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A presente tese trata de discussões que ocorreram no âmbito do Instituto de Pesquisa Social em seu exílio nos Estados Unidos na primeira metade da década de 1940. O trabalho segue a constituição da crítica do capitalismo monopolista de Horkheimer e Adorno a partir de um debate sobre o nacional-socialismo organizado pelo Instituto na Universidade de Columbia em 1941, do qual tomaram parte Friedrich Pollock, Franz Neumann, Otto Kirchheimer, Arcadius R. L. Gurland e Herbert Marcuse. Nesse percurso, a abordagem da sociedade monopolista do capitalismo tardio por Horkheimer e Adorno se alia a uma crítica do processo civilizatório. A confluência da crítica do presente histórico com a crítica da civilização vai encontrar seu ápice na Dialética do Esclarecimento, livro em coautoria concluído em 1944. Encarando o livro como uma resposta ao debate de Columbia, a tese reconstrói este último e, na sequência, procura estabelecer mediações entre ele e a produção de Horkheimer e Adorno até a Dialética do Esclarecimento, analisando as transformações que se operaram e as novas determinações que ganharam lugar na trajetória intelectual dos dois autores nesse período. / This dissertation deals with discussions that took place at the Institute of Social Research during its exile in the United States in the first half of the 1940\'s. By approaching a debate on National Socialism organized by the Institute at Columbia University in 1941 attended by Friedrich Pollock, Franz Neumann, Otto Kirchheimer, Arcadius R. L. Gurland and Herbert Marcuse , it tracks the formation of Horkheimer and Adornos critique of monopoly capitalism. As the dissertation shows, the approach of monopolistic society adopted by Horkheimer and Adorno fuses with a critique of the process of civilization. The conflation of the critique of historical present with the critique of civilization culminates in the Dialectic of Enlightenment, a jointly authored book that was concluded in 1944. By viewing this work as an answer to the Columbia debate, the dissertation reconstructs the debate and, furthermore, seeks to establish mediations between it and Horkheimer and Adornos theoretical output up to and including the Dialectic of Enlightenment. The dissertation analyzes the transformations that occurred as well as new determinations that emerged in the intellectual trajectory of the two authors during this period.

Review of Anthony F. D’Elia. Pagan Virtue in a Christian World: Sigismondo Malatesta and the Italian Renaissance. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2016. x + 355 pp. $39.95 (cloth), ISBN 978-0-674-08851-1.

Introduction: The diploma thesis deals with the topic of prevention of civilization diseases by the eyes of the generation 50+. The incidence of civilization diseases in the Czech Republic is still on the rise. Therefore, the timely and consistent prevention is essential, especially in the areas of healthy eating, appropriate physical activity, and prevention of stress or risky behaviour. Aim: The aim of this work is to point out the knowledge of generation 50+ in the Hradec Králové Region on the risks and prevention of civilization diseases, the generation's attitude to prevention, how they assess their health condition and how they describe their own lifestyle. Methodology: A qualitative approach using a semi-structured interview was used in the research. The research sample consisted of 24 informants at the age of 51 to 79 years. Of these, 16 were women and 8 men. Results: The results showed that the generation 50+ in the Hradec Králové Region has certain knowledge in the area of prevention. Most informants think that the civilization diseases are specific diseases, especially cardiovascular diseases, oncological diseases or diabetes mellitus. In the area of risk factors, the informants predominantly correctly included risk factors for the development of civilization diseases. The most frequently mentioned factors were the lifestyle risk factors, especially diet, physical activity and risky behaviour such as smoking or alcohol. Regarding the area of prevention, most informants think it is important, but not all informants go to regular preventive examinations or preventive screening examinations. The change of opinion on prevention in informants changes with age and after the diagnosis of a disease. Among the informants, the information concerning prevention is most often obtained from doctors, the media or the press and to a lesser extent from general nurses. In the area of health, most informants emphasize the condition of being painless, self-sufficient and mobile. In the area of lifestyle, the research shows that most informants are not interested in a healthy lifestyle very much. However, they try to observe certain principles of a healthy lifestyle, especially in the area of appropriate eating and physical activity. Conclusion: The results indicate areas of prevention about which people should be repeatedly informed and alerted to their importance and possible consequences if they do not observe them. In particular, it is important to place greater emphasis on primary prevention, especially on lifestyle in the form of appropriate diet, physical activity, stress prevention and risky behaviour. Equally important is secondary prevention and preventive examinations and preventive screening examinations, and tertiary prevention, with a focus on eliminating or mitigating the consequences of diseases and improving the quality of life.

「改革開放」二十多年以來，中國大陸在經濟上取得了令世人矚目的重大成就，同時也帶動社會、文化、思想及政治等領域的變遷。不過，在發展社會主義市場經濟體制的過程中，出現了一些不相適應的矛盾，譬如貪污腐敗、道德淪喪與治安不良等問題，加上現實、功利的價值觀湧現，造成社會大眾無論在精神、思想、道德等方面都產生失衡現象，因此需要以提倡精神層面的變革去改變這些現象，這也就是中共近年來頻頻呼籲加強「社會主義精神文明建設」的主要原因之一。 所謂「社會主義精神文明」，是指適應社會主義生產方式建立起來的精神文明，也就是中共所指的社會主義精神生活、思想、道德觀念的進步狀態，目標是培養有理想、有道德、有文化、有紀律的社會主義新人，提高全民的思想道德和科學文化素質，因此「社會主義精神文明建設」的主要內容，不脫思想道德建設和教育科學文化建設這兩大部分。 本論文藉由撰者所蒐集的文書資料，以及實地到中國大陸進行參觀訪問的所得，論述「社會主義精神文明建設」的理論和中共推行「社會主義精神文明建設」的歷程，並且透過政治社會化的概念架構，以家庭、學校、社區、企事業單位、軍隊和傳播媒體等六個媒介，論述中共在推行「社會主義精神文明建設」中的實際作為。 本論文認為，中國大陸的「社會主義精神文明建設」的是一種顯性的、計畫性的、直接的，且由官方發動的政治社會化工作。而在建設「社會主義精神文明」的過程中，中共也借用了中華傳統文化的精華，逐步建立起新的道德理論，希望從中汲取能夠被群眾認同的精神，並將它和中共既有的意識形態內涵相連結。 另一方面來說，中共推行「社會主義精神文明建設」的實際目的，就是希望在意識形態的基礎上，從文化、思想、道德等層面，為中共官方奠立一個可長可久的辯護機制。中共試圖讓民眾、社會、甚至自己真正相信，建設社會主義精神文明，可以對抗資本主義、封建思想帶來的不良影響，並減少現代化所帶來的惡果。 / Since the “reforming and opening” policies first initiated two decades ago, China has been astounding the globe by its remarkable achievement in economic development. During the same period transformations in social, cultural, intellectual and political strata have also been brought about. However in the progress of development, which aims at establishing “the capitalist economy in the socialism”, several significant issues such as bureaucratic corruption, deteriorating social morality and worsening public security have been consecutively emerging one after another. Moreover, the prevailing self-interest and utilitarianism have further devaluated the traditional merits in Chinese society. Within this context, to tackle such a social imbalance at spiritual level has become the Chinese authority’s first priority in the project of “the construction of socialist spiritual civilization”. The so-called “spiritual civilization in socialism” intends to build up a spiritual civilization in line with the establishing of socialism in Chinese society. This campaign contains two major parts: Firstly, the PRC government envisions achieving a progressive status of spiritual, intellectual and ethical life with socialism characteristics. Secondly, the ultimate objectives of this campaign are to educate new socialistic people with social morality and discipline; and thereafter, to promote the overall of quality of people’s intellectual ethics, and to enhance scientific and cultural livelihood. In this dissertation, documentary archive researches and field studies in Mainland China have been employed as the research methods. Through these approaches, the author on the beginning describes the theory of “the construction of socialistic spiritual civilization” and the progress of this campaign. Furthermore, within the conceptual framework of political socialization, which contains six subgroups such as family, school, community, state-own-enterprises, military and public media, the author presents the PRC government’s practical achievement in this campaign. This dissertation concludes that “the campaign” is obviously directed by the PRC government with its particular political purpose behind. The CCP is trying to make the public believe that constructing the socialistic spirit can avert downsides of modernization and prevailing capitalism. Meanwhile, the authority employs Chinese traditional relics in hope of establishing a new framework of social ethics and linking it with the CCP’s own ideology, in order to gaining legitimacy and identification from the public. Only in this way, the CCP’s legitimate status and political power can be then secured.

<p>Denna uppsats är en kritisk granskning av Samuel P. Huntingtons modell att förstå världspolitiken utifrån, som han presenterar i boken The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order. Granskningen utgår från en analys av hans grundläggande begrepp, ”civilization” och ”clash”, och från ytterligare en analys av hur hans modell skiljer sig från andra modeller om världen. Med hjälp av dessa analyser diskuterar jag rimligheten i den tes som han ställer upp och konsekvenserna som hans förutsägelser och policyrekommendationer får, för att sedan kunna bedöma om hans modell är användbar eller inte. Min slutsats är att den inte är särskilt användbar, främst på grund av den oklara betydelsen av hans begrepp. En modell utifrån fler faktorer skulle istället ge oss en bättre förståelse av världen.</p> / <p>This paper is a critical examining of Samuel P. Huntington’s model for understanding world politics, that he presents in his book The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order. The examining is based on an analysis of his basic concepts, “civilization” and “clash”, and on another analysis of how his model differs from other models about the world. With the help of theses analyses I discuss the reasonableness of the these he formulates and the consequences that his predictions and policy recommendations have, to be able to judge if his model is useful or not. My conclusion is that it’s not very useful, mainly because of the unclear meaning of his basic concepts. Instead, a model based on more factors would give a us a better understanding of the world.</p>

University of Macau / Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities / Department of Communication

Thesis (doctoral)--Universidad de Oviedo, 1978. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 335-357).

Denna uppsats är en kritisk granskning av Samuel P. Huntingtons modell att förstå världspolitiken utifrån, som han presenterar i boken The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order. Granskningen utgår från en analys av hans grundläggande begrepp, ”civilization” och ”clash”, och från ytterligare en analys av hur hans modell skiljer sig från andra modeller om världen. Med hjälp av dessa analyser diskuterar jag rimligheten i den tes som han ställer upp och konsekvenserna som hans förutsägelser och policyrekommendationer får, för att sedan kunna bedöma om hans modell är användbar eller inte. Min slutsats är att den inte är särskilt användbar, främst på grund av den oklara betydelsen av hans begrepp. En modell utifrån fler faktorer skulle istället ge oss en bättre förståelse av världen. / This paper is a critical examining of Samuel P. Huntington’s model for understanding world politics, that he presents in his book The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order. The examining is based on an analysis of his basic concepts, “civilization” and “clash”, and on another analysis of how his model differs from other models about the world. With the help of theses analyses I discuss the reasonableness of the these he formulates and the consequences that his predictions and policy recommendations have, to be able to judge if his model is useful or not. My conclusion is that it’s not very useful, mainly because of the unclear meaning of his basic concepts. Instead, a model based on more factors would give a us a better understanding of the world.

Japan Day by Day---the Western Zoologist Edward S. Morse's account of his stay in Japan from 1877 to 1883---is analyzed by first comparing it to other contemporary travelogues written by western travelers to Japan, and then by viewing it through a more theoretical framework, including Edward Said's theory on post-colonialism and Michel Foucault's theory of discourse and body experiences. Viewed through this framework, the goal of analysis is not to test the validity of Morse's writings, but to explore the formation of his interpretation of his experience in Japan.