This dissertation examines some of the strengths and weaknesses in basin level governance particularly as it relates to three current policy priorities: adaptive governance, international frameworks for response to natural and man-made disasters, and resilience in integrated water resources management. While these priorities are well-established in the academic and policy literature, in practice the ability to implement them at multiple levels has proven challenging. Though my dissertation highlights these challenges using case studies of European river basins, the observations and lessons for improving integrated management at multiple levels of governance, in multiple sectors, and among various actors are more broadly relevant to other natural resource governance settings. The first paper of this dissertation explores adaptive governance in the Tisza sub-basin, considering both constraints and policy options for strengthening adaptive governance at the sub-basin level. The Tisza is the largest sub-basin to the Danube River basin, and faces increasing pressures exacerbated by climate change. The Tisza countries have experienced challenges with managing climate change adaptation in a nested, consistent, and effective manner pursuant to the European Union Water Framework Directive. This is due, in part, to inefficiencies in climate change adaptation, such as weakened vertical coordination. This paper examines the conceptual domains relating to adaptation in international governance, and adaptation in transboundary water management in particular, with a focus on multilevel governance. International laws and policies governing transboundary waters in the Danube basin and Tisza sub-basin are reviewed. Using interviews and document analysis, the paper highlights challenges to adaptation in the Tisza sub-basin, including policy, fiscal, institutional, and capacity. The paper concludes with an exploration of possible policy options for sub-basin management, such as the development of a sub-basin commission, the establishment of a permanent Tisza expert group to be housed at and coordinated by the ICPDR, the use of new or existing bilateral treaties, and designing a framework for managing the Tisza. The second paper analyzes the transition in international frameworks of response to natural and man-made disasters as incorporated and integrated at multiple levels of governance. It begins with a discussion of the distinctions between so-called “natural” disasters and “man-made” accidents, how and why they are treated differently, and how recent developments in international law and practice are raising questions about the merits of these historic distinctions. Anthropogenic climate change drives more extreme and sometimes cascading disasters that require complex and overlapping types of response; it is argued that the distinctions in response to natural and man-made disasters are counterproductive, outdated, and ultimately flawed. The paper examines the policy and institutional frameworks governing response to natural disasters and man-made accidents in the Danube River basin and Tisza River sub-basin. Using expert interviews and legal and policy analysis, it then explores the differences in how natural disasters and man-made accidents are monitored and how they are responded to. The paper concludes with an analysis of the implications of transitioning policies toward a more holistic framework for response, regardless of whether the cause is natural, man-made, or (as is increasingly the case) some combination. The third paper advances the concept of a new approach – resilient IWRM – and how this approach can be applied to the management practices of the Danube and Rhine River basins and other river basins around the world. Using the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction, the leading framework for resilience, and supported by expert interviews, the paper analyzes what resilience measures have been addressed, and what gaps remain in the basin management frameworks of the Danube and Rhine River basins. The paper concludes with a discussion of the current constraints in the resilient IWRM framework of the Danube and Rhine River basins, in addition to options for overcoming these challenges. This dissertation concludes with a discussion of crosscutting dimensions of analysis, specifically the challenges faced in integrating climate change adaptation, response to natural and man-made disasters, and resilience into multiple levels of water governance. While these conceptual elements are well-established, the ability to operationalize these elements has proven difficult from multiple perspectives highlighted in this dissertation. The difficulties suggest a more nuanced and pragmatic approach to both their framing and their operationalization.

Denna studie fokuserar på möjligheter och svårigheter vid implementering av klimatanpassning. Studien är inriktad på Karlstad kommun som under en längre period arbetat med klimatfrågor, främst översvämningsproblematiken. Studien har genomförts med semi-strukturerade intervjuer med fem tjänstepersoner vid Karlstad kommun som till vardags arbetar med klimatanpassning. Studien har två utgångspunkter där den första var att identifiera lärdomar och erfarenheter inom kommunen samt hur arbetet idag pågår. Den andra var att ställa detta mot tidigare studier för att försöka identifiera ifall det finns likheter eller skillnader mellan dessa, samt att se på implementering av klimatanpassning över tid.  Vid analysarbetet identifierades induktivt sju olika teman som innehöll både möjligheter och svårigheter. Särskilt betonas behovet av att integrera klimatanpassning inom hela den kommunala organisationen samt marknadens roll vid exploatering av kommunen, där marknaden vill mot vattennära områden med översvämningsrisk. Kommunen är idag medveten om fler klimatrisker, mot tidigare där översvämningen fick ett stort fokus. Vidare har en samordnare för klimatanpassning anställt som arbetar övergripande. Studien visar att klimatanpassning är en ständig process och som måste hållas aktuell på agendan, ständigt uppdateras och fortsatt integreras inom den kommunala organisationen. / This study focuses on opportunities and difficulties in implementing climate adaptation. The study is focused on Karlstad municipality, which for a long time has worked on climate issues, mainly with flooding related problems. The study has been conducted with semi-structured interviews with five employees at Karlstad municipality who are working with climate change adaptation on a daily basis. The study has two starting points where the first was to identify the previous experiences in the municipality and how they approach these situations today. The other was to compare this against previous studies in order to identify if there are similarities or differences between them, as well as viewing the implementation of climate change adaptation over time. Inductively, seven different themes were identified that contained both possibilities and difficulties. In particular, they emphasized the need to integrate climate change adaptation throughout the municipal organization and the role of housing market exploiting the municipality, where the market wants to develop in areas with flood risk. The municipality is more aware of climatic risks today, compared to earlier periods when floods received a major focus. In addition, a coordinator for climate change adaptation has been employed and works with this problem on a central level. The study shows that climate change adaptation is an ongoing process and must constantly be on the agenda, consistently updated and further integrated within the municipal organization.

On-going and future climate change is universally acknowledged. Climate changeincorporating global mean temperature rise, impacts on global hydrology and ecosystems willaffect human society and global economy. Corporations will encounter a changing world,most likely including negative effects on business and the global markets, influencingdevelopment and economic growth. Some companies will likely face increasing threats, whileothers may be less affected or may even benefit from direct or indirect change.Affected by climate change interruptions to every-day-business may come as a result or evenbe unavoidable in some regions. Business as usual may therefore not be an option. CorporateClimate Change Adaptation offers companies a solution for responding to climate change andthe interconnected uncertainties, adjusting to noticed or expected climate change effects,focusing on avoiding negative consequences and/or possibly taking advantage of newopportunities.With the aim of studying corporate awareness and understanding of climate change as well ason-going Corporate Climate Change Adaptation a case study including interviews with eightSwedish fashion and textile companies was conducted, supplemented by a literature reviewand discussions with line-of-business and monitoring organizations.Presented in this master’s thesis, the study established that Swedish fashion and textilecompanies show awareness and acceptance of the climate change issue, agreeing to thatclimate change will have ecological and social consequences. However, Swedish fashion andtextile companies, portraying a greatly varying focus on climate change issues, seem only toshow limited understanding of climate change effects regarding natural resources, and docommonly not connect climate change to their own status, to their business activities,processes, supply chains or corporate needs. Displaying low proactivity none of theinvestigated eight Swedish fashion and textile companies had started to adapt to on-going orfuture climate change or plan for future adaptation. The Swedish fashion and textilecompanies, it seems, will need an alarum for the process of Corporate Climate ChangeAdaptation to start.

Extreme weather events have become a common occurrence and coastal communities are adversely affected by it. Studies have shown that the changing climate has increased the frequency and severity of storms, surging sea levels, and floods, as was seen with Hurricane Sandy (2012) and Typhoon Haiyan (2013). The need to be proactive in preparing for these events, as a means of climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction, is evident. This study focuses on the formal definition, measurement and simulation of coastal community preparedness and response to severe storm events. Preparedness and response requires resources, emergency plans, informed decision making and the ability to cope with unexpected events. A suite of preparedness indicators is developed using a three level hierarchical framework in the construction of a coastal community preparedness index to evaluate resources and plans. Informed decision making for emergency management personnel in the Emergency Operations Centre (EOC) is evaluated through a table-top exercise using a five-phase approach. Lastly, decision making with risk is introduced with a storm decision making simulation model. This study is applied to the case of the breakwater failure in the coastal community of Little Anse, Cape Breton, Nova Scotia.

Ett förändrat klimat kommer generera stora konsekvenser, inte minst för städer som, med sin avancerade infrastruktur, ofta är tidiga att påverkas av klimatförändringens konsekvenser. Anpassning till konsekvenserna av klimatförändring i städers befintliga miljö kommer behövas, då denna del av staden visar sig sårbar. Många städer har påbörjat ett anpassningsarbete men utmaningar återstår i hur man ska omvandla städers kapacitet till handlingsförmåga med eftersträvade resultat. Syftet med denna uppsats är att redogöra för svenska storstadskommuners förutsättningar för klimatanpassning i befintlig stadsmiljö med fokus på möjligheter och utmaningar i olika steg av anpassningsprocessen. Analysen grundas på semistrukturerade kvalitativa intervjuer med totalt sex representanter från de tre svenska storstadskommunerna Stockholm, Göteborg och Malmö stad. Tydliga likheter och mönster kan utläsas i respondenternas uppfattningar kring klimatanpassningsarbetes förutsättningar. Kommunerna har ett gediget kartläggningsarbete som ofta grundar sig i modelleringar och visualiseringar. Uttalade strategier och mål genom diverse planer finns hos samtliga kommuner. Åtgärder genomförs till viss grad och skiljer sig åt beroende på kommunernas prioriterade områden. Uppföljning av klimatanpassningsåtgärder sker än så länge i begränsad skala och anses svår att genomföra då de flesta planerade åtgärder ännu inte har utförts. Generellt sett har kommunerna ett stort fokus på vattenfrågor men nämner även värmefrågan som en kommande utmaning. Respondenterna uttrycker både utmaningar och möjligheter vid kartläggning av klimatförändringens effekter och även en utmaning i hur kartläggningsarbetet ska implementeras i nästa steg av processen. Vid genomförande av åtgärder ser respondenterna utmaningar i bristande intresse, prioriteringar, finansiering och politik. De ser ansvarsfrågan som en stor utmaning där rådighet bland aktörer lyfts av samtliga kommuner. Otydlighet i ansvarsfördelning beror till viss del på bristande lagstiftning, respondenterna önskar tydligare riktlinjer och ser detta som en möjlighet som skulle underlätta för kommunerna. Respondenterna ser möjligheter i framtida uppföljning och samverkan, likaså i erfarenhets- och kunskapsutbyte. Många likheter i utmaningar och möjligheter går även att utläsa när resultaten jämförs med tidigare studier, vilket indikerar att många av de ovanstående faktorerna generellt sett är återkommande. / A changing climate will generate large consequences, especially for cities that are often early affected by the consequences of climate change due to their advanced infrastructure. Adaptation to these consequences in the existing urban environment will be needed since cities are vulnerable to climate change. Many cities have initiate adaptation processes but challenges remain in how to transform capacity into action to get the desired outcomes. The aim of this thesis is to account for what conditions climate change adaptation in existing urban environments in large cities in Sweden, focusing on opportunities and challenges in different steps of the adaptation process. The analysis is based on semi-structured qualitative interviews with six representatives from Stockholm, Gothenburg and Malmö. Patterns can be identified in how respondents view the conditions of climate change adaptation work. The three municipalities have done a solid mapping, which is often based on modeling and visualizations of prioritized areas and urban risks. Strategies and visions through various plans can be found among all municipalities related to several adaptation issues. Concrete actions are done to a certain extent and vary depending on different focus areas. Follow-up of climate change adaptation action is, for now, limited and considered hard to accomplish since most of the actions are planned but not yet implemented. Generally, the municipalities have a large focus on water issues while the heat issue is seen as a future challenge. Challenges like uncertainties in modeling can be identified during mapping of the effects of climate change. The municipalities see a challenge in how the mapping should be implemented in the next step of the adaptation process. Implementation is restricted by a lack of interest, priorities, financing and politics. The question of responsibility is seen as problematic where land ownership among actors is mentioned by all municipalities. Ambiguity of accountability depends partially on lack of legislation, where explicit guidelines is suggestes to facilitate action. Future follow-up, collaboration and experience-based exchange, are also seen as potential triggers. Many similarities in challenges and opportunities can be found when comparing our results with previous literature, indicating that many of the abovementioned factors generally are reappearing.

Current emissions are likely to produce substantial impacts for the agricultural sector and the salience for adapting to these changes in the agricultural sector is increasing. While Nordic agriculture is faced with both opportunities and challenges from climate change, a still developing political and institutional structure in combination with an extreme drought during the summer of 2018 is exacerbating existing long-term trends of financial pressure in the sector, particularly for meat and dairy farmers. Previous research has highlighted that there is a relative lack of studies attempting to understand the decision-making process of climate change adaptation and there is a currently a growing field of research focusing on the barriers to adaptation faced by farmers. This study primarily used Grothmann and Patt’s MCCAPP model in order to determine what factors influenced farmers decision-making when deciding to adapt to climate change. The results of this study found that the predominant barrier to adaptation among farmers were uncertainty regarding future climatic impacts, which resulted in a lower confidence in adaptation strategy efficacy to produce financial stability and returns. Climate mitigation was also identified as a potential trade-off when pursuing adaptation strategies. To a lesser degree, farmers also attested to farm-level differences, such as the availability of water resources as impacting the strategies that they were able to pursue. Opportunities to facilitate adaptation through institutional support was identified, as farmers both require better information regarding adaptation strategies and subsequent trade-offs and synergies it might create in relation to farmers priority issues such as financial viability and climate mitigation. More effective means of financial assistance to counteract the effects of extreme climatic conditions was also identified. Lastly, social capital was an important facilitator of adaptation implementation, but one that is threatened due to the continuingly deteriorating socio-economic conditions that farmers experience in their sector.

In times that reveal the consequences of climate change, cities are using urban greening as a potential measure in their climate change adaptation and mitigation strategies. Greenery in the city regulates the climate and balances temperature extremes through evapotranspiration and air humidification, spending shade and increased air circulation. Many cities in Germany, such as the City of Cologne, have established funding programmes for private stakeholders to support the greening of buildings. Greened buildings contribute to a reduction of the urban heat island effect by decreasing temperatures through increased evapotranspiration, increased air circulation and air humidification and a higher reflective power (albedo). The greening of buildings also cools down the building itself forming a natural insulation layer, shading and the reflection of sun energy. However, in most cities the potential for houses that could be greened is barely utilized. This study explores variables that influence the residents’ attitudinal and behavioural acceptance towards greening their building in Cologne Deutz. Survey research was conducted based on a theoretical framework that explains how external variables form beliefs that lead to attitudinal acceptance (positive attitude) and eventually behavioural acceptance (actual behaviour). The survey was designed to examine attitudinal acceptance and behavioural intention to act, as behavioural acceptance is difficult to measure. The main variables found to influence the residents’ attitudinal acceptance and behavioural intention towards the greening of buildings were ecological aspects, such as an increase of nature in the urban environment, an improvement of the urban climate, air quality and street cooling, and climate change. Visual-aesthetic aspects also played a major role, while finances and funding possibilities had a special influence on the perceived ease of use of greening one’s building. Amongst the sample of this study attitudinal acceptance and behavioural intention were categorized as high. Reasons that could explain the low amount of greening measure implementation were a possible lack of knowledge (of funding possibilities), a low number of private property owners, and an imbalance in the distribution of tangible advantages and disadvantages amongst tenants and landlords.

The “2015 proceedings” document the contributions of the third and final annual Summer-School Workshop of the “Scientific Cooperation Network on Climate Change Adaptation”, a project within the DAAD program “Welcome to Africa”. The workshop took place on 17-31 May, 2015 at Tharandt campus of the Technische Universität Dresden and at selected locations in the region.:Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation 1 Methodological Fundamentals of Socio-Economic Climate Change Adaptation Research at the Institute of International Forestry and Forest Products, TU Dresden 2 Climate Change Adaptation in Saxony 4 Historical Path of Forestry and the Role of ‘Ujamaa’ Ideology to Today’s Policy of Community Forest Management in Tanzania 19 Contribution of the National Adaptation Plan of Action Project to Sustainable Livelihoods in North Kordofan State, Sudan 31 Local People’s Perception of Climate Variability Including Their Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies in Mountainous Areas of Uganda 47 Role of Indigenous Knowledge in Traditional Farming System Management under Changing Climate, Sudan 54 Quarterly Climate Change Preparedness Workshop in Arsi Negelle, Ethiopia 63 Impact of Farmer Field Schools in Diffusion of Information about Climate Change in South Kordofan State, Sudan 74 Effects of Climate Change on Traditional Rain-fed Agriculture in Sheikan Locality, North Kordofan State, Sudan 81 Can Rain Water Harvesting Mitigate Flooding Associated with Climate Change in Urban Areas? A Case Study of Jinja Municipality, Uganda 91 Agroforestry, Reforestation, and Climate Change 97 Agroforestry in Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+): Africa, Where Are You? 98 Carbon Sequestration and Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Agroforestry: Summary of Global Data and Implications for Africa 113 Propagation Techniques for Ethiopian Highland Bamboo Yushania alpina in Amhara Region, Banja Districts, North-Western Ethiopia 121 The Performance of GAPAs on Enhancing the Production and Marketing of Gum Arabic Production in West and North Kordofan States, Sudan 131 CHAnces IN Sustainability – Promoting Product Chains of Natural Products in Eastern Africa 132 Biodiversity Conversation and Bioenergy 135 Land Use, Land Cover and Climate Change Impacts on the Bird Community in and around Lake Zeway, Ethiopia 136 African Baobab: Urgent Need for Assessments and Management Approaches for Sustainable Development in Sudan 137 Ecotourism as Alternative Mean of Biodiversity Conservation and Livelihood Improvement of the Local Community 145 The Role of Wood Fuel in Climate Change: A Case of Urban and Rural Areas in Uganda 159 Scientific Cooperation Network on Climate Change Adaptation 169 Network Contact Persons 169

No description available.

No description available.