nÃo hà / Redonda, comunidade pesqueira distante 200 km de Fortaleza, capital do estado do Cearà - Brasil, està localizada nas coordenadas geogrÃficas 04Â25Â28,79â S e 037Â54Â17,97â W. A Praia de Redonda tem o segundo maior contingente populacional do municÃpio a que pertence â IcapuÃ, com 3.000 habitantes, com um total de aproximadamente 610 famÃlias, e tem o segundo maior nÃmero de embarcaÃÃes à vela destinadas à pesca de lagosta, atrÃs somente da capital Fortaleza. O estudo propÃe a construÃÃo de um modelo de gestÃo participativa â cogestÃo â que pode promover a conservaÃÃo da pesca e dos recursos pesqueiros em grande escala, a partir da implementaÃÃo de modelo piloto em comunidades pesqueiras, integrando o elemento humano (usuÃrio) ao manejo pesqueiro. O objetivo geral dessa proposta foi realizar um levantamento do estado da arte do setor pesqueiro na comunidade de Redonda e estabelecer um marco de trabalho para o desenho dos planos de gestÃo dos recursos pesqueiros. Os planos de gestÃo incorporam princÃpios de sustentabilidade utilizando uma aproximaÃÃo de gestÃo integrada das Ãreas costeiras. O modelo de gestÃo foi baseado na participaÃÃo de todos os agentes envolvidos no setor pesqueiro, local ou nÃo, participando no processo de desenho, elaboraÃÃo e implementaÃÃo do plano de co-gestÃo. O estudo comeÃou a partir da aceitaÃÃo da necessidade de um novo modelo de gerenciamento pesqueiro cooperativo na Comunidade objeto do estudo, passando pela compreensÃo de que o sucesso da co-gestÃo pesqueira nÃo à somente dependente da boa implementaÃÃo do programa, mas tambÃm sobre o modo de como a idÃia foi concebida. Nosso foco no estÃgio da prÃimplementaÃÃo nos levou a examinar a origem da idÃia e de que maneira, ou circunstÃncias, esse processo comeÃou na Comunidade para, a partir desse ponto, ter inÃcio a fase de levantamento de dados. A coleta de dados foi realizada entre 2007 e 2010 e esteve baseada na coleta de dados primÃrios e dados secundÃrios. O principal conflito relatado por moradores na Praia de Redonda à a luta de seus pescadores contra a presenÃa de mergulhadores na Ãrea de pesca de Redonda. A soluÃÃo da crise apresentada pela populaÃÃo à a criaÃÃo de uma AMP - Ãrea Marinha Protegida, com 2.200 kmÂ, dentro do que preconiza a lei do SNUC â Sistema Nacional de Unidades de ConservaÃÃo, beneficiando 13 comunidades pesqueiras pertencentes aos municÃpios de Aracati e Icapuà e aproximadamente 1930 pescadores. Foram contabilizadas 229 embarcaÃÃes pesqueiras somente em Redonda e, dessas, 180 unidades sÃo denominadas bote de casco e representam 78,6% da frota local. As principais artes de pesca utilizadas em Redonda sÃo as cangalhas para a captura de lagosta, enquanto que para a captura de peixe sÃo utilizadas as redes de espera, espinhel e linha de mÃo. A produÃÃo mÃdia de lagosta viva desembarcada em Redonda, no perÃodo de 2004 a 2009 foi 47,8 kg/barco/dia. AlÃm de lagosta, os peixes mais pescados sÃo: guaiÃba, cioba, dentÃo, sirigado, guarajuba, cavala, dourado, agulhÃo e albacora. O estudo demonstra a necessidade da implementaÃÃo do sistema de co-gestÃo pesqueira para a pesca artesanal na regiÃo leste do Estado como forma de propiciar a sustentabilidade da atividade pesqueira. / Redonda, a fishing village that is 200 km away from Fortaleza, capital of Cearà State - Brazil, located at geographical coordinates 04 25â 28,79â S and 037 54â 17,97â W. Redonda Beach has the second largest population in the city, to which it belongs - IcapuÃ, with 3,000 inhabitants, with a total of about 610 families and a large number of sailing lobster boats, second only to the State capital, Fortaleza. The purpose of this study is the building of a model of participative management â co-management â which can promote the conservation of fisheries and fishery resources in a large scale, through the implementation of a pilot model in artisanal fisheries villages, integrating the human element (user) to fisheries management. The overall objective of this proposal was to survey the state of the art of the fishing sector in the Redonda community and establish a frame of work for the design of management plans for fishery resources. Management plans incorporate principles of sustainability using an approximation of integrated management of coastal zones. The management model was based on the participation of all stakeholders in the local fishing industry or not, participating in the process of designing, developing and implementing the plan of co-management. The study began by accepting the need for a new model of cooperative fishery management in the Community object of study, and realizing that the success of fisheries co-management is not only dependent on the successful implementation of the program, but also how the idea was conceived. Our focus at the pre-implementation stage led us to examine the origin of the idea and in what manner, or circumstances, this process began in the Community, and from there, began the data collection phase. Data was collected between 2007 and 2010 and was based on primary and secondary data. The main conflict reported by residents in Redonda Beach is its fishermenâs struggle against the presence of divers in the fishing area of Redonda. The solution presented by the population was the creation of an AMP - Marine Protected Area, with 2,200 square kilometers, in accordance with SNUC - National System of Conservation Units, benefiting 13 fishing communities belonging to the municipalities of Aracati and Icapuà and about 1,930 fishermen. In Redonda, alone, 229 fishing boats were accounted for out of which 180 are called boat hull and represent 78.6% of the local fleet. The main fishing gear used are cangalhas to catch lobster and fish is caught through the use of gill nets, longlines and hand line. The average landing of live lobsters in Redonda, from 2004 through 2009 was 47.8 kg/boat/day. Other than lobster, some important landed species are: yellowtail snapper, red snapper, dentÃo, sirigado, guarajuba, mackerel, dourado, marlin and yellowfin tuna. The study demonstrates the need of implementation of a fisheries comanagement system for artisanal fisheries in the eastern coast of the State as a means to provide the sustainability of the fishing activity.

Local participation in nature conservation has gained more attention over the last decades due to international conventions as well as local and national initiatives. This development can be seen as a reaction to a more expert oriented nature conservation characterized by centralized control and strict preservation of so called "original" nature. The overall objective of this thesis is to contribute to research on new forms of conservation where democracy and local participation is included. The case study focuses on the process of producing a pre-study for a suggested national park in southern Jämtland in the Swedish mountain region, and aims to investigate to what extent local participation was included. The pre-study was led by the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency (SEPA) and the County Administrative Board (CAB) in Jämtland. The thesis is to some extent grounded in a political ecological perspective, which highlights connections between politics, societies and the environment. The methods used are semi-structured in-depth interviews and literature studies. The results show that although the stakeholders interviewed to some extent share views on the process, there are also differences. The SEPA and the CAB are generally satisfied with the result while there is some dissatisfaction among others. However, all stress that respect and dialogue are important and most actors see zoning and channeling within a potential park as part of a solution to past conflicts in the area. How the management structure will take form and to which extent it will include local participation has not been discussed in detail so far, although the Sámi demand to be included in any future management. These questions will be further investigated by the SPEA if they decide to proceed in a national park process. / Bortom konflikter: utmaningar och möjligheter i svenska fjäll

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / In this thesis, I examine household strategies in response to water level fluctuations of Lake Chilwa. I also analyse the frequency and patterns of migration of fishers, conflicts due to migration of fishers and comanagement. The following are the key results:First, the seasonal and periodic lake level changes affect livelihoods of the households. As a coping strategy, the households depend on fishing in pools of water located in influent rivers and hunt birds for income and food while others migrate to find work as casual labourers. When the lake rises during the rain season, inundated areas become suitable for production of maize and rice. However, when the floods recede in the dry season, farming of winter maize and vegetables is common.Second, migration of fishers is common around Lake Chilwa. The pattern of migration varies according to the season and gear type. The northern marshes and floodplain where fishers land the highest catches composed mainly of Barbus paludinosus, attract more fishers operating different fishing gear types. Conflicts emerge due to the Nkacha seine operations,which require removal of aquatic vegetation. The local fishers believe that the aquatic vegetation is a source of food for fish. The conflicts are in various forms including access to fishing grounds, authority to grant access to fishing areas and fish price competition between the local fishers and migrants.Third, the household strategies towards recovery of the fishery after recessions are inherent within the households’ traditional system.However, the introduction of co-management does not recognise key actors that include fishers and river-based fishing households that participated in the formulation of conservation strategies for remnant fish stocks in lagoon and rivers during the 1995 recession. Co-management is characterised by limited participation of the fishers especially those operating seines, district assemblies and non-governmental organisations. Similarly, there is low transparency especially with respect to how the key stakeholders, Department of Fisheries and traditional leaders, take decisions. In stark contrast, accountability among Beach Village Sub- Committees is growing; hence more fishing households now perceive these as representing the interests of Department of Fisheries.Based on the above results, a diversified occupational change involving fishing, farming and trading is necessary. The co-management arrangement should be adaptive with consideration of the traditional customs and values of the participating households. Since these households are dependent on the availability of fisheries, it is thus imperative to promote maximum resource exploitation in between recessions and encourage a complete stop to fishing during recessions.September 2009

There are concerns that many national parks worldwide are ineffective at conserving biological diversity and ecosystem processes, are socially unjust in their relations with Indigenous communities, or both. This dissertation asks: can national parks protect ecological integrity and concurrently address social equity issues? It presents empirical results of a systematic evaluation of six case study national parks in Canada and South Africa. Purposive sampling was used to select the six case study national parks. Data sources included State of the Park Reports; park ecological monitoring data; archival data; and semi-structured interviews with park biologists, managers, and Indigenous members of park co-management boards. Status and trend assessments and effectiveness evaluations of park ecological monitoring data were used to evaluate how effectively the parks addressed three ecological integrity criteria. Results show that all six parks effectively addressed the priority indicators for which they had monitoring data. However, the effectiveness ratings of each park decreased when all indicators, including those identified as priorities but lacking monitoring data, were analysed. This indicates that the parks had generally identified more priority indicators than they were actually able to address (for reasons including lack of budget or trained staff, managerial challenges). Thematic coding of semi-structured interview and archival data, and the assignation of numerical ratings to these data, were used to evaluate how effectively the parks addressed three equity criteria. Results show that all but one of the case study parks were equitable, parks with more comprehensive co-management and support from neighbouring Indigenous groups were more equitable than parks with lower levels of co-management, the parks with settled land claims were not necessarily more equitable overall, and a few parks were found to be co-managed in name only. The overall results of this evaluation demonstrate that parks effective at protecting ecological integrity can also successfully address social equity, but that further efforts to integrate these two realms are both possible and necessary. A logical starting point would be to build upon those existing integrative processes already institutionalised in many parks and protected areas: the co-management and integrated conservation and development efforts. / Forestry, Faculty of / Graduate

Sammanfattning  En av utmaningarna för de projekt som arbetar med hållbar utveckling är att mäta och analysera nivån på lokalt deltagande. Lokalt deltagande betraktas som en nyckelaspekt för att genomföra långsiktiga processer som kan bidra till bevarande av ekosystem och även förbättra förhållandena för lokala aktörer.  Avhandlingen syftar till att bedöma två fallstudier i bolivianska Amazonas enligt principerna av co- management/samverkan. Syftet är att uppnå följande huvudmål: - Granska litteratur om management för samverkan av hållbara utvecklingsprojekt. -Utveckla en kvalitativ ram för att bedöma intryck och resultat av projekt. -Utvärdera två befintliga projekt enligt den etablerade ramen.  Denna avhandling analyserar arbetet som en icke-statlig organisation (NGO) genomför i två olika samhällen i bolivianska Amazonas, i projekt relaterade till hållbar utveckling och bevarande. Ett av samhällena är urfolket Tacana, som ligger i regionen La Paz; den andra betraktas vara en multietnisk befolkningsgrupp som formellt är etablerad i en region som heter Santa Rosa del Abuna i regionen Pando. Trots att dessa två grupper uppvisar kulturella och organisatoriska skillnader arbetar de både med skörd av råvaror från skogen, dock ej skogs och trädavverkning. Råvarorna representerar de viktigaste ekonomiska intäkterna för dessa samhällen.  För att kunna utvärdera projekten, har besök till samhällen genomförts. Intervjuer och deltagarobservation har utförts för att studera relationerna mellan de olika aktörerna som är involverade i projekten. Flera intervjuer genomfördes också med medarbetare från NGOs på deras kontor i La Paz och Cobija.  För att förbereda utvärderingsprocessen har olika teorier använts för att skapa specifika kriterier för att utvärdera framgångsnivån för medverkande processer i projekten. Co-management and co-generation of knowledge har bedömts vara verktyg som kan användas för att utveckla en ram som kan utvärdera lokalt deltagande i olika projekt. För att utveckla detta har sex kriterier använts för att analysera lokalt engagemang i projekten och hur detta deltagande kan förbättras i det långsiktiga perspektivet.  Denna utvärdering kan bidra till att öka det lokala och aktiva deltagandet i projekten, men kan också hjälpa medlemmarna i externa organisationer (i detta fall frivilligorganisationer) att förstå den relevans som lokalt engagemang och lokal kunskap kan ha för projekten. Tanken är att olika aktörer / organisationer kan använda denna typ av utvärdering för att hitta möjliga svagheter vid genomförandet av projekt relaterade till hållbar utveckling. / Abstract  One of the challenges for projects that work on sustainable development is to measure and analyse the level of local participation. Local participation is considered a key aspect in order to implement long term processes that can contribute to conservation of ecosystems and also improve the living conditions of local actors.  The aim of this thesis is to assess two case studies ongoing in the Bolivian Amazon according to co-management principles. This aim raises the following core objectives: -Review literature on co-management for sustainable development projects. -Develop a qualitative framework to assess the perceptions and performance of projects. -Assess two existing projects according to the established framework.  This thesis analyses the work that a non-governmental organization (NGO) does in two different communities in the Bolivian Amazonia in projects related to sustainable development and conservation. One is an indigenous group called Tacana located in the department of La Paz; the other is considered a multy-ethnic population that is formally established in a region called Santa Rosa del Abuna in the department of Pando. Even though these two groups show cultural and organizational differences both work on the harvesting of non-timber forest recourses. The recollection of the products that come from the forest represents the main economical income for these populations.  To evaluate the projects, visits to the communities where done in order to make interviews, participant observation and to see the relations between the different actors involved in the projects. Several interviews were also done with the members of the NGO in their offices in La Paz and Cobija.  To prepare this evaluation process, different theories have been used in order to create specific criteria to evaluate the level of success of co-participation processes into the projects. Co-management and Co-generation of knowledge have been seen as interesting tools that can be used to develop a framework that can evaluate the local participation in different projects. To develop this, six criteria have been used to analyse the local participation on the projects and how this participation can be improved in the long-term perspective.  This evaluation can help to increase the local and active participation into the projects but also can help the members of external organizations (in this case the NGO) to understand the relevance that local participation and local knowledge can have for the projects. The idea is that this kind of evaluation can be used by different actors/organizations in order to find possible weaknesses during the implementation of projects related to sustainable development.

Using a mail survey, I questioned 490 representatives of local government (i.e., elected officials, administrative officials, animal control officers, and county Cooperative Extension agents) about their understanding of human-wildlife conflicts in their communities, and their receptivity to participating in co-management partnerships with regulatory agencies. Response rates for the mail survey of these four populations ranged from 25.2% to 75.9%. Knowledge of and perceptions about human-wildlife conflicts varied among leader subpopulations, as did their assessment of risks associated with and prioritization of human-wildlife conflicts. Animal control and Extension personnel displayed greater knowledge about wildlife, expressed greater concern about potential risks, and assigned higher priority to human-wildlife conflicts in their community. Respondents indicated that wildlife complaints are being received from constituents in their community, but questions exist over who is responsible for managing these conflicts. Most respondents indicated a willingness to become involved in conflict resolution, but indicated less willingness for local government to take on a leadership role. Respondents could identify potential partners valuable to resolving human-wildlife conflicts, but they demonstrated uncertainty about the specific roles and responsibilities of these outside agencies (e.g., Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries). Respondents identified important potential impediments (i.e., financial and personnel resources, the need to provide additional training or equipment) that could preclude or reduce their ability to become involved in conflict resolution. Most respondents viewed community-based co-management approaches as realistic (74%) and attractive (63%) options for local governments to exercise in managing human-wildlife conflicts. Most respondents (74%) believed that co-management offered local governments a direct way to be involved in managing their own conflicts. Respondents believed that staffing and budget shortages would be significant impediments that would limit local government's participation in co-management agreements. This study clearly illustrates that human-wildlife conflicts are occurring in Virginia, but overall local governments are not at a point when they are willing or able to consider a proactive approach to managing these conflicts. Until some threshold is met or exceeded, leaders in these communities may not be willing to devote the time or resources necessary to enact proactive approaches. Before that threshold is met, the development and utilization of informational and educational resources can increase local government's capacity to develop and implement a comprehensive wildlife management plan for Virginia communities in the future. / Master of Science

In the pursuit of renewable energy, wind turbines are used to achieve global and national environmental goals. The establishment of this power production has escalated in Sweden, with the aim of phasing out the use of fossil fuels. The electricity generated may be classified as clean, but the infrastructure not only causes landscape changes, but also threatens ecosystems and their services that contribute to human well-being. The effects on ecosystem services are cross-border, and therefore require cooperation at different institutional scales. This study examines documents at national, regional, and local level to map the existing knowledge about wind power's effects on ecosystem services, and how ecosystem services are expressed in planning. A certain common delineation of the effects can be deduced between the different levels of cultural and supporting services. Planning for wind power at the local level has been shown in Piteå municipality to include a few of the ecosystem services that have been defined. However, there is a lack of an in-depth connection between the affected areas, and any ecosystem services these areas can provide.

The conflict between the protected area and local people is a major challenge for conservation in developing countries. The conventional top-down approach has failed mainly due to the exclusion of local people in conservation. A new management approach that promotes local participation and reduces conflicts is necessary to achieve both conservation and development objectives. Using the case of Natma Taung National Park (NTNP) in Myanmar, this study investigates the relationship between the protected area and local indigenous people living in and around the park. The social-ecological coevolution model is applied to explore the inter-linkages between the protected area and local people. The empirical analyses focus on three main thematic areas: local land tenure system, livelihood dependency on forest resources, and traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) of local people. The comparative study design is used to analyse similarities and differences among the three indigenous communities living inside, bordering, and outside the national park. Based on this information, four management scenarios are developed and evaluated by using multi-criteria decision analysis.

To achieve true sustainability, planners must balance the interests of environmental protection, economic development, and social equity. In a critically changing, complex ecosystem such as Louisiana’s coast, challenges to achieve the perfect equilibrium are further compounded. Following the logic of emerging adaptive co-management literature, the planning framework for Louisiana’s Coastal Master Plan could be transformed into a more collaborative, democratic process. Adaptive co-management is a regime which provides power to local citizens, often in possession of invaluable traditional ecological knowledge. In general, it focuses on constant learning and collaboration. Through power-sharing and participatory action, we embrace science, but step back from technocracy. We utilize local knowledge, and combine it with expertise.

The aim of this study is to analyze the conditions for legitimacy of the Wildlife Conservation Committees in two counties in Sweden. This study uses three concepts. Social networks, deliberation and learning as the main focus points to analyze. Olson's theory of organisations collective action with public goods stands as the theoretical perspective. Selective incitements are necessary to get them to promote the public goods. The study examines the legitimacy and functionality of the Wildlife Conservation Committees through interviews and an comparative study with the government bill 2008/09:2010. The results are that the governor with the leadership stands as a very important role to get organisations to make them promote collective action, because co-management thrives from it. The interest of hunters has an advantage when it comes to representation but only when the incentives for collective action are missing. The functionality differs between the committees when it comes to the form of management. Further research could expand the scope of this subject. Both the scale of included committees and with quantitative data research. The leadership role in co-management needs more focus in co-management studies.