L’adaptation au changement climatique (CC) est une catégorie de pensée et d’action. Elle rassemble toutes les pratiques qui visent à prendre en compte et faire face aux conséquences territoriales du CC. Ce travail de thèse étudie le discours de l’adaptation au CC, et propose l’immunité comme grille de lecture alternative.La première partie de la thèse s’attache à montrer comment se met en ordre le discours de l’adaptation au CC, ici défini comme l’ensemble fini des énoncés qui en font leur enjeu central. Si ce discours paraît a priori opaque parce que très diversifié, nous montrons, en étudiant son évolution au sein de la revue Global Environmental Change, une mise en paradigme à la fin des années 2000. Le paradigme de la résilience reconfigure et met en ordre d’une façon spécifique le discours de l’adaptation au CC. L’adaptation ne se pense désormais plus comme un ajustement à des stimuli climatiques externes, mais à partir de son adaptativité interne, c’est-à-dire sa capacité à se laisser recomposer par les changements externes et internes.La seconde partie de la thèse amène des arguments en faveur de l’immunité comme notion structurante, mais non dite, du discours de l’adaptation au CC et plus largement de la géographie et de l’aménagement. Pour cela, l’immunité est d’abord travaillée dans ses dimensions théoriques. L’anthropologie philosophique de P. Sloterdijk, qu’il appelle parfois une immunologie générale, en est le point de départ. Afin de rendre compatible l’immunité avec les enjeux essentiels de la géographie que sont l’écologie et le politique, les apports de Sloterdijk sont complétés et amendés par d’autres approches, notamment celles de R. Esposito et F. Neyrat. Dès lors, le cas d’étude des Pays-Bas nous permet d’observer en quoi l’immunité est au fondement de l’ordre de ce milieu. Ce pays est à la fois exemplaire d’une planification qui immunise les sociétés de leur milieu, ici un delta, et de la mise en politique contemporaine de l’adaptation au CC. Cette thèse permet alors de mettre en regard deux grands principes, l’immunité absolue et l’adaptativité, qui structurent en des termes contradictoires la mise en ordre contemporaine des milieux et que l’adaptation au CC résout d’une façon spécifique. / Climate Change Adaptation (CCA) is a category of thought and action. It clusters every practice that seeks to deal and cope with the territorial consequences of climate change. It is proposed in this work to study the discourse of adaptation to CC and to provide immunity as an alternative approach.The first part of this study investigates how this discourse -here defined as the whole set of statements concerning CCA- is set into a specific order. Because of its heterogeneity, this discourse may initially be characterised as opaque. Yet, the study of its evolution along the one of the scientific journal Global Environmental Change, highlights the emergence, over the 2000’s, of the resilience paradigm. This very paradigm reconfigures and sets the CCA discourse into a specific order. From then on, adaptation is no longer understood as the meer adjustment to external climatic stimuli, but as the social group own adaptativity, defined as the capacity to let itself be restructured by any internal or external change.The second part of this study argues in favour of considering immunity as a tacit but nevertheless highly structuring notion within the CCA discourse and within geography and planning theory. Immunity is first approached theoretically by exploring the philosophical anthropology of P. Sloterdijk, that he happened to name general immunology. In order to transfer immunity into geography and planning theory, the sloterdijkian theoretical tools are then discussed and built on with other approaches, including F. Neyrat’s and R. Esposito’s work. Eventually, studying the case of the Netherlands reveals how immunity is at the heart of the order of some specific milieu. Indeed, this country is a paradigmatic case of a planning tradition that immunises society from its geographical milieu and an example of the implementation of CCA public policy.This thesis puts into perspective two contradictory main principles of the contemporary ordering of the milieus: absolute immunity and adaptativity. It shows how CCA resolves this contradiction in a very specific way.

abstract: City governments are increasingly incorporating urban and peri-urban agriculture into their policies and programs, a trend seen as advancing sustainability, development, and food security. Urban governance can provide new opportunities for farmers, but it also creates structures to control their activities, lands, and purposes. This study focused on Mexico City, which is celebrated for its agricultural traditions and policies. The study examined: 1) the functions of urban and peri-urban agriculture that the Government of Mexico City (GMC) manages and prioritizes; 2) how the GMC’s policies have framed farmers, and how that framing affects farmers’ identity and purpose; and 3) how the inclusion of agrarian activities and lands in the city’s climate-change adaptation plan has created opportunities and obstacles for farmers. Data was collected through participant observation of agricultural and conservation events, informal and semi-structured interviews with government and agrarian actors, and analysis of government documents and budgets. Analysis of policy documents revealed that the GMC manages agriculture as an instrument for achieving urban objectives largely unrelated to food: to conserve the city’s watershed and provide environmental services. Current policies negatively frame peri-urban agriculture as unproductive and a source of environmental contamination, but associate urban agriculture with positive outcomes for development and sustainability. Peri-urban farmers have resisted this framing, asserting that the GMC inadequately supports farmers’ watershed conservation efforts, and lacks understanding of and concern for farmers’ needs and interests. The city’s climate plan implicitly considers farmers to be private providers of public adaptation benefits, but the plan’s programs do not sufficiently address the socioeconomic changes responsible for agriculture’s decline, and therefore may undermine the government’s climate adaptation objectives. The findings illuminate the challenges for urban governance of agriculture. Farms do not become instruments for urban sustainability, development, and food security simply because the government creates policies for them. Urban governments will be more likely to achieve their goals for agriculture by being transparent about their objectives, honestly evaluating how well those objectives fit with farmers’ needs and interests, cultivating genuine partnerships with farmers, and appropriately compensating farmers for the public benefits they provide. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Sustainability 2017

Recent prolonged droughts make the urgent need to revise the criteria for water use permits in Brazil, especially in basins under conflicts for water use. Mechanisms for water risks transfer are an important adaptation tool. However, in Brazil, there is no established methodology that adapts this technique to assist the water use permit instrument. Moreover, there is no water risk insurance methodology with uncertainty analysis that complements its effectiveness in reducing losses from extreme events. Hydrologic modelling is the basis for development of these tools, which carries uncertainties that must be considered in decision-making. The objectives of this project were: i) coupling climatic, hydrologic and water insurance models to evaluate the use permit decision-making; ii) analyse sensitivity of performance indicators of a water risk insurance model through the application of different hydrologic models driven by climate change projections. The methodology was applied in donor basins of the Cantareira Water Supply System, which supplies water to an important metropolitan region that showed itself vulnerable to hydrologic extremes in the last years. The MHD-INPE and SWAT hydrologic models were applied, driven by the Eta- HadGEM2-ES climate model projections to characterize the future hydrologic regime in the region and also to compare the structure, performances and gaps of the models. Structural differences are most likely the greater responsible for the results differences, though no result could be identified as \"more certain\". With the hydrologic models outputs fitted the the Gumbel extreme values distribution, a proposed insurance fund simulator, MTRH-SHS, was run with 100 equiprobable scenarios of 50-year annual low-flow events to calculated an optimized premium capable of paying all indeminities of hydrologic drought. Besides the future hydrologic regimes, water demand scenarios were also tested. The optimized premiums were compared to the local GDP to assess the apparent affordability of the insurance, with some premium representing up to 0.54% of local GDP, but in the water resources management framework, the decision should be made collectively by several actors within the basin's committee. / Recentes estiagens fazem reconsiderar a necessidade de aperfeiçoar critérios de outorga de água no Brasil, especialmente em bacias com conflitos pelo uso da água. Seguros (transferência de risco) são importante ferramenta de adaptação. Contudo, no Brasil ainda não há metodologia consolidada que adapte esta técnica para auxiliar o instrumento de outorga de recursos hídricos. Ainda, não há metodologia de seguros hídricos com análise de incertezas, complementando sua efetividade ao reduzir os prejuízos advindos de eventos extremos. Modelos hidrológicos são a base de desenvolvimento destas ferramentas e carregam incertezas que devem ser integralizadas nos processos de decisão. Os objetivos deste projeto foram: i) acoplar modelos: climático, hidrológico e de seguros hídricos para a avaliação do processo de decisão de outorga; ii) realizar análise de sensibilidade dos indicadores de desempenho de modelo de seguros hídricos com diferentes modelos hidrológicos sob cenários de mudanças do clima. A metodologia foi aplicada nas bacias doadoras do Sistema Cantareira, que abastece importante região metropolitana e mostrou-se vulnerável a extremos hidrológicos nos últimos anos. Os modelos hidrológicos MHD-INPE e SWAT foram aplicados, forçados pelas projeções climáticas do modelo Eta-HadGEM2-ES a fim de caracterizar o regime hidrológico future na região, assim como comparar a estrutura, diferenças e performances dos modelos hidrológicos. As diferenças estruturais são provavelmente as maiores responsáveis pela diferença nos resultados, embora não seja possível apontar um modelo "melhor" que o outro. As saídas dos modelos foram ajustadas na distribuição de Gumbel e utilizada no modelo proposto de simulação de fundo de seguros, MTRH-SHS, rodado com 100 séries equiprováveis de 50 anos de eventos mínimos anuais. A cada série um prêmio otimizado é calculado para cobrir todas as indenizações de seca hidrológica. Além das projeções hidrológicas, cenários de demanda foram testados. Os prêmios otimizados foram comparados com o PIB local para demonstrar a viabilidade em implementar o seguro. Os valores representam até 0.54% do PIB local em um dos casos, mas na gestão de recursos hídricos, a decisão final pela implementação deve ser feita no âmbito do comitê de bacias por múltiplos atores.

Recent prolonged droughts make the urgent need to revise the criteria for water use permits in Brazil, especially in basins under conflicts for water use. Mechanisms for water risks transfer are an important adaptation tool. However, in Brazil, there is no established methodology that adapts this technique to assist the water use permit instrument. Moreover, there is no water risk insurance methodology with uncertainty analysis that complements its effectiveness in reducing losses from extreme events. Hydrologic modelling is the basis for development of these tools, which carries uncertainties that must be considered in decision-making. The objectives of this project were: i) coupling climatic, hydrologic and water insurance models to evaluate the use permit decision-making; ii) analyse sensitivity of performance indicators of a water risk insurance model through the application of different hydrologic models driven by climate change projections. The methodology was applied in donor basins of the Cantareira Water Supply System, which supplies water to an important metropolitan region that showed itself vulnerable to hydrologic extremes in the last years. The MHD-INPE and SWAT hydrologic models were applied, driven by the Eta- HadGEM2-ES climate model projections to characterize the future hydrologic regime in the region and also to compare the structure, performances and gaps of the models. Structural differences are most likely the greater responsible for the results differences, though no result could be identified as \"more certain\". With the hydrologic models outputs fitted the the Gumbel extreme values distribution, a proposed insurance fund simulator, MTRH-SHS, was run with 100 equiprobable scenarios of 50-year annual low-flow events to calculated an optimized premium capable of paying all indeminities of hydrologic drought. Besides the future hydrologic regimes, water demand scenarios were also tested. The optimized premiums were compared to the local GDP to assess the apparent affordability of the insurance, with some premium representing up to 0.54% of local GDP, but in the water resources management framework, the decision should be made collectively by several actors within the basin's committee. / Recentes estiagens fazem reconsiderar a necessidade de aperfeiçoar critérios de outorga de água no Brasil, especialmente em bacias com conflitos pelo uso da água. Seguros (transferência de risco) são importante ferramenta de adaptação. Contudo, no Brasil ainda não há metodologia consolidada que adapte esta técnica para auxiliar o instrumento de outorga de recursos hídricos. Ainda, não há metodologia de seguros hídricos com análise de incertezas, complementando sua efetividade ao reduzir os prejuízos advindos de eventos extremos. Modelos hidrológicos são a base de desenvolvimento destas ferramentas e carregam incertezas que devem ser integralizadas nos processos de decisão. Os objetivos deste projeto foram: i) acoplar modelos: climático, hidrológico e de seguros hídricos para a avaliação do processo de decisão de outorga; ii) realizar análise de sensibilidade dos indicadores de desempenho de modelo de seguros hídricos com diferentes modelos hidrológicos sob cenários de mudanças do clima. A metodologia foi aplicada nas bacias doadoras do Sistema Cantareira, que abastece importante região metropolitana e mostrou-se vulnerável a extremos hidrológicos nos últimos anos. Os modelos hidrológicos MHD-INPE e SWAT foram aplicados, forçados pelas projeções climáticas do modelo Eta-HadGEM2-ES a fim de caracterizar o regime hidrológico future na região, assim como comparar a estrutura, diferenças e performances dos modelos hidrológicos. As diferenças estruturais são provavelmente as maiores responsáveis pela diferença nos resultados, embora não seja possível apontar um modelo "melhor" que o outro. As saídas dos modelos foram ajustadas na distribuição de Gumbel e utilizada no modelo proposto de simulação de fundo de seguros, MTRH-SHS, rodado com 100 séries equiprováveis de 50 anos de eventos mínimos anuais. A cada série um prêmio otimizado é calculado para cobrir todas as indenizações de seca hidrológica. Além das projeções hidrológicas, cenários de demanda foram testados. Os prêmios otimizados foram comparados com o PIB local para demonstrar a viabilidade em implementar o seguro. Os valores representam até 0.54% do PIB local em um dos casos, mas na gestão de recursos hídricos, a decisão final pela implementação deve ser feita no âmbito do comitê de bacias por múltiplos atores.

Técnicas de cultivo para adaptar la viticultura mediterránea al cambio climático La viticultura mediterránea se está viendo afectada por el cambio climático, lo que amenaza la tipicidad del vino y, por tanto, la sostenibilidad de la vitivinicultura. Los principales factores que se prevé que afecten al cultivo de la vid son la escasez de agua, los incrementos térmicos y el aumento de la concentración de dióxido de carbono en el aire, lo que influirá en la vid: i) adelantando su fenología, disociando así la maduración tecnológica y fenólica de la uva y ii) incrementando las necesidades hídricas del viñedo. Éste trabajo pretende evaluar los efectos de diferentes técnicas de cultivo para la adaptación de la viticultura mediterránea al cambio climático. Se realizaron tres experimentos en Valencia (España) estudiando los efectos de: 1) el riego deficitario controlado; 2) la arquitectura de los sistemas de conducción y 3) el manejo del dosel vegetal. Las principales respuestas evaluadas fueron la eficiencia en el uso del agua de los viñedos (EUA) y la composición de la uva. El experimento 1 se llevó a cabo durante tres campañas en un viñedo de Moscatel de Alejandría/161-49C regado por goteo con el objetivo de definir la estrategia de riego más sostenible para uva blanca en el levante español. Para ello, se ensayaron cuatro tratamientos: (i) Testigo, regado al 100% de la evapotranspiración del cultivo (ETc) durante toda la campaña; (ii) riego deficitario sostenido (SDI), regado al 50% del Testigo; (iii) déficit temprano (ED), donde se restringió el riego antes del envero, seguido de un 100% de ETc; y (iv) déficit tardío (LD), regado como el Testigo hasta el envero y posteriormente al 25% de la ETc hasta la vendimia. La producción en el ED y el LD se redujo en un 25 y 15% respectivamente en comparación a la del Testigo, mientras que la producción del SDI no difirió significativamente del Testigo ni de los tratamientos de ED y LD. Todos los tratamientos con riego deficitario mostraron efectos acumulativos en la productividad de las cepas como consecuencia de la reducción del número de racimos por sarmiento y del tamaño del racimo debido al menor tamaño de la baya. El experimento 2 pone de manifiesto que la respuesta a la minimización de la radiación interceptada por el dosel vegetal es dependiente de la variedad y que reducir la carga de radiación en viñedos de clima mediterráneo podría tener efectos positivos en la EUA de la vid. La efectividad de la técnica de LLR parece depender de sus efectos sobre la relación área foliar/producción y el estado hídrico de la vid, la capacidad fotosintética compensatoria de la variedad y de las condiciones ambientales. Por consiguiente, en viñedos de baja vigorosidad, una defoliación severa puede no ser aconsejable para adaptar las variedades Bobal y Tempranillo al calentamiento global debido a los efectos perjudiciales sobre la calidad del vino tinto. Por el contrario, los resultados de los experimentos de riego deficitario y de orientación de las filas de espaldera proporcionan nuevos hallazgos en la EUA como posibles técnicas para paliar la escasez de agua en el viñedo. Por lo tanto, las técnicas de campo estudiadas resultan eficaces en adaptar la viticultura mediterránea al cambio climático en cuanto al estrés hídrico. Sin embargo, sus efectos en términos de mitigación del estrés térmico no fueron del todo positivos. Por tanto, es necesario realizar más investigaciones para determinar la viabilidad de emplear otras prácticas de campo, distintas al LLR, para equilibrar la madurez glúcida y fenólica de la uva. / Field practices for adapting Mediterranean viticulture to climate change Mediterranean viticulture is being affected by climate change, which threatens wine typicity and, therefore, the whole viticulture sustainability. The main factors expected to affect grapevine cultivation are water scarcity, warm air temperature and the increase in the air carbon dioxide concentration, and impact of these factors will be mainly the: i) advancing of grapevine phenology, thereby decoupling berry technological and phenolic composition and ii) increasing vine water requirements. This PhD Thesis aimed at evaluating the effects of different field practices to adapt Mediterranean grapevine cultivation to climate change. Three experiments were performed in Valencia (Spain) to assess the effects of 1) regulated deficit irrigation; 2) training systems architecture and; 3) canopy management. The main responses evaluated were vineyard water-use efficiency (WUE) and grape composition. Experiment 1 was undertaken for three seasons in a drip-irrigated, cv. Muscat of Alexandria/161-49C vineyard to define the most sustainable irrigation strategy for white winegrapes in eastern Spain. For this, four treatments were tested: (i) Control, irrigated at 100% of estimated crop evapotranspiration (ETc) for the entire season; (ii) sustained deficit irrigation (SDI), irrigated at 50% of Control; (iii) early deficit (ED), where pre-veraison irrigation was withheld, followed by 100% ETc; and (iv) late deficit (LD), irrigated as in the Control until veraison and thereafter at 25% ETc until harvest. Results showed that yield in ED and LD was reduced 25 and 15%, respectively, compared to that of the Control, while yield under SDI did not differ significantly from that of the Control and was similar to that of the ED and LD treatments. All the deficit irrigation treatments had some carry-over effects on vine performance due to a significant decrease in shoot fruitfulness and in cluster mass due to smaller berries. Experiment 2 highlights that the response to the minimizing of the radiation load intercepted by the canopy is cultivar-dependent and that decreasing the radiation load in the Mediterranean vineyards could have positive effects on the whole vine's WUE. The effectiveness of the LLR technique seemed to depend on its final impacts on leaf area-to-fruit ratio and vine water status, the cultivar's photosynthetic compensation capacity and the environmental conditions. Therefore, under low vigour vine conditions, severe defoliation might not be advisable for adapting Bobal and Tempranillo to global warming due to the detrimental effects on red wine quality. On the contrary, the results of deficit irrigation and row orientation experiments provided novel insights on WUE as possible techniques to alleviate vineyard water scarcity. Therefore, the field practices studied are effective in adapting Mediterranean viticulture to climate change in terms of water stress. On the other hand, the impacts of the studied techniques in terms of thermal stress alleviation were not fully positive. Hence, further research is needed to determine the possibility of using other field practices, besides LLR, to couple berry sugars and phenolic maturity. / Tècniques de cultiu per adaptar la viticultura mediterrània al canvi climàtic La viticultura mediterrània s'està veient afectada pel canvi climàtic, el que amenaça la tipicitat del vi i, per tant, la sostenibilitat de la vitivinicultura. Els principals factors que es preveu que afecten el cultiu de la vinya són l'escassetat d'aigua, els increments tèrmics i l'augment de la concentració de diòxid de carboni en l'aire, el que influirà en la vinya: i) avançant la seva fenologia, dissociant així la maduració tecnològica i fenòlica del raïm i ii) incrementant les necessitats hídriques de la vinya. Aquest treball pretén avaluar els efectes de diferents tècniques de cultiu per a l'adaptació de la viticultura mediterrània al canvi climàtic. Es van realitzar tres experiments a València (Espanya) estudiant els efectes de: 1) el reg deficitari controlat; 2) l'arquitectura dels sistemes de conducció i 3) el maneig del dosser vegetal. Les principals respostes avaluades van ser l'eficiència en l'ús de l'aigua de la vinya (EUA) i la composició del raïm. L'experiment 1 es va dur a terme durant tres campanyes en una vinya de Moscatell d'Alexandria/161-49C regat per goteig amb l'objectiu de definir l'estratègia de reg més sostenible per al raïm blanc en el llevant espanyol. A tal efecte, es van assajar quatre tractaments: (i) Control, regat al 100% de l'evapotranspiració del cultiu (ETc) durant tota la campanya; (ii) reg deficitari sostingut (SDI), regat al 50% del Contol; (iii) dèficit primerenc (ED), on es va restringir el reg abans del verol, seguit d'un 100% d'ETc; i (iv) dèficit tardà (LD), regat com el Control fins al verol i posteriorment al 25% de l'ETc fins a la verema. La producció en l'ED i el LD es va reduir en un 25 i 15% respectivament en comparació a la del Control, mentre que la producció del SDI no va diferir significativament del Control ni dels tractaments d'ED i LD. Tots els tractaments amb reg deficitari mostraren efectes acumulatius en la productivitat dels ceps, com a conseqüència de la reducció del nombre de raïms per sarment i del tamany del pomell a causa de la menor grandària de la baia. L'experiment 2 posa de manifest que la resposta a la minimització de la radiació interceptada pel dosser vegetal és dependent de la varietat i que reduir la càrrega de radiació en ceps de clima mediterrani podria tindre efectes positius en l'EUA de la vinya. L'efectivitat de la tècnica de LLR pareix dependre dels seus efectes sobre la relació àrea foliar/producció i l'estat hídric de la vinya, de la capacitat fotosintètica compensatòria de la varietat i de les condicions ambientals. Per consegüent, en vinyes de baixa vigorositat, una defoliació severa pot no ser recomanable per a adaptar les varietats Boval i Ull de llebre al calfament global, tenint en compte els efectes perjudicials sobre la qualitat del vi negre. Per contra, els resultats dels experiments de reg deficitari i d'orientació de les files d'espatlera proporcionen noves troballes en l'EUA com a possibles tècniques per pal·liar l'escassetat d'aigua a la vinya. Per tant, les tècniques de camp estudiades resulten eficaces a adaptar la viticultura mediterrània al canvi climàtic pel que fa a l'estrés hídric. No obstant, els seus efectes en termes de mitigació de l'estrés tèrmic no van ser del tot positius. Per tant, cal realitzar més investigacions per a determinar la viabilitat d'emprar altres pràctiques de camp, distintes al LLR, per a equilibrar la maduresa glúcida i fenòlica del raïm. / Buesa Pueyo, I. (2018). Field practices for adapting Mediterranean viticulture to climate change [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/107365 / TESIS

The primary objective of this work was to analyse how water companies are affected by climate change and how they try to adapt to it. Therefore, a systematic literature review was being accomplished. The work is being divided into a theoretical and a methodological part. First of all an overview of the climatic changes that are projected to occur during the next years is being given. Then, resulting impacts on the water cycle are being pointed out. Furthermore, raw water sources, water companies obtain water from are being defined as well as the treatment process. Within the methodological part the approach of a systematic literature review is being applied, which includes the selection of references as well as their evaluation. The results of the literature review are that concerning the effects of climate change on water companies, the risks water providers might face, clearly predominate possible opportunities. Especially the deterioration of the raw water quality caused by increasing temperatures, floods as well as heavy rainfalls can be seen as a serious problem. Moreover, the most often mentioned adaptation strategies are dealing with quantitative water problems such as measures to increase storage as well as treatment capacity or leakage reductions. All in all it can be stated that there is still uncertainty about how climate change is going to effect water companies, especially concerning water quality changes and the treatment process.

The thesis aims at corporate adaptation to climate change impacts in the logistics and transportation industry, especially for the model region Dresden. The paper employs two analyses. The first part deals with a review of the current literature within the topic. 20 references are identified and analysed with a data extraction form. More general adaptation measures are identified in the current literature which can be implemented in the corporate strategy. Crucial effects on company’s operation and its profit have flooding and sea level rise. In comparison adaptation measures, which are identified within five interviews of transportation providers in the model region Dresden, are of technological nature. The interviewed companies adapted significantly to weather extremes in the past. It is identified that heavy precipitation like rain and snow lead to crucial negative impacts to their operations which cause lost profit and customer dissatisfaction in long periods of time. On the other hand these weather conditions may have positive effects in short periods of time. Region-specific analyses in climate change impacts and the implementation of potential adaptation measures for logistics and transportation companies is still in a stage of infancy. Further research is needed on more region-specific analyses and on logistics companies in the model region Dresden as only five of them analysed in this thesis.

Laut dem Weltklimarat ist es zweifelsfrei, dass sich das Klima global ändert. Ein sich veränderndes Klima wirkt sich jedoch nicht nur auf die Umwelt, sondern auch auf Unternehmen aus. Diese Auswirkungen können sowohl positiver als auch negativer Art sein. Um auf diese Auswirkungen adäquat zu reagieren, ist es zunächst von Bedeutung, die positiven als auch negativen Effekte zu identifizieren und diese entsprechend zu interpretieren. Ziel der Befragung ist es daher, zu erfassen, wie sich Unternehmen vom Klimawandel betroffen fühlen und wie diese darauf reagieren. Des Weiteren wird untersucht, welche Faktoren einen Einfluss auf den Anpassungsprozess haben. Für die Befragung wurden im Juni 2012 über 2.000 Handwerksbetriebe angeschrieben, wovon insgesamt 207 Unternehmen antworteten. Zwei Drittel dieser Unternehmen nimmt den Klimawandel wahr. Allerdings fühlte sich in der Vergangenheit die Mehrheit der Unternehmen von Extremwetterereignissen nicht betroffen. Die größten negativen Einflüsse werden gegenwärtig als auch in der Zukunft bei den Kältewellen gesehen. Innerhalb des Unternehmens sind insbesondere die Logistik und der Einkauf in Zukunft negativ betroffen; positive Wirkungen werden sich hingegen beim Absatz erhofft. Insgesamt erwarten die Unternehmen eher negative als positive Effekte aus dem Klimawandel, wobei insbesondere das Nahrungsmittelgewerbe und das KFZ-Gewerbe mit negativen Auswirkungen auf ihren Betrieb rechnen. Da sich nur wenige Unternehmen von Extremwetterereignissen bzw. dem Klimawandel betroffen fühlen, verwundert es nicht, dass fast drei Viertel der Unternehmen keine Anpassungsmaßnahmen planen und der Teil, der Anpassungsmaßnahmen umsetzt(e) bzw. beabsichtigt umzusetzen, eher einen geringen Anteil ausmacht. Dies könnte darauf zurückgeführt werden, dass in etwa jedes zweite Unternehmen die Auswirkungen des Klimawandels gegenwärtig nicht finanziell spürt. Darüber hinaus fehlen finanzielle Eigenmittel, private Finanzierungsmöglichkeiten und öffentliche Fördermöglichkeiten. Des Weiteren besteht eine hohe Unsicherheit, ob Extremwettereignisse überhaupt auftreten, und welche Anpassungsmaßnahmen möglich wären. Basierend auf den Befragungsergebnissen ist zu empfehlen, Unternehmen mit Informationen zur Thematik Klimawandelfolgen und Anpassungsoptionen zu versorgen, Unternehmen zu Risikoanalysen zu motivieren und mögliche finanzielle Unterstützung im Rahmen der Anpassung an die Auswirkungen des Klimawandels anzubieten.

Stadsplanerare står inför framtida utmaningar med fortsätt förtätning av städer och ökade risker i och med klimatförändringarna. För att få plats för alla samhällsfunktioner som behövs i de kompakta städerna, däribland klimatanpassningsåtgärder, finns det ett behov av mångfunktionella lösningar. Grönblå infrastruktur har en mångfunktionell karaktär och kan användas för att kombinera hantering av översvämningar, värmeböljor och andra samhällsfunktioner i samma lösningar. Trots att dessa fördelar är tydliga i forskningen kvarstår det svårigheter i att implementera lösningarna i praktiken. Syftet med denna uppsats är att studera förutsättningar för implementering av mångfunktionella grönblå lösningar. Detta har gjorts i tidigare studier, men inte med fokus på planering av nya stadsdelar, vilket kommer vara fokus i denna studie där stadsdelen Hyllie i Malmö används som studieobjekt. Analysen grundas på kvalitativa semistrukturerade intervjuer med tjänstemän från olika avdelningar på kommunen som är involverade i stadsplaneringen. Resultatet visar att de främsta förutsättningarna för implementering är väl fungerande samverkan, kunskap, regleringsmöjligheter, finansiella resurser och politiskt stöd för prioritering av grönblå strukturer. För att förbättra dessa förutsättningar finns det möjligheter för kommunen att utveckla samverkan inom organisationen och med utomstående aktörer och gå mot mer förenade mål och gemensamt ansvar. En annan möjlighet är att genom arbetet i pilotprojekt utveckla nya lösningar för reglering samt öka kunskapen om grönblå strukturer. Här är utmaningen att integrera erfarenheterna i projekten i kommunens kärnarbete. / Urban planners will have to handle future challenges due to the densification of cities and the increased risks resulting from climate change. In order to accommodate all the community functions needed in the compact cities, including climate adaptation measures, there is a need for multifunctional solutions. Green-blue infrastructure is multifunctional in its nature and can be used to combine management of floods, heat waves and other community functions in the same solutions. Although these benefits are clear in research, difficulties remain in implementing the solutions in practice. The aim of this paper is to study the prerequisites for implementing multifunctional green-blue solutions. This has been done in previous studies, but not with a focus on planning new neighbourhoods, which will be the focus of this study where the Hyllie district in Malmö is used as a study object. The analysis is based on qualitative semi-structured interviews with officials from various departments of the municipality who are involved in urban planning. The results show that the main prerequisites for implementation are well-functioning collaboration, knowledge, regulatory opportunities, financial resources and political support for prioritizing green-blue structures. To improve these conditions, there are opportunities for the municipality to develop collaboration within the organization and with external actors and move towards more unified goals and shared responsibility. Another possibility is to work with pilot projects to develop new solutions for regulation and to increase the knowledge of green-blue structures. Here, the challenge is to integrate the experience of the projects into the municipality's core work.

Il cambiamento climatico è una sfida chiave dei nostri tempi, soprattutto per i paesi in via di sviluppo, che basano i loro processi di crescita sull'utilizzo delle risorse naturali e sul settore agricolo. Sebbene esistano varie strategie e piani, sia a livello pubblico che privato, per far fronte agli impatti dei cambiamenti climatici, l'implementazione delle misure di adattamento è ancora limitata. Questo è collegato alla presenza d'incertezza riguardo agli impatti dei cambiamenti climatici in futuro. Pertanto, nuovi strumenti e processi decisionali dovrebbero essere valutati e diffusi nel tentativo di aiutare i decisori pubblici e privati nella definizione e attuazione di misure concrete di adattamento. In questa tesi, la Portfolio Analysis viene applicata alla valutazione di investimenti agricoli in Ruanda / Climate change is a key challenge of our times, especially for developing countries, which significantly rely on natural resources and on the agriculture sector. Even though there are various strategies and plans to face climate change impacts, the implementation of adaptation measures is still uneven. This is connected to the presence of uncertainty about the impacts of climate change in the future. Therefore, new decision-making tools and decision processes should be assessed and disseminated in the attempt to help the decision makers in the definition and implementation of concrete adaptation measures. In this dissertation, the Portfolio Analysis methodology is applied in the evaluation of agricultural investments in Rwanda