambition to spread this knowledge and expertise to other parts of the Swedish industry and thus make the aviation industry a driving force for the development of Swedish technology industry were not realised.

In this thesis it is attempted to shed some light upon the limits and effectiveness of the role of the European Union (EU) as a normative power has played in the transformation of Turkish politics especially in the case of human rights issues. First of all, this study reviews the original and current debates over the civilian and normative power Europe ideas, searches to find common elements underlying those accounts and assesses to what extent they offer an adequate categorization of the EU&rsquo / s international significance. One of the main arguments of this thesis is that the EU is generally considered as the catalyst or the anchor of the reform process in the candidate countries to become members. With this in mind, an account of the development of the EU&rsquo / s human rights conditionality vis-&agrave / -vis the third countries and the typology of the EU&rsquo / s human rights conditionality within the framework of enlargement are also examined. The massive wave of transformation with regard to human rights issues undertaken in Turkey during its pre-accession relations with the Union is a case point in this thesis. Within the scope of the study, it is attempted to analyze the impact of the EU&rsquo / s human rights conditionality upon the related state of affairs in Turkey with a view to exploring to what extent and under what conditions it could be regarded as the independent variable of the domestic reform process in the country.

This qualitative study seeks to extend the existing body of scholarly literature on returned veteran civilian reintegration by exploring "hero" and "Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder" narratives. The character of the hero, as a social construct located within hegemonic notions of masculinity, is widely portrayed and believed to possess highly prized, extraordinary, almost superhuman personal qualities. However, this widely disseminated belief stands at odds with some of the stories returned veterans tell. This qualitative study explores and illuminates the enigmatic intersectionality of hero and PTSD narratives. Extant hero and PTSD narratives contain paradoxical implicit meanings embedded within them. The hero is understood to be fearless, strong, independent, and physically and emotionally tough. PTSD, on the other hand, implies personal deficiencies, enervation, dependence, diffidence, and other personal shortcomings. The apparent contradictions between these two cultural narratives elucidate how hero narrative are founded less in the lived reality as experienced by returned veterans and more in socially circulating stories about returned combat veterans as disembodied people. Most problematic is the tendency for widely circulating stories about them as the hero character to disguise the reality of day-to-day life as returned combat veterans live it. Through narrative analysis it is revealed that the popular cultural image of veterans as strong, independent, and courageous "warriors" may conflict with reality as lived by combat veterans. Paradoxically, however, returned combat veterans may employ the hero narrative in making sense of themselves. As a result, returned combat veterans may find it difficult to act in ways inconsistent with the hero narrative, such as asking for help, admitting a damaging personal problem, exacerbating the civilian reintegration experience and potentially significantly lowering returned combat veterans' quality of life. This problem may be especially salient for veterans experiencing symptoms of PTSD who may feel trapped between two the cultural narratives of hero and victim.

The tendency after the end of the Cold war to downsize national armies on the one hand and persistent armed conflicts in unstable African, Near East and Balkan regions on the other created opening conditions for the revival and rapid evolvement of the private business structures that provide military and security services. Prevailing viewpoint that PMSCs and their personnel represent the new form of the mercenary is not correct from the IHL perspective and could lead to serious human rights abuses. Numerous cases and analysis of the scholar literature shows that inaccurate qualification of the PMSCs’ employees’ status results into deprivation of certain scope of protection from private contractors. Moreover, since there are no accountability and control mechanisms, a high risk for the abuses and impunity for violations of the IHL occurs. Present master thesis aims to analyze international legal status of the PMSCs and their personnel in the context of armed conflict. It also assesses conformity of the existing practice to the IHL norms. In order to conclude a comprehensive research, author provides historical perspective of the warfare privatization, surveys factors that contributed to the outsourcing of military functions, defines what is PMSC, what are their types and capacity of each type, highlights distinguishing features between mercenaries and private contractors and gives a review of the contemporary practice of their use in the armed conflicts. Hypothesis that... [to full text] / Pasibaigus Šaltajam karui išryškėjusi tendencija valstybėms mažinti savo ginkluotąsias pajėgas ir nuolatiniai kariniai konfliktai nestabiliuose Afrikos, Artimųjų Rytų, Balkanų regionuose sudarė palankias sąlygas atgyti ir sparčiai plėtotis privačių, karines ir saugumo paslaugas teikiančių, kompanijų verslui. Vyraujantis požiūris, kad PKSK-jų darbuotojai atstovauja naują samdinystės formą nėra teisiškai korektiškas ir gali lemti grubius žmogaus teisių pažeidimus. Gausi praktika bei mokslinės literatūros analizė rodo, kad privačių kompanijų darbuotojų teisinis statusas klaidingai ir skirtingai kvalifikuojamas pagal tarptautinę humanitarinę teisę. Viena vertus tai sąlygoja kad kompanijų darbuotojams nesuteikiama jiems priklausanti apsauga. Antra vertus, nesant aiškių tarptautinės PKSK-jų atskaitomybės ir kontrolės mechanizmų, susidaro sąlygos piktnaudžiavimui bei nebaudžiamumui už įvykdytus nusikaltimus. Šiame magistro baigiamajame darbe siekiama išanalizuoti PKSK-jų ir jų darbuotojų tarptautinį teisinį statusą ginkluotų konfliktų metu ir įvertinti egzistuojančios praktikos atitikimą tarptautinės humanitarinės teisės normoms. Siekiant atlikti išsamų tyrimą, iškelti uždaviniai pateikti istorinę karo privatizacijos apžvalgą, aptarti procesą skatinančius faktorius, apibrėžti, kas yra PKSK, kokie jų tipai ir kiekvieno iš jų kompetencija, išryškinti skiriamuosius privačių karių ir samdinių bruožus bei apžvelgti dabartinę praktiką šioje srityje. Remiantis pirmine literatūros analize... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]