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This thesis examines the climate role conceptions and climate role positions of Iceland and Sweden respectively, as they are portrayed in their climate action plans. This study compliments the current trend to examine climate leadership within International Relations, with an additional focus on the Nordic countries. Not only is the Nordic identity enmeshed with ideas of environmentalism, but the Nordic countries also have a reputation of being environmental leaders. Despite this reputation, the Nordic countries vary considerably between themselves when it comes to climate performance, thus inspiring the study of the highest and lowest Nordic emitters of greenhouse gases. The study is carried out from a constructivist role theory perspective, which is complemented with a novel climate role analytical framework. A content analysis is conducted on Iceland‘s and Sweden‘s countries‘ climate action plans, and climate role indicators are coded and analyzed. The study reveals that both Iceland and Sweden depict themselves as climate leaders in their climate action plans. However, while both countries refer to themselves as climate leaders, the leadership indicators are manifested distinctively, resulting in the countries projecting different climate leadership role positions. By evaluating Iceland’s and Sweden’s portrayal of global climate leadership, it is assessed that Iceland assumes the climate role position of a pioneer, with aspirations for setting an example for other countries through its climate transition, and that Sweden assumes the climate role position of a constructive pusher, with aspirations to lead the domestic and global climate transition through ambitious actions. The analysis thus reveals how Sweden’s internationally ascribed roles as a climate leader and Iceland’s internationally ascribed role as an environmental leader is legitimated and reverberated throughout their respective climate action plans, in accordance with their role conceptions and identities.

The aim of this master’s thesis is to explore the implications of using online ethnographic participatory design in studying communication with teenagers in the context of Carbon Dioxide Theatre, a climate action research project. By developing multiple methods, tools and activities, the implications are understood throughout the teenagers’ engagement in collaborating and co-creating using online media. The findings are then organized based on the teenagers activity from three perspectives, by following the medium, the story and the feeling. The medium shows how social media platforms such as Snapchat and Facebook Messenger can be used in order to establish a valuable collaboration with the teenagers, the story presents how the teenagers are expressing their views, thoughts and dilemmas regarding the climate action topic, co-creating one Instagram account while the feeling offers emotions raised during the process. Ultimately, inspired from the study process, the paper suggests a design method for online ethnographic participatory design data collection, consisting of a set of cards and maps that can be utilized as a guiding tool in organizing and understanding the empirical data within an exploratory research context. / Carbon Dioxid Theatre

Scientists warn that the current rate of climate change will raise average global temperature by 4°C compared to 1990, although warming of +2°C will already have dire effects throughout the world. Therefore, the UN acknowledges SDG 13 (Climate Action) as one of the most important goals for the coming decade in order to fight climate change. Another focus of the UN is SDG 5 (Gender Equality), which is also an overarching goal but still lagging behind. Working on one of the goals can have a positive effect on other goals. Therefore a synergy can be created when investigating how climate change affects gender equality and how gender equality affects climate action.  The link between gender equality and climate action was already established by the UN at the Beijing Platform of Action in 1995. However, there has been little research into how government representatives understand how the goals are interconnected. These representatives are important in the drafting of new policy and keeping the UN accountable for incorporating gender into its policies. Hence, this thesis investigates how the relationship between gender equality and climate action is viewed by government representatives, as well as in national climate documents. A content analysis was performed on National Determined Contributions (NDCs) and climate change Gender Action Plans (ccGAPs). The results illustrate that the location and expertise of the interviewees impacted their opinions greatly. The interviewees based at permanent missions at the UN headquarter in New York were of the opinion that their government thought the link existed but acknowledged more should be done to convince other countries as the link was not taken for a fact. The interviewees working with the UNFCCC negotiations, however, said all member states agreed on the importance of including gender equality in climate action. Another finding is that only one-third of the Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) contained gender perspectives. Of these, one-third mentioned women as victims of climate change and two-thirds saw women as actors of change in climate action.  Establishing a firm agreement on the link between gender equality and climate action within UN bodies is important to expanding the impact of climate policies on both gender quality and climate action.

This report reviews the current state of long-term climate action planning in 17 cities which have publicly communicated carbon reducttargets in line with the IPCC recommended 80% reduction by 2050 (80x50) for stabilizing the impacts of climate change at 2°C.  The aim of this report is to provide a foundation of support for cities in achieving their deep carbon reduction goals through a comprehensive understanding of leading climate action plans and the context under which they were created, including current city emissions and demographic data, climate plan reduction strategies and targets, and feedback on plan creation and needs from city planning staff.  By achieving this aim, cities are in a better position to understand where their plans fit in the global context and connect with other cities around common issues, research institutions have a new benchmark analysis of leading action plans to build further research upon, and city-level climate action organizations have a clearer idea of how to focus efforts in helping cities achieve carbon reduction goals.  This aim is achieved through the application of a framework for comparing city plans and targets, an analysis of current city emissions and demographic data, and synthesis of key findings from city planning staff discussions.   Key findings show no clear demographic and environmental biases exist within these 17 cities, indicating long-term climate action planning can be undertaken by cities across the full spectrum of size, climate, and current per capita emissions output, though regional geographic and development bias exists.  Plans for carbon reduction are highly concentrated among a small number of actions, indicating the movement has coalesced around a standard set of strategies for achieving deep carbon reductions.  Finally, the relative newness of plans, with the majority less than 5 years old, and the lack of commonality among cities in emissions methodology and communication of reduction strategies, shifts a short-term focus towards standardization methodologies which enable deeper comparison between cities and plans.

In 2015, the United Nations adopted 17 sustainable development goals (SDGs) and 169 dub-goals, for all United Nations member countries. The goals are referred to as Agenda 2030 which aims to be guidelines for the countries as well as deepen the commitments of implementation.This paper aims to identify opportunities for how the palm oil industry can, through a more sustainable way, help to achieve objectives of UN ́s goals number eight and thirteen, by examining how the government in Indonesia works. Goal number eight: Decent work and economic growth, and goal number thirteen: Climate action.The analysis has been conducted through a qualitative case study based on scientific articles and various documents.The method used is A political economic approach together with an stakeholders analysis, where all stakeholders seek to be identified. The Government of Indonesia is working towards more sustainable production of palm oil and is undertaken by several stakeholders on the way, for example, the implementation of Indonesian Sustainable Palm oil (ISPO), which the government of Indonesia has installed to make the palm oil industry somehow contribute to meeting the SDGs.

Antropogena utsläpp av koldioxid och andra växthusgaser har orsakat en ökning avden globala genomsnittliga yttemperaturen över förindustriella nivåer. Samhället stårdärför inför en klimatomställning på en global, nationell och lokal nivå. Den globalakoldioxidbudgeten motsvarar den totala mängd antropogena koldioxidutsläpp som ärtillåtet för att hålla sig inom ramen av de uppsatta målen inom Parisavtalet. Studienbryter ner den globala koldioxidbudgeten på lokal nivå för att åskådliggörapotentiella vägar för Tranemo till att bli en fossilfri kommun. Studien bygger därförpå en datainsamling av territoriella och konsumtionsbaserade koldioxidutsläpp inomkommunens geografiska område samt inom kommunens förvaltningsorganisation.Studien analyserar vidare hur den framtida utvecklingen av klimatarbetet påverkarkoldioxidutsläpp med hjälp av scenariotekniker baserat på suveränitetsprincipen.Utsläpp orsakade från industrisektorn, transporter och utrikesflyg motsvarar de trestörsta utsläppskällorna i det geografiska området. Det beskrivna önskvärda scenariot,Best case scenario, budgeterar 602 KT CO2 mellan åren 2021-2045 därutsläppsminskande åtgärder från en av kommunens största industrier är avgörandeför att hålla sig inom ramen av budgeten. Studien visar att om samhället fortsätter attproducera och konsumera i samma takt som tidigare år kommer budgeterade utsläppvara förbrukad vid år 2027. Studien speglar den nationella och globala bilden av industrisektorn som endominerande utsläppskälla. I kontrast till identifierade konsumtionsbaseradeutsläppsminskande åtgärder är industrisektorn är en aktör som skapar en avgörandeeffekt i klimatarbetet för att reducera koldioxidutsläppen. Slutsatser dras attkoldioxidbudgeten som ett politiskt styrande dokument betraktas som ett effektivtstyrmedel om kommunen har större handlingskraft och rådighet över utsläppen somsker. Samverkan mellan offentlig och privat sektor betraktas därför som enframgångsfaktor. Kommunens utmaning för att möjliggöra klimatomställningen är attföra en kraftfull klimatpolitik och vidta åtgärder i ett tidigt skede. Vidare slutsatsersom dras i studien är därför vikten av ett strategiskt utvecklingsarbete för attmöjliggöra klimatomställningen. / Carbon dioxide emissions together with other greenhouse gases emitted byanthropogenic activities have caused an increased global average surface temperatureabove pre-industrial levels. The society is therefore facing a challenge to limit theenvironmental and societal risks associated to a global warming below 2 ° C, with theambition of 1.5 ° C. The global carbon budget determines the total amount ofanthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions that are allowed to likely limit a globalwarming of 2 ° C. By breaking down the global carbon budget at a local level,highlights this study hypothetical ways for the municipality of Tranemo to become afossil free municipality by using scenario techniques according to the principal of“grandfathering”. The study therefor maps out historical territorial and consumptionbasedcarbon dioxide emissions that are caused within the municipality’sgeographical area, and within the municipality’s administrative organization, in orderto further identify and propose climate actions.The study points out that emissions caused by the industrial sector, transportationsector, and international flights generate the greatest impact in the geographical areaof Tranemo. The desirable scenario, Best case scenario, accounts 602 KT CO2 betweenyear 2021-2045 where an emission reduction action from one of the municipality’slargest industries is crucial to stay within the budget. The study illustrates that thebudget will be spent by the year 2027 if the society continues to produce and consumein the same pace as previous years. The industrial sector is a dominant polluter at a national and global level. The studyconfirms that industrial sector is also a dominant emission source at a local level forthe geographical area of Tranemo. Climate actions within the industrial sector aretherefore crucial. The identified consumption-based climate actions are consequentlynegligible in contrast to emissions caused by the industrial sector. The studyconcludes that the carbon budget as a political document is regarded as an effectivetool if the municipality has a greater leverage and resourcefulness of the overallgenerated emissions. Cooperation between public and private actors is considered tobe a factor for success. The study clarifies the importance of strategic developmentwork, and influencing factors connected to it when it comes to transforming oursociety towards a sustainable development. / <p>2020-06-05</p>

Infrastruktursektorn har ofta varit kritiserad för brist på effektivitet och innovation i projekten. Samtidigt står infrastruktursektorn för en stor andel av koldioxidutsläppen i Sverige. De flesta länder har infört strategier och policys för att uppnå de uppsatta klimatmålen. Incitament har identifierats kunna påverka motivationen hos leverantörerna i att utveckla hållbara lösningar. Det finns en generell avsaknad av incitament kopplat till prestationer i tidiga skeden där konsulter är aktiva. Tidigare studier rekommenderar att utveckla modeller för att bistå beställaren i att agera för ökad samverkan och innovation i projekteringsprocessen. Detta examensarbete har därför till syfte att undersöka hur incitament för konsulter upplevs påverka klimatåtgärder samt vilka möjligheter, hinder och risker som finns med incitament kopplat till klimatåtgärder i tidiga skeden. Detta för att slutligen kunna nå en slutsats i vad som saknas för att kunna formulera incitament i konsultkontrakt. För att studera detta används tre incitamentsroller från tidigare forskning som teoretiskt perspektiv. Studien visar att incitament kan skapa utrymme för individer att arbeta med utvecklingsfrämjande åtgärder inom klimat förutsatt att de övergripande målen är nedbrutna på projektnivå. Incitament kan stimulera och motivera till en ökad prestation i organisationer i projekt med stark fokus på tid och kostnad. För att det ska fungera, behöver det finnas en mätbarhet i incitamentet för att konsulten ska kunna utföra arbetet och beställaren ska kunna utvärdera. Det finns en risk att andra områden blir nedprioriterat till följd av att incitament kopplas till ett specifikt område. I tidiga skeden finns det en högre påverkansgrad att optimera lösningar som kan leda till minskad klimatbelastning. Studien visar att det finns en avsaknad av vad klimatpåverkan är i ett projekt i normalfall, och detta behöver definieras i syfte att kunna mäta klimatreducerande åtgärder mot normalfallet eftersom mätbarheten anses viktig. Vidare har projektledarens engagemang och målstyrning i frågan en avgörande roll i hur framgångsrikt ett incitament blir. Det anses viktigt att tydliggöra målet för att skapa fokus inom organisationen, på så vis att incitament ska få önskad effekt. / The infrastructure sector has often been criticized for lack of efficiency and innovation in projects. At the same time, the infrastructure stands for a major amount of the carbon dioxide emissions in Sweden. Most countries have introduced strategies and policies in order to achieve the set climate goals. Incentives have been identified to have an impact on supplier’s motivation to deliver sustainable solutions. There is an overall lack in incentives linked to performance in early stages when the consultant is involved. Previous research shows that models should be developed to assist the client in including more cooperation and innovation in the design process. Therefore, this thesis intends to investigate in how incentives for the consultant are perceived to impact climate actions. Also, what possibilities, obstacles and risks are there in including incentives linked to climate action in early stages. This is in order to reach the conclusion of what is missing in the process of forming incentives in consulting contracts. To examine these questions, three roles of incentives from previous research was used as a theoretical perspective. This study shows that incentives can create room for individuals to work with actions that aims to develop the work within climate, given that the overalls climate goals are broken down and customized for the specific project. Incentives can stimulate and motivate to enhanced performance in organisations, in projects with otherwise strong focus on time and budget. For this to work, there needs to be measurability in incentives for the consultant to be able to perform and the client to evaluate the work. However, there is a risk for other areas within the project to be down prioritized following an incentive linked to a specific area. In early stages there is a higher possibility to impact the solutions in the project, which can result in reduction of negative climate impact. The study shows that there is a lack of knowledge in matter of what the climate impact is in a project normally, and this needs to be defined in order to measure climate actions against the normal case because the measurability is considered to be important. Moreover, the project manager´s commitment and objectives management in the area plays a big role in how successful the incentives will be. It is also important to clarify the goals for the organisation to focus on, by doing this the incentive can reach the desired effect.

Infrastruktursektorn har ofta varit kritiserad för brist på effektivitet och innovation i projekten. Samtidigt står infrastruktursektorn för en stor andel av koldioxidutsläppen i Sverige. De flesta länder har infört strategier och policys för att uppnå de uppsatta klimatmålen. Incitament har identifierats kunna påverka motivationen hos leverantörerna i att utveckla hållbara lösningar. Det finns en generell avsaknad av incitament kopplat till prestationer i tidiga skeden där konsulter är aktiva. Tidigare studier rekommenderar att utveckla modeller för att bistå beställaren i att agera för ökad samverkan och innovation i projekteringsprocessen. Detta examensarbete har därför till syfte att undersöka hur incitament för konsulter upplevs påverka klimatåtgärder samt vilka möjligheter, hinder och risker som finns med incitament kopplat till klimatåtgärder i tidiga skeden. Detta för att slutligen kunna nå en slutsats i vad som saknas för att kunna formulera incitament i konsultkontrakt. För att studera detta används tre incitamentsroller från tidigare forskning som teoretiskt perspektiv. Studien visar att incitament kan skapa utrymme för individer att arbeta med utvecklingsfrämjande åtgärder inom klimat förutsatt att de övergripande målen är nedbrutna på projektnivå. Incitament kan stimulera och motivera till en ökad prestation i organisationer i projekt med stark fokus på tid och kostnad. För att det ska fungera, behöver det finnas en mätbarhet i incitamentet för att konsulten ska kunna utföra arbetet och beställaren ska kunna utvärdera. Det finns en risk att andra områden blir nedprioriterat till följd av att incitament kopplas till ett specifikt område. I tidiga skeden finns det en högre påverkansgrad att optimera lösningar som kan leda till minskad klimatbelastning. Studien visar att det finns en avsaknad av vad klimatpåverkan är i ett projekt i normalfall, och detta behöver definieras i syfte att kunna mäta klimatreducerande åtgärder mot normalfallet eftersom mätbarheten anses viktig. Vidare har projektledarens engagemang och målstyrning i frågan en avgörande roll i hur framgångsrikt ett incitament blir. Det anses viktigt att tydliggöra målet för att skapa fokus inom organisationen, på så vis att incitament ska få önskad effekt. / The infrastructure sector has often been criticized for lack of efficiency and innovation in projects. At the same time, the infrastructure stands for a major amount of the carbon dioxide emissions in Sweden. Most countries have introduced strategies and policies in order to achieve the set climate goals. Incentives have been identified to have an impact on supplier’s motivation to deliver sustainable solutions. There is an overall lack in incentives linked to performance in early stages when the consultant is involved. Previous research shows that models should be developed to assist the client in including more cooperation and innovation in the design process. Therefore, this thesis intends to investigate in how incentives for the consultant are perceived to impact climate actions. Also, what possibilities, obstacles and risks are there in including incentives linked to climate action in early stages. This is in order to reach the conclusion of what is missing in the process of forming incentives in consulting contracts. To examine these questions, three roles of incentives from previous research was used as a theoretical perspective. This study shows that incentives can create room for individuals to work with actions that aims to develop the work within climate, given that the overalls climate goals are broken down and customized for the specific project. Incentives can stimulate and motivate to enhanced performance in organisations, in projects with otherwise strong focus on time and budget. For this to work, there needs to be measurability in incentives for the consultant to be able to perform and the client to evaluate the work. However, there is a risk for other areas within the project to be down prioritized following an incentive linked to a specific area. In early stages there is a higher possibility to impact the solutions in the project, which can result in reduction of negative climate impact. The study shows that there is a lack of knowledge in matter of what the climate impact is in a project normally, and this needs to be defined in order to measure climate actions against the normal case because the measurability is considered to be important. Moreover, the project manager´s commitment and objectives management in the area plays a big role in how successful the incentives will be. It is also important to clarify the goals for the organisation to focus on, by doing this the incentive can reach the desired effect.

Awareness of critical public health issues stemming from historical and contemporary environmental injustice has been growing, yet institutions are still working to identify how to respond. How do we transform University Health System infrastructure, in the built environment and affiliated community assets and human capital, to center equity and the lived experience of climate injustice in urban communities? Through the application of urban bioethical principles and examination of a public state-related university and its health system in a major U.S. city, I argue that the higher education institutional climate action planning process for medical schools and their attendant university health systems, in concert with public sector actors, can be a vehicle and accelerator for achieving health equity in urban communities and suggest what exactly that could or should look like. This thesis will look at the role of university health systems in addressing climate change and mitigating its impacts. More specifically, it looks to provide context for the influence of “meds and eds” in urban communities: how their status as anchor institutions and sites of economic development implicates their responsibility to anticipate the differentiated material experience of climate change. As sites of care delivery, medical education and training, and major employers these institutions have a duty to ameliorate the associated inequitable health outcomes of climate change. I provide a model for action by all urban university health system stakeholders with recommendations to sustain equitable resilience in the face of environmental crisis. / Urban Bioethics