Storms can be both destructive and valuable at the same time. They expose coastal areas to various risks but can also enhance the supply of wind energy and provide marine ecosystems with oxygen rich water. As the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) is known to have a significant impact on the wind climate in Europe, investigating its interconnection to storm frequency and intensity under global warming circumstances in the Northern Baltic Sea region was of interest in this study. Wind speed data series of annual storm counts were obtained from five meteorological stations along with PC-based NAO values over the period 1960-2017. The data series were analysed in Microsoft Excel and modelled using a Poisson regression or negative binomial regression model in SPSS Statistics. The results display an unsystematic spatial pattern both in the association to the NAO as well as in the overall storm frequency. However, storm (≥ 21 m s-1) frequency has generally been decreasing, whereas the proportion of severe storms (≥ 24 m s-1) has slightly been increasing, suggesting a tendency toward stronger but fewer storms. Even though only certain data series display statistically significant findings (p ≤ .05), a majority of the winter storms and severe winter storms display a positive association, indicating that a higher NAOI is related to a greater number of winter storms. The spatial and temporal variability in the obtained results can partially be explained by storm tracks and prevalent wind directions. Nevertheless, inhomogeneities do presumably affect the wind speed observations through internal and external influences and changes related to the meteorological stations. Future research should, therefore, also consider integrating other storm related parameters, such as direct air pressure measurements, wave heights and storm surges, as well as implement different data homogenization methods and techniques.

Climate change is a well-studied subject but large uncertainties still exist in future projections. These uncertainties are even larger on future runoff projections at catchment scales due to the differences in local landscape factors. Continuous assessments are therefore needed to improve our understanding and increase our preparedness for the future. One way forward is to assess the impact of climate change on runoff with the new hydrological model PERSiST. PERSiST was calibrated to four study catchments that spread out along a south-north climate gradient of Sweden. The model well simulated the stream discharges with Nash-Sutcliffe values ranging from 0.55 to 0.76. The model was then driven by downscaled and bias-corrected weather data (2061–2090) from an ensemble of 15 Regional Climate Models. The runoff projections showed that the impact of climate change on runoff would differ across the catchments. All catchments would see an increase in annual runoff with the greatest increase in the northernmost catchment. The northernmost catchment would also see a likely decline in spring flood, a shift in timing of the spring flood from May to April and an increase in winter runoff. As a result of an increase in winter runoff, there could be a loss of seasonality. In the more southern catchments the present-day runoff was more evenly distributed during the year and the projected loss of seasonality was not as pronounced. The conclusion was that the impact of climate change on runoff would increase northward, due to the higher response to climate change in the northernmost catchments. / Klimatförändringar är ett välstuderat ämne men stora osäkerheter kvarstår vad gäller framtida projektioner. Dessa osäkerheter är ännu större när det kommer till framtida projektioner av avrinning på grund av stora olikheter i lokala faktorer. Därför är fortsatta utvärderingar av nytta för att öka förståelsen och förbättra förberedelsen för framtiden. Ett steg i rätt riktning är att utvärdera klimatförändringars effekt på avrinning med hjälp av den nya hydrologiska modellen PERSiST. PERSiST kalibrerades för fyra olika avrinningsområden som var utspridda längs en syd-nord-gradient av Sverige. Den kalibrerade modellen simulerade det observerade flödet med Nash-Sutcliffe värden från 0,55 till 0,76. Modellen kördes sedan med nerskalad och bias-korrigerad väderdata (2061–2090) från en ensemble av 15 regionala klimatmodeller. Resultatet visade att klimatförändringars effekt på avrinning varierade mellan avrinningsområdena. Alla avrinningsområden påvisade en ökning i total årlig avrinning. Den största ökningen stod att finna i det nordligaste avrinningsområdet. Det nordligaste avrinningsområdet påvisade även en trolig minskning i vårflodsvolym, en skiftning av vårfloden från maj till april samt högre flöden vintertid. Som ett resultat av högre flöden vintertid uppstod en minskning av säsongsvariation. I de sydligare avrinningsområdena var dagens flöden jämnare fördelade över året, vilket gjorde att minskningen av säsongsvariation inte var lika stor. Slutsatsen var att klimatförändringarnas effekt på avrinning ökar norrut.

How great potential effect does the Black carbon emitted from the boreal forest fire region of Alaska have on the retreating glaciers of the St. Elias Mountains? In this study climate and forest fire history data of Alaska was run in the HYSPLIT wind trajectory model to generate trajectories originated from large occurring fires in Alaska from 2005 to 2014. Results show a small percentage of trajectories passing the St. Elias Mountains and an expected pattern of a correlation between passing trajectories and density of amount forest fires. Interdisciplinary climate research is indicating an increase in global temperatures with consequences such as an upswing of forest fires in the Northern Hemisphere. Inner Alaska is fire prone due to a combination of prevailing droughts during the summer season and frequent lightning ignition as a result from homogeneous vegetation and topography. Downwind from Alaska’s forest fire region is the ice field of the St. Elias Mountains, these glaciers are one of the fastest retreating due to increasing global temperatures and possible deposition of soot from Alaskan forest fires. Forest fire emits black carbon, which when deposited on snow or ice surfaces will decrease the albedo and accelerate the melting rate. Previous studies on ice cores from the St. Elias have investigated traces of combustion products from biomass burning. This indicates a possible record of historic forest fires in ice cores. The small percentage of passing trajectories in this study suggests that most large forest fires in Alaska might not be registered in the St. Elias ice cores.

Páramo ecosystems are unique alpine grasslands found at high altitudes (2000-5000 m a.s.l.) in the Andean mountain range. While they provide a wide range of important ecosystem services, such as organic carbon sinks, protect endemic species, provide agriculture services, act as recreation sites etc., their perhaps most important service is found in their ability to regulate water flows. The unique volcanic soil properties and endemic plant life that resides in these areas have an exceptional ability to capture, regulate and store water. Colombia has the world’s largest stretch of páramo areas, which supply almost the entire country with clean tap water without active filtration initiatives. Currently there are around seven million people living in Bogotá, the main capital. Northeast of the capital, in the Eastern Range of the Colombian Andes, the Chingaza National Park (CNP) is located. In this park, there are approximately 645 km² of páramo ecosystems, which supplies around 80 % of all the tap water used in Bogotá. However, with an expanding population growth and urbanisation, the demand for water is increasing rapidly. The long-lasting conflict within the country has prevented the exploitation of the economical goods belonging to the páramo ecosystems. Recent peace agreements have opened up for international trade, tourism and an expanding industry. However, the lack of regulations, which protect the páramo ecosystems, have now resulted in an increasing pressure of these systems. As such, sustainable adaptation plans are required across multiple stakeholder levels in order to prevent further deterioration of the páramos. Moreover, the anthropogenic climate changes are posing a threat to these fragile environments. An increasing temperature and changing rainfall patterns are expected to affect the hydroclimatic conditions, especially on high altitudes where these ecosystems are located. Nevertheless, the internal and external processes governing these ecosystems are highly complex and the knowledge gaps are many. One reason for this is that the remote and inaccessible locations results in generally scarcely distributed networks of monitoring stations. In this study, CNP was chosen due to the relatively well-monitored network of stations. Long-term temperature, precipitation and runoff data was analysed to identify the hydroclimatic conditions in the park. Regional downscaled precipitation, minimum and maximum temperature simulations under the Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) 4.5 and 8.5, covering the period 2041-2065 were obtained from the WorldClim 1.4 database. Interpolated historical observations for the same parameters but during the period 1960-1990, covering CNP, were derived from the same database. These interpolated historical parameters were used for establishing upper and lower precipitation and temperature boundaries for where a páramo ecosystem can thrive during future RCP-scenarios. Historically, the hydroclimatic conditions in CNP has been characterised by a high input of water from precipitation, low evapotranspiration due to low temperatures and clouds presence, and a stable and abundant runoff. However, the results from this study suggest increasing temperature and precipitation boundaries during both RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5 compared to historical interpolated data. Furthermore, there is a tendency towards prolonged and amplified seasons, with wetter wet season and drier dry seasons. When mapping suitable páramo environments under future RCP-scenarios, there is a tendency towards decreasing suitable páramo areas, especially during dry season. However, the findings in this report are merely based on temperature and precipitation parameters. Other forcing factors (ENSO, cloud cover, fog, occult precipitation, land use etc.) that also influence these environments and the ability to adapt to new hydroclimatic conditions, were not investigated. In order to prevent further loss of these environments and their associated ecosystem services, it is recommended to apply modern techniques, such as remote sensing in combination with traditional fieldwork, point samples and hydrological models in future studies.

Huge changes in climate occurred at the end of the last Quaternary glaciation. The end of this glaciation corresponds with the end of Pleistocene with its repeated glacial cycles and the start of the current geological epoch, the Holocene interglacial. The climate at this time was characterized by increasing temperatures and an increase in rainfall. This project focuses on understanding and examining these changes in climate using loess deposits from south-western England. Loess is an aeolian sediment and covers around 10 % of the Earth’s land surface and these deposits are excellent archives of past climate. Investigating loess can give understanding of past regional and local wind circulation patterns, atmospheric dustiness as well as weathering conditions. Studying paleoclimate is important since studying and understanding trends in past climate can increase our understanding of how the climate will change in the future. This study examined loess from two sites in south-western England, Porth Cressa and Lowland Point. These are relatively thin deposits; Lowland Point has a thickness of 180 cm and Porth Cressa has a thickness of 97 cm. England lacks the thick loess deposits that can be found in other parts of the world and thus the study of English loess has mostly been neglected. These deposits thus could contain unutilized information about paleoclimate. The elemental composition of the samples was examined using X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF). With the measured elemental composition, it’s possible to use weathering indices to see trends in postdepositional weathering. Low weathering intensities indicate a colder and drier climate, while higher weathering intensities indicate a warmer and more humid climate. The results from the weathering indices were plotted against depth at the two sites to identify changes in weathering and hence climate over time. Compared with the results from previous studies the results from some weathering indices seemed credible. Previous studies have indicated that the Chemical Proxy of Alteration (CPA) is the most appropriate weathering index for loess and the results from this study supports that theory. The results from the CPA show a trend with decreasing weathering intensities followed by a trend with increasing weathering intensities This implies that there was a period with decreasing temperatures/humidity followed by a period with increasing temperature humidity sometime at the end of the last glaciation. The geochemical data also showed support for a previous archaeological theory that there has been human reworking in the upper horizons at Lowland Point. / Slutet av den sista kvartära glaciationen var en tid med stora klimatförändringar. Denna tid sammanfaller med slutet av Pleistocene och dess glaciära cyklar samt starten på den nuvarande geologiska epoken, Holocen. Klimatet vid den här tiden karaktäriserades av ökande temperaturer och ökande nederbörd. Det här projektet fokuserar på att granska och förstå dessa klimatförändringar med hjälp av lössjordar från sydvästra England. Löss bildas av vindburet sediment och täcker ungefär 10 % av jordens landyta, dessa avlagringar är utmärkta arkiv för historiskt klimat. Att undersöka lössjordar kan ge information om historiska regionala och lokala vindcirkulations-mönster, vittringsförhållanden samt mängden damm i atmosfären. Att undersöka paleoklimat är viktigt då förståelse för trender i tidigare klimat kan ge oss förståelse för hur klimatet kommer förändras i framtiden. Den här studien undersökte löss från två platser i sydvästra England, Lowland Point och Porth Cressa. Dessa avlagringar är relativt tunna; Lowland Point har en tjocklek på 180 cm och Porth Cressa har en tjocklek på 97 cm. England har inte de tjocka lössavlagringarna som går att hitta i andra delar av världen och därför har lite forskning utförts på brittiskt löss. Dessa avlagringar kan alltså innehålla oanvänd information om paleoklimat. Provernas grundämnessammansättning undersöktes med X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF). Med den uppmäta grundämnessammansättningen är det möjligt att använda vittringsindex för att se trender i vittring efter deposition. En låg vittringsintensitet indikerar ett kallare och torrare klimat medan en högre vittringsintensitet indikerar ett varmare och fuktigare klimat. Resultaten plottades mot djup för att visuellt identifiera förändringar i klimatet över tid. Vid jämförelse med tidigare studier verkade resultaten från vittringsindexen trovärdiga. Tidigare studier har föreslagit att CPA (Chemical Proxy of Alteration) är det mest lämpliga vittringsindexet för lössjordar och resultaten från denna studie stödjer den teorin. Resultaten från CPA visade på en trend med minskade vittringsintensitet följt av en trend med ökande vittrings intensitet. Detta antyder att det var en period med minskande temperatur/fuktighet följt av en period med ökande temperatur/fuktighet runt slutet av den senaste istiden. De geokemiska resultaten stödde också den tidigare arkeologiska teorin att mänsklig aktivitet har påverkat de övre horisonterna vid Lowland Point.

Die hohe raumzeitliche Variabilität von konvektiven Wolken hat erhebliche Auswirkungen auf die Quantifizierung des Wolkenstrahlungseffektes. Da konvektive Wolken in atmosphärischen Modellen üblicherweise parametrisiert werden müssen, sind Beobachtungsdaten notwendig, um deren Variabilität sowie Modellunsicherheiten zu quantifizieren. Das Ziel der vorliegenden Dissertation ist die Charakterisierung der raumzeitlichen Variabilität von warmen konvektiven Wolkenfeldern mithilfe von Meteosat Beobachtungen sowie deren Anwendbarkeit für die Modellevaluierung. Verschiedene Metriken wurden untersucht, um Unsicherheiten in Modell- und Satellitendaten sowie ihre Limitierungen zu quantifizieren. Mithilfe des hochaufgelösten sichtbaren (HRV) Kanals von Meteosat wurde eine Wolkenmaske entwickelt, welche mit 1×2 km² die Auflösung der operationellen Wolkenmaske von 3×6 km² deutlich übertrifft. Diese ermöglicht eine verbesserte Charakterisierung von kleinskaligen Wolken und bietet eine wichtige Grundlage für die Weiterentwicklung von satellitengestützten Wolkenalgorithmen. Für die Untersuchung der Lebenszyklen konvektiver Wolkenfelder wurde ein Tracking-Algorithmus entwickelt. Die raumzeitliche Entwicklung des Flüssigwasserpfads (LWP) wurde sowohl in einer Eulerschen Betrachtungsweise als auch entlang Lagrange’scher Trajektorien analysiert. Für die Wolkenfelder ergab sich eine charakteristische Längenskala von 7 km. Als Maß für die Wolkenlebenszeit ergab sich eine Lagrange’sche Dekorrelationszeit von 31 min. Unter Berücksichtigung des HRV Kanals verringern sich die Dekorrelationsskalen signifikant, was auf eine Sensitivität gegenüber der räumlichen Auflösung hindeutet. Für eine Quantifizierung dieser Sensitivität wurden Simulationen des ICON-LEM Modells mit einer Auflösung von bis zu 156 m berücksichtigt. Verbunden mit einem zwei- bis vierfach geringeren konvektiven Bedeckungsgrad besitzen die simulierten Wolken bei dieser hohen Auflösung deutlich größere LWP Werte. Diese Unterschiede verschwinden im Wesentlichen, wenn die simulierten Wolkenfelder auf die optische Auflösung von Meteosat gemittelt werden. Die Verteilungen der Wolkengrößen zeigen einen deutlichen Abfall für Größen unterhalb der 8- bis 10-fachen Modellauflösung, was der effektive Auflösung des Modells entspricht. Dies impliziert, dass eine noch höhere Auflösung wünschenswert wäre, damit mit ICON-LEM Wolkenprozesse unterhalb der 1 km-Skala realistisch simuliert werden können. Diese Skala wird zukünftig erfreulicherweise vom Meteosat der dritten Generation abgedeckt. Dies wird ein entscheidender Schritt für ein verbessertes Verständnis von kleinskaligen Wolkeneffekten sowie für die Parametrisierung von Konvektion in NWP und Klimamodellen sein.

In 2018, forest fires occurred in Sweden, which put high pressure on rescue services and society. Several parts of the country were subject to a fire ban. The purpose of the document study is to investigate whether forest fires could become a continuous danger for municipalities and their inhabitants in the future. The study also strives to investigate measures to combat forest fires and whether these measures are adequate. In order to work in the right direction and not lose course, three questions were asked, "What patterns do we see overtime regarding forest fires?", "What measures have been taken to combat forest fires?" and "Are measures against forest fires sufficient?". These issues helped to select research evidence and the right empirical material.With critical realism as a scientific approach, the problems with forest fires were highlighted and research work started. By applying applied geography / forest geography, its causes and risks could be studied. With the mapping / mapping, the potential forest fire risk could be mapped in the future. Following a survey of potential forest fire risk in the future, it turned out that Skåne risks being most affected by forest fires due to changing climate in the region. This made the study limited to Skåne. The County Administrative Board of Skåne's risk and vulnerability analysis for 2014 and the Land use plan for Östra Göinge became the documents that were analyzed in this document study. By analyzing the risk and vulnerability analysis, it explains what risks are considered to be a potential danger, how the danger is mitigated and how resources and measures are prioritized. In the overview plan we can see if the forest fire risk was taken into account and if so how. This study shows that the risk of forest fires will increase in the future due to. changing weather conditions. It also shows that risk and vulnerability analysis do not take into account the change, the increased risk and lack a long-term perspective on risk and vulnerability. The study also shows that information on what are forest fire influencing factors such as weather, vegetation and topography are not taken into account. Land use plans need to pay more attention to forest fire risk and report measures to combat it. Keywords: Forest fire, Risk, Fire risk, Physical planning, Risk analysis / 2018 förekom skogsbränder i Sverige vilket satte hög press på räddningstjänst och samhället. Flera delar av landet rådde eldningsförbud. Syftet med dokumentstudien är att undersöka om skogsbränderna kan komma att bli en kontinuerlig fara för kommuner och dess invånare i framtiden. Studien strävar även efter att undersöka åtgärder för bekämpning av skogsbränder samt om dessa åtgärder är tillräckliga. För att arbeta mot rätt riktning och inte tappa kurs sattes tre frågeställningar, ”Vilka mönster ser vi övertid gällande skogsbränder?”, ”Vilka åtgärder har vidtagits för att bekämpa skogsbränder?” och ”Är åtgärder mot skogsbränder tillräckliga?”. Dessa frågeställningar hjälpte till med att välja forskningsunderlag och rätt empiriskt material. Med kritisk realism som vetenskapligt angreppssätt uppmärksammades problematiken med skogsbränder och forskningsarbetet påbörjades. Genom att tillämpa applied geography/tillämpad geography kunde skogsbränder, dess orsaker och risker studeras. Med mapping/kartläggning kunde den potentiella skogsbrandsrisken i framtiden kartläggas. Efter kartläggning av potentiell skogsbrandsrisk i framtiden visade det sig att Skåne riskerar att drabbas mest av skogsbränder pga. förändrat klimat i regionen. Detta gjorde att studien avgränsades till Skåne. Länsstyrelsen Skånes risk- och sårbarhetsanalys för 2014 och Översiktsplan för Östra Göinge blev dokumenten som analyserades i denna dokumentstudie. Genom att analysera risk- och sårbarhetsanalysen, förklaras vilka risker som bedöms vara en potentiell fara, hur faran motarbetas samt hur resurser och åtgärder prioriteras. I översiktsplanen kan vi se om skogsbrandsrisken beaktats och i så fall hur. Denna studie påvisar att risken för skogsbränder kommer att öka i framtiden pga. förändrade väderförhållanden. Den visar även att risk- och sårbarhetsanalys inte beaktar förändringen, den ökade risken samt saknar ett långsiktigt perspektiv på risk och sårbarhet. Studien visar även att information om vad som är skogsbrandspåverkande faktorer som väder, vegetation och topografi inte beaktas. Översiktsplaner behöver uppmärksamma skogsbrandsrisken mer och redovisa åtgärder för att bekämpa den. Nyckelord: Skogsbrand, Risk, Brandrisk, Fysisk planering, Riskanalys

Almost five million tonnes of household waste was generated in Sweden in 2018, half of which was residual waste sent for incineration with energy recovery. For materials that can not be recycled or biologically treated, incineration with energy recovery is considered a preferred management option. The issue is that the fraction for residual waste contains considerable amounts of wrongly sorted materials, such as food waste and plastic packaging, which can be recycled or biologically treated, thus causing a smaller environmental impact. To quantify the composition and waste quantities of the wrongly sorted materials a waste composition analysis of the residual waste from four community bins in Västmanland county was conducted. The analysis revealed that about two-thirds of the waste was wrongly sorted and only one-third was actual residual waste. Life cycle analysis was subsequently used to calculate the carbon footprint of the wrongly sorted food waste and plastic packaging waste as well as the carbon footprint from optimal sorting and treatment of the materials. The investigation concluded that for food waste, anaerobic digestion caused a smaller climate impact than incineration with energy recovery and for plastic packaging, recycling generated a smaller climate impact than incineration with energy recovery. The size of the carbon footprint for the different management methods was in line with the priority order given in the waste hierarchy, stated in Swedish legislation.  However, the size of the potential climate savings partly depended on the choices made in the life cycle analysis where the most sensitive parameters were related to external production of heat, polymer resin and vehicle fuel. If the potential climate savings is extrapolated for VafabMiljö's entire collecting area, the total climate savings per year would be 8 263 tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalents per year for food waste and 2 070 tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalents per year for plastic packaging waste. This would be equivalent to driving 1 250 laps around the Earth with a car every year or flying 14 900 times Sweden–Thailand back and forth every year. / Nästan fem miljoner ton hushållsavfall genererades i Sverige under 2018, varav ungefär hälften skickades till energiåtervinning. För avfall som inte kan materialåtervinnas eller behandlas biologiskt anses energiåtervinning vara den bästa metoden för avfallshantering. Problemet är att stora mängder återvinningsbart material såsom matavfall och plastförpackningar felaktigt hamnar i restavfallet när det istället hade kunnat återvinnas och på så sätt medfört en mindre miljöpåverkan. För att kvantifiera samansättning och avfallsmängder av det felaktigt sorterade materialet, gjordes en plockanalys på restavfallet från fyra miljöbodar i Västmanland. Analysen visade att ungefär två tredjedelar av materialet var felaktigt sorterat och endast en tredjedel utgjordes av övrigt restavfall. Livscykelanalys användes därefter för att beräkna klimatavtrycket för det felaktigt sorterade matavfallet och för plastförpackningarna som återfanns i restavfallet såväl som klimatavtrycket för optimal sortering och hantering av materialen. Ordningen i avfallshierarkin visade sig stämma väl överens med klimatavtrycket från de olika behandlingsmetoderna i det undersökta området. För matavfall innebar rötning en lägre klimatpåverkan än energiåtervinning och för plastförpackningar medförde materialåtervinning en lägre klimatpåverkan än energiåtervinning. Storleken på besparingarna av växthusgaser berodde dock till viss del på val av inparametrar och de faktorer som främst påverkade var alternativ produktion av värme, plastråvara och drivmedel. Om resultaten extrapoleras över hela VafabMiljös upphämtningsområde så skulle de totala klimatbesparingarna för matavfall vara 8 263 ton koldioxidekvivalenter per år och för plastförpackningar 2 070 ton koldioxidekvivalenter per år. Dessa besparingar är jämförbara med bilkörning motsvarande 1 250 varv runt jorden varje år eller 14 900 tur- och returresor med flyg Sverige–Thailand varje år.

The K-distribution method is a fast approximative method used for calculating thermal infrared radiative transfer in the atmosphere, as opposed to the traditional Line-by-line method, which is precise, but very time-costly. Here we consider the atmosphere to consist of homogeneous and plane-parallel layers in local thermal equilibrium. This lets us use efficient upwards recursion for calculating the thermal infrared radiative transfer and ultimately the outgoing irradiance at the top of the atmosphere. Our specific implementation of the K-distribution method revolves around changing the integration space from the wavenumber domain to the g domain by employing Gauss-Legendre quadrature in two steps. The method is implemented in MATLAB and is shown to be several thousand times faster than the traditional Line-by-line method, with the relative error being only 3 % for the outgoing irradiance at the top of the atmosphere.

Global warming issues are a widespread problem around the world and the emissions of greenhouse gases is one of the main contributors. The transport sector emits a significant amount of greenhouse gas emissions; thus, this contributes to global warming. To tackle this challenge the Swedish state introduced in July 2018 a system called bonus-malus system which aims to increase the proportion of eco-friendly cars and in the long run reducing greenhouse gases emissions from the transport sector. This paper examines the tax system within the Bonus-Malus system. Primarily investigating if Malus, tax system, impacted the demand for electric vehicles since it introduced. The study conducted based on a short panel data from Sweden´s 21 counties for the period 2016-2020 and the analysis method applied is a regression analysis. The results of this thesis confirm a strong positive relationship between the share of newly registered battery electric vehicles (BEV) and the Malus, but much weaker influence of the other studied variables. Suggesting that tax system induce on emission seem to be efficient at boost the demand for BEV