Dagens klimatförändringar påverkar dagens samhälle liksom morgondagens. En av de stora effekterna av dem är de stigande havsnivåerna som på lång sikt kan komma att ha stora konsekvenser för den byggda miljön liksom människorna som vistas där. Den globala forskningen som sammanställs av FN:s klimatpanel IPCC redovisas i klimatrapporter som utkommer med några års mellanrum med den aktuell forskning. I dessa rapporter finns det ett antal scenarier, benämnda RCP, som också visar den troliga medelhavsnivåhöjningen till år 2100. Idag finns det globala liksom nationella åtaganden för att begränsa de utsläpp som sker för att lindra klimatförändringarna. För att kunna hantera de förändringar som oundvikligen kommer och redan sker, finns det ett brett arbete med klimatanpassningsåtgärder.  Denna uppsats syftar därför till att undersöka det arbete med klimatanpassning som görs på kommunal planeringsnivå i Sverige med hänsyn till den stigande medelhavsnivån med en tidshorisont till år 2100. Detta genomfördes genom en fallstudie av Värmdö kommuns planarbete där kommunens strategiska dokument och två detaljplaner studerades ingående. Kommunens arbete följer rekommendationen från Länsstyrelsen som baseras på regionala sammanställningar av den förväntade medelhavsnivåhöjningen utifrån äldre global forskning. Denna rekommendation överensstämmer med dagens aktuella forskning om den troliga medelhavsnivåhöjningen. Rekommendationen finns med i Värmdö kommuns detaljplaneprocesser i strandnära läge i de två fall denna uppsats studerar, liksom den kommande översiktsplanen som är under framtagande. / The current climate change affects today's society as well as tomorrow's. One of the major effects of climate change is the rising sea levels, which in the long run may have major consequences for the built environment as well as the people who live there. The global research compiled by the UNclimate panel, IPCC, is presented in Assessment Reports that are published every few years with the current research. In these reports there are four emission scenarios, called RCP, which also show the probable sea level rise by the year 2100. Today, there are global as well as national commitments to limit emissions to mitigate climate change. In order to be able to handle the changes that inevitably come and are already happening, there is substantial work with climate change adaptation measures.  This thesis therefore aims to investigate the work with climate change adaptation done at municipal planning level in Sweden with regard to the rising sea level with a time horizon to the year 2100. This was carried out through a case study of Värmdö municipality's planning work where the municipality's strategic documents and two detailed plans were studied in detail. The municipality's work follows the recommendation from the regional government branch, Länsstyrelsen, which is based on regional compilations of the expected sea level rise based on older global research. This recommendation works in accordance with current research on the likely rise in sea levels. The recommendation is included in Värmdö municipality's detailed planning processes in coastal locations in the two cases this thesis is studying, as well as the forthcoming master plan that is being prepared

The nexus between migration and climate change is a topic that has received growing attention in both policymaking and mainstream media. While it has long been acknowledged that gender shapes the migratory process and the impacts of climate change are gendered, most discussions concerning migration and climate change have failed to incorporate a gender perspective into their analysis. At the same time, the international community, through the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and other initiatives, has committed itself to eradicating gender inequality. This has resulted in more institutions incorporating gender into their analyses of migration and climate change. While these commitments to developing a more nuanced understanding of migration in the context of climate change have been welcomed, it has been questioned how these institutions incorporate gender in their analyses and how this in turn impacts climate change adaptation efforts and migration policy. The aim of this study is to investigate how the relationship between gender, migration, and climate change is articulated in discourses at the level of international institutions, analyzing these discourses through a decolonial perspective. Using critical discourse analysis, the empirical material analyzed includes reports from international institutions that discuss migration and climate change. The findings suggest that the selected institutions tend to treat gender as a variable and focus on measurable, material impacts. While there is a possible discursive shift towards a more intersectional understanding of gender and social inequality, women are often perceived as an inherently vulnerable group. This feeds into a wider ‘feminization of vulnerability’ discourse that is present in climate change studies. An additional finding is migration is optimistically framed as a means of empowerment for women. This empowering discourse tends to promote individual agency over structural changes when it comes to climate change, aligning itself with neoliberal discourses and potentially obscuring larger questions pertaining to climate and mobility justice.

Klimatförändringar är en komplex risk som innebär nya utmaningar för dagens och framtidens riskhantering. Översvämningsrisken ökar i takt med att skyfall och kraftiga regn blir mer frekventa samtidigt som havsnivåerna stiger. Att samhällen klimatanpassas är av största vikt med tanke på att utsläppsnivåerna fortsätter att öka och en klimatförändring vid det här laget är oundviklig. I städer världen över syns en trend där tidigare industrihamnar omvandlas till områden med vattennära bebyggelse. För att hantera översvämningsrisken är det vanligt att olika typer av översvämningsskydd byggs, till exempel vallar och dammar. Forskning visar att sådana typer av skydd tenderar att leda till minskad riskuppfattning och en slags falsk trygghet som leder till ökad exploatering i översvämningshotade områden. Detta påverkar samhällens resiliens negativt och kan leda till förödande konsekvenser om skydden ger vika. Syftet med studien är att bidra till kunskap om hur klimatanpassningsåtgärder för översvämningar påverkar samhällens resiliens och att undersöka relationen mellan hantering av översvämningsrisk och utveckling av bebyggelse i urban miljö. Avsikten är att detta ska kunna stödja framtida utformande av klimatanpassningsåtgärder för att göra dem så ändamålsenliga som möjligt. Studien genomförs som en kvalitativ fallstudie av Arvika kommuns hantering av översvämningsrisk. Empirin består av utvalda dokument från kommunen samt intervjuer med representanter från räddningstjänst, länsstyrelse och myndigheten för samhällsskydd och beredskap. Materialet bearbetas med hjälp av innehållsanalys och kopplas till teorier kring resiliens och riskhomeostas. I resultatet framgår att kunskapen kring översvämningsrisk innan en stor översvämning i kommunen var bristfällig och att översvämningsrisk dittills prioriterats bort i kommunens riskinventering. Efter händelsen har kunskapen ökat, samverkan mellan aktörer har förbättrats och arbetssätten hos räddningstjänsten har förändrats. Intervjuerna visar att synen på översvämningsskyddets påverkan på resiliensen är övervägande positiv och att skyddet ses möjliggöra för exploatering i stadens hamnområde, men att detta är behäftat med en viss osäkerhet. / Climate change is a complex risk that entails new challenges for risk management. The risk of flooding increases as sea levels rise and rainfall and heavy rain become more frequent. The adaptation of communities to climate change is of the utmost importance, given that emission levels continue to increase and climate change at this stage is inevitable. In cities around the world, there is a trend where former industrial ports are being transformed into areas with waterfront buildings. To manage the risk of flooding different types of flood protection are built, for example levees, dikes and dams. Research shows that such types of protection tend to lead to reduced risk perception and a false sense of security which in turn results in increased exploitation of flood-threatened areas. This has a negative effect on the resilience of societies and can lead to devastating consequences should the protection break. The aim of the study is to contribute to knowledge about how climate adaptation measures for floods affect community resilience and to investigate the relationship between flood risk management and the development of buildings in urban environments. The intention is that the findings of this study can work as support in future design of climate adaptation measures to make them more efficient. The study is carried out as a qualitative case study of Arvika municipality's management of flood risk. Data are collected from key municipal documents and semi-structured interviews with representatives from the communal emergency service, the county administrative board and The Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency. The material is divided into categories with the help of qualitative content analysis and are later discussed using theories about resilience and risk homeostasis. The results show that the knowledge about flood risk before a major event in the municipality was deficient and that the risk of flooding up to that point had been neglected in the municipality's risk inventory. After the incident, the knowledge has increased, collaboration between actors has improved and the working methods of the emergency service have changed. The interviews show that the view of the flood protection's impact on resilience is predominantly positive and that the protection is seen as enabling exploitation in the city's port area, but that this is subject to a certain degree of uncertainty.

The future consequences of climate change are highly uncertain and estimates of economic damages differ widely. Governments try to cope with these risks by investing in mitigation and adaptation measures. In contrast to most of the existing literature, we explicitly model the decision of risk averse governments on mitigation and adaptation policies. We also consider the interaction of the two strategies in presence of uncertainty. Mitigation efforts of a single country trigger crowding out as other countries will reduce their mitigation efforts. This may even lead to lower mitigation on the global scale. In contrast, a unilateral commitment to large adaptation efforts benefits the single country and can reduce the global risk from climate change at the expense of other countries.

No description available.

To strengthen societies and address the increased risks generated by climate change, development projects within disaster risk reduction [DRR] and climate change adaptation [CCA] must ensure the sustainability of capacity development. However, sustainability is currently flawed in such projects, which could relate to the inadequate achievement of empowerment of targeted beneficiaries. Some scholars suggest that vertical collaboration – the collaboration between stakeholders and beneficiaries – is decisive in determining the achievement of community empowerment during implementation. Still, the role of vertical collaboration and the dynamics of this relationship remains unexplored. By comparing a development initiative within climate-smart agriculture [CSA] implemented in two different communities in Eswatini, this thesis aims to evaluate the achievement of vertical collaboration and explore the relationship between vertical collaboration and empowerment. The results show that the achievement of vertical collaboration does covariate with the presence of empowerment and that certain factors are more influential in determining outcomes than others. These factors include the presence of opportunities for all participants to get involved; active, accessible, and participatory communication; bidirectional learning; and providing beneficiaries with voice and decision-making power. The findings support the theoretical argument, demonstrating that vertical collaboration plays a role in determining empowerment, and highlight the importance of considering it as a critical aspect when implementing CSA projects. However, the sustainability of capacity developments could not be identified in either community, suggesting that alternative factors might be essential for long-term outcomes. Further research is required to understand interconnections among identified factors and how they can be leveraged for the success and sustainability of capacity development within this field.

Worsening climate change impacts, particularly in coastal areas, are forcing urban planners and designers to find new approaches to govern cities. Traditional government approaches are failing to equip cities with effective strategies on how to implement sustainable interventions such as green and blue infrastructure. Adaptive governance has emerged as a way of dealing with the inherent uncertainty and unpredictability of complex social-ecological systems. It is neither top-down nor bottom-up but involves innovative ways of solving problems with emphasis on collaborative decision-making. This research focuses specifically on how collaboration is undertaken in adaptive governance processes by examining The Soul of Nørrebro case study—an integrated urban design and climate adaptation project for Hans Tavsens Park and Korsgade in Copenhagen, Denmark. Through desk study and interviews, the study identifies which stakeholders are involved in collaborative decision-making processes and how stakeholders envision, implement, and contest collaborative decision-making in The Soul of Nørrebro green and blue infrastructure project. This research found that participation from a wide range of local stakeholders and citizens is an integral part of redesigning public space, as it helps create cohesive, just, and ecologically productive environments. However, trade-offs that result in political decisions that are desirable to some and not to others cannot be avoided in the end. While certain setbacks were unavoidable, others that were encountered could have perhaps been prevented through increased transdisciplinary and representative collaboration.

Bei den Schätzungen der künftigen Auswirkungen bleiben die globalen Ungleichheiten der sozioökonomischen Bedingungen meist unberücksichtigt, die für die tatsächliche Fähigkeit der Systeme, viele der Anpassungsmaßnahmen umzusetzen, entscheidend sein werden. Um das zu erwartende Ausmaß der Anpassung auf der Grundlage wirtschaftlicher, finanzieller, menschlicher, technologischer und anderer Kapazitäten besser bestimmen zu können, sollten Projektionen der Klimaauswirkungen und der daraus resultierenden Verluste und Schäden die Koevolution zwischen Klimagefahren und sozioökonomischer Entwicklung berücksichtigen. In dieser Arbeit werden verschiedene Bereiche der Klimawissenschaft miteinander verknüpft, um ein Instrumentarium zur besseren Darstellung der Anpassung in quantitativen Modellierungsinstrumenten anzubieten. Der Ansatz bettet die sozioökonomischen Barrieren in den Szenariorahmen der Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs) ein, um quantitative Pfade der Anpassungsfähigkeit zu erstellen. Die Integration der Anpassungsfähigkeit in den Szenarioraum ermöglicht eine differenziertere Operationalisierung der Anpassung in der quantitativen Modellierung. Im ersten Teil der Arbeit werden zwei Erweiterungen des Szenariorahmens vorgestellt, die sich auf Indikatoren für die Regierungsführung und die Gleichstellung der Geschlechter als zwei der wichtigsten Hindernisse für die Anpassung konzentrieren. Im zweiten Teil werden zwei Anwendungen der Anpassungsfähigkeit für die Sektoren Gesundheit und Landwirtschaft vorgestellt, die den Zusammenhang zwischen sozioökonomischen Bedingungen und der unterschiedlichen Anfälligkeit für mögliche Klimastressoren aufzeigen. Das hier vorgestellte Toolkit eignet sich in erster Linie für den Einsatz in quantitativen Bewertungen von Auswirkungen und alternativen politischen Optionen, um anpassungsrelevante Informationen einzubeziehen, damit der Klimawandel unter verschiedenen sozioökonomischen Szenarien robuster dargestellt werden kann. / Adaptation to climate change can substantially reduce the negative impacts of climate change, but quantitative estimates of future impacts tend to disregard global inequalities in socio-economic conditions, which will be decisive for the systems’ actual ability to deploy many of the adaptation measures. To better ascertain the degree of adaptation that can be expected based on economic, financial, human, technological and other capacities, projections of climate impacts and the ensuing loss and damage should account for the co-evolution between climate hazards and socio-economic development. To this end, this thesis connects several areas of climate change science to offer a toolkit for improving the representation of adaptation in quantitative modeling tools. The approach shown here embeds the socio-economic barriers to into the scenario framework of Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs) to establish quantitative pathways of adaptive capacity. Integrating adaptive capacity in the scenario space opens opportunities for a more nuanced operationalization of adaptation in quantitative modeling. In the first half of the thesis, two extensions of the scenario framework are presented, focusing on indicators of governance and gender equality as two of the key barriers to adaptation that have not yet been part of the set of indicators in the SSPs. The second half of the thesis showcases two sectoral applications of adaptive capacity for the health and agriculture sectors, demonstrating the relationship between socioeconomic conditions and differential vulnerability to possible climate stressors. The toolkit presented in this thesis is primarily suited for use in quantitative assessments of impacts and alternative policy options to incorporate adaptation-relevant information, with the ultimate goal of a more robust representation of climate change under different socio-economic development scenarios.

This study aims to investigate the indigenous knowledge (IK) of three ethnic minority groups in the Northern Mountain Region (NMR) of Vietnam. The groups include (1) Tay people who live at lower elevations; (2) a Dao community who tend to live in the middle elevations and (3) Hmong farmers who mainly reside at higher elevations areas of the mountain. This research intends to identify climate change (CC) and its impact on agricultural cultivation and find out how these groups can adapt to CC by applying their IK in agriculture practices. Data was collected through focus group discussions (n=9), in-depth interviews (n=80), and participant observation. From the 80 respondents, 27 live in Bac Kan province, 23 in Yen Bai province and 30 in Son La province; those who had experience in agricultural production, elderly and village heads. The results show that the NMR weather has significant changes that negatively impact agriculture cultivation and local livelihood. Although the respondents are from different ethnic minorities, these farmers are highly aware of the CC risks, leading into adaptation practices. While the Tay people's major adaptation strategies include the use of a variety of native plants and changing planting calendars, the Dao and Hmong people apply intercropping and local techniques methods in terracing fields using local varieties of livestock. Our findings highlight the importance of using the IK of ethnic minorities in adaptation towards CC. A better targeting about the use of local resources in future national policies and projects is encouraged. / Nghiên cứu này nhằm thu thập kiến thức bản địa (IK) của ba nhóm dân tộc thiểu số ở Miền núi phía Bắc (MNPB) của Việt Nam bao gồm (1) dân tộc Tày chủ yếu sống ở vùng thấp; (2) Người Dao có xu hướng sống ở các độ cao trung bình; và (3) người Hmông chủ yếu cư trú ở các khu vực đồi núi cao. Nghiên cứu này nhằm xác định tình hình biến đổi khí hậu (BĐKH) và tác động của nó đối với sản xuất nông nghiệp, đồng thời tìm hiểu cách thức các nhóm dân tộc thiểu số này có thể thích ứng với BĐKH bằng cách áp dụng các kiến thức bản địa của họ vào thực tiễn sản xuất nông nghiệp. Dữ liệu được thu thập thông qua thảo luận nhóm tập trung (n = 9), phỏng vấn sâu (n = 80) và quan sát người tham gia. Trong số 80 người được hỏi, có 27 người sống ở tỉnh Bắc Kạn; 23 người ở tỉnh Yên Bái và 30 người ở tỉnh Sơn La, là những người có kinh nghiệm sản xuất nông nghiệp, người cao tuổi và trưởng thôn. Kết quả cho thấy thời tiết ở khu vực MNPB đã có những thay đổi so với trước gây tác động xấu đến canh tác nông nghiệp và sinh kế của cộng đồng. Mặc dù những người được hỏi từ các dân tộc khác nhau nhưng họ đều nhận thức được sự thay đổi này của thời tiết, do đó họ đã có những thích ứng riêng. Trong khi người Tày sử dụng giống cây trồng địa phương và thay đổi lịch thời vụ thì người Dao và Hmong chọn phương pháp xen canh và áp dụng kỹ thuật bản địa trên đất ruộng bậc thang và sử dụng gióng vật nuôi bản địa. Các phát hiện của chúng tôi giúp hiểu được tầm quan trọng của việc sử dụng IK trong thích ứng với BĐKH của các dân tộc thiểu số, từ đó có thể hướng đến mục tiêu tốt hơn việc sử dụng các nguồn lực địa phương trong các chính sách và dự án quốc gia trong tương lai.

Over the past decades, the fast-changing global climate poses a significant challenge to many cities around the world to embrace resilience concepts, whereby a safe-to-fail planning approach replaces traditional fail-safe practices. The change in perspectives has seen an increase in climate-adapted infrastructural projects being integrated with the new urban planning agendas across the world. The investigation conducted was designed to understand the process of how resilience concepts travel between different cities, by investigating the actors who move policy knowledge, their roles in it, as well as the knowledge transfer process mechanism that is responsible for the movement of such policies. The investigation took advantage of a scoping study technique to answer the research questions, using mostly secondary data and an interview to verify the secondary sources. The findings and the discussion provided insights on who is involved in resilience policies and how these policies are transferred from one place to another. The investigation uncovered the influence policy mobilizers has on the movement of policy knowledge, as well as how the mobilization of policy knowledge can both be beneficial or detrimental, depending on the way it was moved or implemented. / Under de senaste decennierna utgör det snabba föränderliga globala klimatet en betydande utmaning för många städer runt om i världen med att anamma motståndskraftskoncept, där en planeringsstrategi med säkerhet att misslyckas ersätter traditionella felsäkra metoder. Förändringen i perspektiv har ökat klimatanpassade infrastrukturprojekten som integrerats med nya stadsplaneringsagendorna över hela världen. Studien genomfördes för att få en förståelse av hur motståndskraftskonceptet färdas mellan olika städer och detta genomfördes genom att undersöka de aktörer som förflyttar politisk kunskap och deras roller i den samt den kunskapsöverföringsmekanism som är ansvarig för rörelsen av sådan politik. Studien utnyttjade en scoping-studieteknik för att få svar på forskningsfrågorna, med mestadels sekundär data och en intervju för att verifiera sekundärkällorna. Resultaten och diskussionen gav insikter om vem som är inblandad i motståndskraft och hur policy överförs från en plats till en annan. Studien avslöjade även inflytande av politiskt mobilisering och kunskap som både kan vara fördelaktig eller skadlig beroende på hur den flyttades eller genomfördes.