At a time where technology is easily accessible, emotions are high, and students are dealing with more and more as they earn a basic education, in-person and cyberbullying add to students' stress. As 21st century students have easy access to technology, adolescents have multiple ways to encounter bullying and cyberbullying. The purpose of this study was three-fold: (a) to identify the relationship between bullying and cyberbullying and student engagement; (b) to identify the impact of school culture and climate on the incidences of bullying and cyberbullying; and (c) to identify how the integration of social and emotional learning (SEL) skills into the curriculum could mitigate the negative effects of bullying and cyberbullying. The five SEL core competencies are self-regulation, self-awareness, self-management, responsible decision-making, and relationship skills. In this mixed methods study, district discipline data, a culture and climate survey, and focus groups were utilized to examine how each SEL competency impacted classroom engagement and school climate and culture and mitigated any negative effects of bullying and cyberbullying. Findings showed that a positive school culture and SEL can increase student engagement. In addition, SEL was shown to improve classroom engagement as well as mitigate the negative effects of bullying and cyberbullying among the studied participants.

Increasing number of special needs students in mainstream school has imposed great challenge on educators as they are compelled to provide an inclusive classroom (Lim, 2016). However, limited knowledge on the broad scope of special needs and accessibility barrier to reach out to professionals such as occupational therapists (OT) results in delayed identification or provision of appropriate support for students with special needs (Kaur, 2013; Teng, 2017). As such, this doctoral project proposes an innovative tele-health service delivery model that utilizes the Teachable (2019) online software to create a 3-tiered intervention program. The intervention consists of 1) e-learning modules on the broad perspectives of classroom attention and participation, 2) e-consultation to seek OT support and, 3) discussion forum for educators and OT to discuss on scenarios and cases. This project is also a cost-effective service delivery model as the subscription plan and time-based e-consultation fees is aimed to cover the cost of running the online platform. Grant approval from Singapore Association of Occupational Therapists (SAOT) would be utilized for the start-up cost. Evaluation of the program content and service delivery model would be carried out as online survey using the Teachable platform. The evaluation outcome and dissemination activities to promote the program would aid in expanding the program as a teacher education curriculum for inclusive practice. The long-term impact of this program is to change the inclusive practice paradigm to a student-centered, holistic, performance-based paradigm!

No description available.

L’objectif de cette étude est de vérifier s’il existe un lien entre les conditions de défavorisation extrême associées à la pauvreté familiale telles que vécues par l’enfant en maternelle et son engagement en classe en 3e année du primaire. Pour ce faire, nous avons analysé des données portant sur un groupe de 341 enfants provenant des régions les plus défavorisées de Montréal à partir des observations rapportées par leur enseignant. Plusieurs régressions multiples ont permis de mettre en évidence des indicateurs sur l’engagement en classe, soit la concentration, la persistance et l’autonomie des participants avec quatre indicateurs liés à la défavorisation extrême soit la faim, les retards à l’école, l’habillement inadéquat et les signes de fatigue. Les résultats de cette étude ont montré que chacun de ces indicateurs pouvait indépendamment contribuer à l’engagement en classe, mais, que deux indicateurs ont un pouvoir prédictif supérieur et fiable, soit le retard en classe et les signes de fatigue. D’autres recherches plus poussées étaient les résultats de la présente étude et suggèrent comment une intervention précoce des enseignants, au début du primaire, pourrait encourager l’engagement en classe d’enfant provenant d’une population défavorisée urbaine. / This study sought to verify the link between certain conditions indicating deprivation in kindergarten children attending school in low income neighbourhoods and subsequent classroom engagement in third grade. Participants are from the Montreal Longitudinal Preschool Study (n = 341). For the deprivation variable, kindergarten teachers reported upon the frequency that children arrived to school hungry, not adequately clothed, late to school or tired. For the classroom engagement variable, third grade teachers reported on children’s task-orientation, persistence, and autonomous learning behaviour in the classroom at the end of the school year. A series of multiple regression analyses were used to verify the possibles links, first by the unique contribution of each deprivation variable and subsequently by attempting to determine which specific deprivation variable which contributed the most weight in the prediction of classroom engagement. Each deprivation variable made its unique contribution independent of child and environmental controls; however, arriving late and being tired seemed to matter most in terms of predictive power. Although cognitive skills and behavioral skills matter in school readiness, this study suggests the importance of teacher input when identifying children at risk of later learning-related behavioral difficulties. More inferential research needs to be conducted on this prospective relationship in order to better understand its dynamics and offer strategies for preventive intervention.

L’objectif de cette étude est de vérifier s’il existe un lien entre les conditions de défavorisation extrême associées à la pauvreté familiale telles que vécues par l’enfant en maternelle et son engagement en classe en 3e année du primaire. Pour ce faire, nous avons analysé des données portant sur un groupe de 341 enfants provenant des régions les plus défavorisées de Montréal à partir des observations rapportées par leur enseignant. Plusieurs régressions multiples ont permis de mettre en évidence des indicateurs sur l’engagement en classe, soit la concentration, la persistance et l’autonomie des participants avec quatre indicateurs liés à la défavorisation extrême soit la faim, les retards à l’école, l’habillement inadéquat et les signes de fatigue. Les résultats de cette étude ont montré que chacun de ces indicateurs pouvait indépendamment contribuer à l’engagement en classe, mais, que deux indicateurs ont un pouvoir prédictif supérieur et fiable, soit le retard en classe et les signes de fatigue. D’autres recherches plus poussées étaient les résultats de la présente étude et suggèrent comment une intervention précoce des enseignants, au début du primaire, pourrait encourager l’engagement en classe d’enfant provenant d’une population défavorisée urbaine. / This study sought to verify the link between certain conditions indicating deprivation in kindergarten children attending school in low income neighbourhoods and subsequent classroom engagement in third grade. Participants are from the Montreal Longitudinal Preschool Study (n = 341). For the deprivation variable, kindergarten teachers reported upon the frequency that children arrived to school hungry, not adequately clothed, late to school or tired. For the classroom engagement variable, third grade teachers reported on children’s task-orientation, persistence, and autonomous learning behaviour in the classroom at the end of the school year. A series of multiple regression analyses were used to verify the possibles links, first by the unique contribution of each deprivation variable and subsequently by attempting to determine which specific deprivation variable which contributed the most weight in the prediction of classroom engagement. Each deprivation variable made its unique contribution independent of child and environmental controls; however, arriving late and being tired seemed to matter most in terms of predictive power. Although cognitive skills and behavioral skills matter in school readiness, this study suggests the importance of teacher input when identifying children at risk of later learning-related behavioral difficulties. More inferential research needs to be conducted on this prospective relationship in order to better understand its dynamics and offer strategies for preventive intervention.

Recent advancements in machine learning have started to put their mark on educational technology. Technology is evolving fast and, as people adopt it, schools and universities must also keep up (nearly 70% of primary and secondary schools in the UK are now using tablets for various purposes). As these numbers are likely going to follow the same increasing trend, it is imperative for schools to adapt and benefit from the advantages offered by technology: real-time processing of data, availability of different resources through connectivity, efficiency, and many others. To this end, this work contributes to the growth of educational technology by developing several algorithms and models that are meant to ease several tasks for the instructors, engage students in deep discussions and ultimately, increase their learning gains. First, a novel, fine-grained knowledge representation is introduced that splits phrases into their constituent propositions that are both meaningful and minimal. An automated extraction algorithm of the propositions is also introduced. Compared with other fine-grained representations, the extraction model does not require any human labor after it is trained, while the results show considerable improvement over two meaningful baselines. Second, a proposition alignment model is created that relies on even finer-grained units of text while also outperforming several alternative systems. Third, a detailed machine learning based analysis of students' unrestricted natural language responses to questions asked in classrooms is made by leveraging the proposition extraction algorithm to make computational predictions of textual assessment. Two computational approaches are introduced that use and compare manually engineered machine learning features with word embeddings input into a two-hidden layers neural network. Both methods achieve notable improvements over two alternative approaches, a recent short answer grading system and DiSAN – a recent, pre-trained, light-weight neural network that obtained state-of-the-art performance on multiple NLP tasks and corpora. Fourth, a clustering algorithm is introduced in order to bring structure to the feedback offered to instructors in classrooms. The algorithm organizes student responses based on three important aspects: propositional importance classifications, computational textual understanding of student understanding and algorithm similarity metrics between student responses. Moreover, a dynamic cluster selection algorithm is designed to decide which are the best groups of responses resulting from the cluster hierarchy. The algorithm achieves a performance that is 86.3% of the performance achieved by humans on the same task and dataset. Fifth, a deep neural network is built to predict, for each cluster, an engagement response that is meant to help generate insightful classroom discussion. This is the first ever computational model to predict how engaging student responses will be in classroom discussion. Its performance reaches 86.8% of the performance obtained by humans on the same task and dataset. Moreover, I also demonstrate the effectiveness of a dynamic algorithm that can self-improve with minimal help from the teachers, in order to reduce its relative error by up to 32%.

Contexte. L’avènement de nouvelles technologies a pris de l’ampleur au cours des dernières années, jusqu’à ce que celles-ci deviennent partie intégrante de la réalité d’aujourd’hui. Les études antérieures démontrent qu’une exposition excessive aux écrans présente un risque important au niveau du développement physique et psychologique chez les enfants. L’identification des facteurs modifiables précoces afin de prédire les risques possibles relié aux habitudes télévisuelles des jeunes représente un défi important à ce jour, car leurs impacts néfastes peuvent avoir des conséquences importantes pendant la durée de l’enfance, l’adolescence, voir même la vie adulte. Toutefois, la littérature fournit peu d’informations sur de possibles facteurs de protection contre ces risques biopsychosociaux. La participation à des activités sportives a su démontrer, à travers les années, ses nombreux bienfaits sur la santé des jeunes ainsi que sur leur développement à long terme. À la lumière des nombreux bénéfices reliés au développement, il est tout à fait possible de croire que la participation à des activités sportives extrascolaires pourrait agir à titre de facteur de protection afin de contrer les risques biopsychosociaux reliés aux habitudes télévisuelles excessives en bas âge. / Background. The advent of new technologies in recent years has grown to be an integral part of today's reality. Previous studies show that excessive exposure to screens poses a significant risk to physical and psychological development of children. Identifying early factors that modify associated risks related to youth screen viewing habits is an important challenge to date. However, the literature shows little information on possible protective factors against such biopsychosocial risks. Over the years, participation in sporting activity has demonstrated its numerous benefits on the health of young people as well as for long-term development. Given the established benefits related to physical activity, it is quite plausible that participation in extracurricular sporting activity could act as a protective factor which counters the biopsychosocial risks related to excessive televiewing at a young age.

Les recherches antérieures suggèrent que l'activité physique, y compris la participation au sport, est bénéfique pour la santé mentale et l’adaptation à l’école. À l'inverse, ces deux éléments importants de la promotion de la santé pourraient-ils aussi influencer la pratique d'activité physique? À notre connaissance, peu d'études se sont penchées sur cette relation spécifique. De plus, la psychologie développementale moderne conçoit les comportements humains et les changements développementaux comme un résultat de relations dynamiques et réciproques entre l’individu et ses multiples environnements, dont les contextes sportifs. L'objectif de cette thèse doctorale est donc d'évaluer la relation longitudinale et réciproque entre l'activité physique, y compris la participation sportive, et la détresse émotionnelle (Article 1) et l'engagement en classe (Article 2) chez des enfants d’âge scolaire. Les participants proviennent de l'Étude Longitudinale du Développement des Enfants du Québec, une cohorte de naissance prospective longitudinale. Les symptômes de détresse émotionnelle et les comportements d'engagement en classe de 6 à 10 ans ont été évalués par les enseignants. Des trajectoires ont été générées pour différencier des groupes d'enfants. L'activité physique et la participation au sport de la petite enfance jusqu’au début de l'adolescence ont été mesurées par les parents et les enfants eux-mêmes. Diverses analyses statistiques ont été utilisées pour examiner les relations réciproques entre les variables d’intérêt. Les analyses ont été effectuées séparément pour les garçons et les filles et ont contrôlé pour de multiples facteurs individuels et familiaux préexistants. Trois trajectoires de détresse émotionnelle de 6 à 10 ans ont été identifiées : « Faible », « Croissante » et « En déclin ». Pour l’engagement en classe au cours des mêmes années, deux trajectoires ont été identifiées : « Élevée » et « Modérée ». Premièrement, les garçons qui n’ont jamais participé à des sports à 5 ans étaient plus susceptibles d’être dans les trajectoires de détresse « Croissante » ou « En déclin » que les garçons qui ont participé à une activité sportive. De plus, les garçons qui étaient les plus actifs physiquement à 12 ans étaient ceux vivant moins de détresse (i.e. trajectoire « Faible »). Deuxièmement, pour les filles, le fait d'être dans la trajectoire d'engagement en classe « Élevée » a prédit des niveaux plus élevés d'activité physique de loisir à l'âge de 12 ans. Pour les garçons, une participation régulière au sport de 6 à 10 ans a prédit des niveaux d'engagement en classe plus élevés à 12 ans. Les résultats suggèrent donc des associations positives, réciproques et longitudinales entre l'activité physique et deux éléments importants de la promotion de la santé chez les jeunes, soit la santé mentale et l’adaptation à l’école. Ces associations diffèrent pour les garçons et les filles. Cette étude soutient la pertinence de renforcer les efforts actuels de santé publique pour promouvoir l'activité physique, l'ajustement émotionnel et l'engagement scolaire dès la petite enfance afin de favoriser une bonne santé mentale, un rendement scolaire optimal et un mode de vie plus actif à long terme. Les résultats soutiennent également la pertinence d'investir des ressources financières au niveau de l'intervention auprès des jeunes afin qu’ils puissent développer leur plein potentiel à la fois en classe et dans des contextes extrascolaires structurés afin de favoriser un développement optimal. / Past research suggests that physical activity, including sport participation, is beneficial for mental health and school performance. Conversely, could these two important components of health promotion also influence participation in physical activity? To our knowledge, few studies have investigated this specific relationship. In addition, modern developmental psychology views human behaviors and developmental changes as a result of dynamic and reciprocal relationships between the individual and their multiple environments, including sports contexts. Thus, the aim of this doctoral thesis is to assess the reciprocal longitudinal relationship between sport participation and emotional distress (Article 1) and between sport participation and classroom engagement (Article 2) over time for boys and girls in middle childhood. Participants are from the Quebec Longitudinal Study of Child Development, a prospective-longitudinal birth cohort born in the late 1990s. Emotional distress symptoms and classroom engagement behavior from ages 6 to 10 years were assessed by teachers. Trajectories were generated to differentiate groups of children. Physical activity and sport participation from preschool to early adolescence were measured by parents and children themselves. Various statistical analyses were used to examine the mutual relationship between physical activity and later emotional distress or classroom engagement. All analyses were stratified by sex and controlled for multiple pre-existing individual and family factors. We identified three emotional distress trajectories from ages 6 to 10 years: ‘Low’, ‘Increasing’, and ‘Declining’. As for classroom engagement during the same years, we identified two trajectories: ‘High’ and ‘Moderate.’ First, boys who never participated in sport at age 5 years were more likely to be in the ‘Increasing’ or ‘Declining’ emotional distress trajectories compared to boys who participated in any sporting activity. Yet boys who participated in sports at age 5 years showed long-term positive benefits. Furthermore, boys who were the most physically active at age 12 years were the least emotionally distressed (i.e. ‘Low’ trajectory). Second, for girls, being in the ‘High’ classroom engagement trajectory predicted higher levels of leisure time physical activity, including sport participation, at age 12 years. For boys, consistent participation in sport from ages 6 to 10 years predicted higher levels of classroom engagement at age 12 years. Our findings suggest positive, bidirectional, and longitudinal associations between physical activity and two important components of health promotion in youth, that is mental health and school performance. These associations show different dynamics for boys and girls. This study supports the relevance of enhancing current public health effort to promote physical activity, emotional adjustment, and school engagement in early childhood in order to achieve better mental health, optimal school performance, and a more active lifestyle in later childhood. Our results also support the pertinence of investing financial resources in youth intervention so that children can develop their full potential both in the classroom and in structured extracurricular contexts in order to foster optimal growth and development.