Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-07T14:49:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 2942391 bytes, checksum: aeab9e5e6d2f91277c8833b70db5c0dc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-15 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / One of the most significant ecosystems in coastal areas in tropical regions is the mangrove-estuary complex. Artisanal fishers are the main users of mangrove resources. In Brazil artisanal fisheries are based on species that live or spend significant portion of their life cycle in these environments. Therefore fisheries management needs to be understood as an important tool to ensure the existence of this activity while ensuring the conservation of resources and ecosystems. In doing so, this study aimed to understand the local ecological knowledge of shellfish gatherers from Livramento community and analyze the limits and possibilities of this knowledge in building a participatory management, besides highlighting the current situation of Brazil and Paraiba state in sharing of fisheries management between the State and users. It was demonstrated that Brazil has many examples of co-management, especially in the North. It lies being implemented a system that aims to include local stakeholders in the management, but is restricted to consultation and the final decisions are taken by the State. In Paraíba, the management of fisheries resources is restricted to protected areas, which do not have management plans, there is a regulated management, hindering the process of user participation. The dependence of protected areas for management of resources is a limiting factor and are not always in agreement with local realities. For this reason, it is necessary to consider new forms of management that better communicate with the political-social-environmental reality of fishing communities. While assessing the knowledge of shellfish gatherers studied, it was revealed that these fishermen have a significant ecological knowledge about the species used (Anomalocardia brasiliana) and their environment. According to the level of details given by these fishermen was possible to highlight some elements observed in an ethnoecological evaluation that aims a management which sharing occurs, not only of ruling between State and community but knowledge among fishermen and academics. / Um dos ecossistemas de maior significância encontrado nas zonas costeiras em regiões tropicais é o complexo estuário-manguezal. Os pescadores artesanais são os principais usuários dos recursos dos manguezais e no Brasil a pesca artesanal baseia-se em espécies que vivem ou passam parte significativa de seu ciclo de vida nesses ambientes. Por essa razão, a gestão pesqueira precisa ser entendida como uma importante ferramenta para garantir a existência dessa atividade, ao mesmo tempo em que garante a conservação dos recursos e ecossistemas. Nesse sentido, este trabalho visou compreender o conhecimento ecológico local dos marisqueiros da comunidade de Livramento e analisar os limites e as possibilidades deste conhecimento na construção de uma gestão participativa, além de evidenciar a atual situação do Brasil e da Paraíba no compartilhamento da gestão pesqueira marinha entre Estado e usuários. Foi demonstrado que o Brasil possui diversos exemplos de gestão compartilhada, principalmente na região Norte e encontra-se em fase de implantação de um sistema que tem o intuito de incluir os atores locais na gestão, porém se restringe a consultas e mantém as decisões finais na mão do Estado. Na Paraíba, a gestão de recursos pesqueiros está restrita à unidades de conservação, que por não possuírem planos de manejo e outros aspectos essenciais para o funcionamento dessas unidades, não há, ainda uma gestão regulamentada, prejudicando o processo de participação dos usuários. A dependência de unidades de conservação para que recursos sejam geridos é limitante e nem sempre estas condizem com realidades locais. Por essa razão, se faz necessário considerar novas formas de gestão que dialoguem melhor com a realidade político-social-ambiental das comunidades pesqueiras. Ao se avaliar o conhecimento dos marisqueiros estudados, foi possível perceber que estes pescadores são detentores de um apreciável conhecimento ecológico sobre a espécie utilizada (Anomalocardia brasiliana) e o ambiente onde é encontrada. De acordo com o nível de detalhamento dado por estes pescadores acerca de certos temas, foi possível destacar alguns elementos a serem considerados em uma avalição etnoecológica que vise uma gestão na qual ocorra o compartilhamento, não só de poder entre Estado e comunidade, mas de conhecimento entre pescadores e acadêmicos.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Esta pesquisa tem por objetivo analisar os conflitos socioambientais envolvendo os pescadores artesanais na Baía de Ilha Grande e as iniciativas institucionais que buscam dar tratamento a esses conflitos de forma compartilhada. Neste sentido, foram consideradas duas iniciativas institucionais: i) o Projeto Desenvolvimento e Gerenciamento dos Sistemas de Gestão da Pesca e Aquicultura na baía de Ilha Grande GPESCA-BIG; e ii) o Termo de Compromisso entre a Estação Ecológica de Tamoios e as comunidades pesqueiras de Angra dos Reis e Paraty. A metodologia envolveu a observação direta da autora em reuniões de conselhos consultivos e grupos de trabalho em unidades de conservação, em especial, os espaços envolvendo a Estação Ecológica de Tamoios, além de apresentações e audiências públicas sobre a proposta de Acordos de Pesca. Utilizou-se também a observação participante em reuniões e oficinas no âmbito do projeto GPESCA-BIG. De forma complementar, a pesquisa se baseou em entrevistas (formais e informais) e análise de documentos diversos elaborados por entidades representativas dos pescadores e demais atores direta e indiretamente envolvidos no conflito. Foram identificadas três grandes grupos de conflitos relacionados aos pescadores artesanais: (1) sobreposição de territórios de pesca/pesqueiros e as áreas protegidas, principalmente aqueles relacionados à ESEC Tamoios; (2) conflitos associados à pesca industrial, identificados pelos pescadores como barcos de fora, e em menor escala, as embarcações de petróleo/gás e do turismo e; (3) conflitos resultantes da falta de regularização/permissionamento da atividade. Em síntese, estes conflitos envolvem políticas de desenvolvimento e de conservação, que se confrontam com o modo de vida tradicional dos pescadores artesanais e caiçaras. Além dos conflitos oriundos das diferentes formas de apropriação do espaço marinho, estes conflitos também estiveram relacionados ao papel paradoxal do Estado no estabelecimento das regras e normas de ordenamento (incluindo-se a fiscalização/monitoramento ambiental), à burocracia e às diversas instituições existentes para tratar de problemas comuns, tornado confuso o gerenciamento da atividade. No que se refere às iniciativas em análise, os resultados demonstram a existência de instituições relativamente bem constituídas na região, com a atuação de órgãos de gestão pública e ambiental nos mais variados níveis: municipal estadual e federal. Além destes, registra-se também a participação da sociedade civil, em especial, dos pescadores artesanais de Paraty e de suas representações, na busca pelo tratamento dos conflitos nos quais estão inseridos. Por outro lado, evidencia-se a falta de articulação e integração entre as políticas e atores, bem como entre as experiências institucionais em curso. Portanto, um dos maiores desafios existentes na implantação de um modo compartilhado de gestão dos recursos pesqueiros na BIG consiste justamente em superar tais limitações institucionais, de maneira que possam promover ações articuladas visando não apenas a conservação integrada do ecossistema, como também a reprodução das práticas tradicionais de pesca e a sua co-existência com os demais tipos de usos / This thesis analyses environmental conflicts involving artisanal fishermen in the Ilha Grande Bay and institutional initiatives aiming at managing such conflicts in shared manners. Two initiatives were considered: i) the project Development of Management Systems of Fisheries and Aquaculture in Ilha Grande Bay GPESCA-BIG; and ii) The Commiment Term between the Tamoios Ecological Station and fishermen communities of Angra dos Reis and Paraty. The methodology comprised the authors direct observation in meetings of the consultation councils and working groups in conservation units, in special, those involving the Tamoios Ecological Station, and also participation in presentations about the proposition of Fishing Agreements and other public hearings. The research also used participative observation in meetings and workshops within the GPESCA-BIG project. Additionally, formal and informal interviews were carried on with relevant actors, and varied documents by entities such as Fishermen Associations, City Governments and City Councils, Ministry of Fisheries and Aquaculture and the Ministry of Environment were consulted. Three major groups of fisheries-related conflicts were identified: (1) overlapping between fishing and protected areas; (2) conflicts associated with large-scale fishing and, to a smaller degree, with oil and gas ships and touristic boats; and (3) conflicts due to the lack of regularization/allowance of the activity. In sum, these conflicts involve both development and conservation policies, which at all times contradict the traditional lifestyle of artisanal fishermen and caiçaras. Besides resulting from different forms of use of the sea, these conflicts are also related to the paradoxical role of the State in setting rules (including supervision and environmental monitoring) to the bureaucracy and to several institutions dedicated to common problems. Regarding the initiatives under analysis, results show that there are relatively well established institutions in the region, comprising public environmental agencies at local, state and national levels. One can also mention the participation of civil society, in special, artisanal fishermen from Paraty and their associations. On the other hand, it is worth highlighting the lack of integration among such policies and agencies/actors, as well as among institutional experiences under way. Therefore, one of the major challenges in the implementation of a strategy of co-management of fishing resources in the Ilha Grande Bay consists in overcoming such institutional shortcomings and adopting articulated initiatives aimed not only at the conservation of the environment, but also the sustainability of traditional fisheries and their co-existence with other kinds of use of the marine resources

Submitted by Carlos Roberto Pinto Pereira (alimar@terra.com.br) on 2018-07-16T21:11:20Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação com ficha catalográfica.pdf: 814066 bytes, checksum: ea496cef84d84036eef12a7cd9b4b7b0 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by ÁUREA CORRÊA DA FONSECA CORRÊA DA FONSECA (aurea.fonseca@fgv.br) on 2018-07-19T14:48:52Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação com ficha catalográfica.pdf: 814066 bytes, checksum: ea496cef84d84036eef12a7cd9b4b7b0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-25T13:03:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação com ficha catalográfica.pdf: 814066 bytes, checksum: ea496cef84d84036eef12a7cd9b4b7b0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-06-14 / Objetivo – O objetivo geral é identificar os avanços e os desafios decorrentes do processo de implantação de um novo modelo de gestão, bem como os seus efeitos na motivação das pessoas envolvidas. Em seus objetivos específicos, o trabalho pretende identificar o grau de participação dos entrevistados no modelo gerencial de cogestão e o quanto eles se encontram motivados nesse novo ambiente em que estarão sofrendo a influência dos diferentes graus hierárquicos da gestão e as barreiras impostas pela cultura organizacional. Metodologia – A abordagem é qualitativa e os dados foram coletados por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas, nas quais buscou-se identificar as características do fenômeno estudado. Os dados coletados foram tratados por meio da análise de conteúdo. Resultados – Como resultado da análise dos dados foi possível identificar quais são os avanços e desafios percebidos pelos membros dos colegiados de Área de Atenção e como estão motivados os profissionais no que diz respeito à implantação do novo modelo e em relação à sua prática profissional. Contribuições práticas – A aplicabilidade da pesquisa se mostra bastante relevante, já que com a identificação dos fatores intervenientes no processo de implantação de um novo modelo gerencial, em que se aponta o que foi percebido como avanço, como desafio e quais são os seus efeitos na motivação, é possível aplicar recursos nos pontos que precisam ser revisitados e potencializar os que estão tendo um efeito positivo. Isso significa um ganho na direção de melhor investimento dos recursos. Contribuições sociais – A identificação dos fatores que influenciam na reformulação do modelo de gestão e nos efeitos que se tem na motivação pode indicar um caminho seguro para uma melhor aplicação de recursos e melhoria dos serviços que são ofertados à população. Originalidade – A estrutura hospitalar é pouco permeável a mudanças, e as tentativas de implementá-las são traumáticas. A identificação dos avanços e desafios durante o processo de implantação da cogestão é um campo pouco explorado, principalmente quando se associam a esses dados os efeitos na motivação. / Purpose – The overall objective is to identify the advances and the challenges during the process of implantation a management model co-management and what its effects are on the motivation of the people involved. In its specific objectives, the study sought to identify the degree of participation of the interviewees in the co-management managerial model and how motivated they are in this new environment in which they will be suffering the influence of different hierarchical levels of management and the barriers imposed by the organizational culture. Design/Methodology – The approach is qualitative and data were collected through semi-structured interviews in which it was attempted to identify the characteristics of the studied phenomena the data collected were treated using the technique of content analysis. Findings – As a result of the data analysis, it was possible to identify the what are the perceived advances and challenges by the members of the Attention Area collegiate and how the professionals are motivated with regard to the implementation of the new model and in relation to their professional practice. Practical implications – The applicability of the research show itselfs quite relevant, as the identification of the intervening factors in the process of implantation of a new managerial model, in which it is pointed out what was perceived as advancement and what was perceived as a challenge and which are its effects on motivation, it is possible to apply resources at the points that need to be revisited and to potentiate those that are having a positive effect. What means a gain in the direction of better investment of resources. Social implications – The identification of the factors that influence in the reformulation of the management model and in the effects of motivation can indicate a safe route for a better application of resources and improvement of the services that are offered the population. Originality – The hospital structure is a structure little permeable to the changes and attempts to implement them are traumatic. The identification of the advances and challenges during the process of implementation of co-management is little explored field, mainly if it is associated with these data its effects on motivation.

A ideia de conservar áreas de renomada beleza natural contribuiu para a criação de várias áreas protegidas no Mundo. No Brasil, essas áreas são denominadas as Unidades de Conservação (UC). Muitas delas estão ameaçadas quanto a seu papel básico de proteção/conservação da biodiversidade. Isso acontece graças a diversos fatores: falta de recursos financeiros e humanos, regularização fundiária incompleta, presença de atividades humanas conflitantes dentro e no entorno dos territórios das UC, problemas de gestão, entre outros. No estado de São Paulo, grande parte das UC integrais possuem moradores e comunidades tradicionais em seus territórios. No entanto, ainda é pequena a participação dessas populações nos processos decisórios de gestão de UC. O caso do Parque Estadual da Ilha do Cardoso (PEIC) se destaca pela diferença quanto às opções de gestão. Além do fato de que seu plano de manejo foi elaborado conjuntamente com as comunidades residentes no Parque, essas participaram ativamente das reuniões do Conselho Consultivo (CC), arena social de discussão e negociação sobre as regras de gestão do Parque. Nesse processo a comunidade do Marujá se destaca, dentre todas as comunidades do PEIC, por apresentar uma Associação de Moradores que é participante do CC. Durante dez anos (1998-2008) o PEIC e a comunidade do Marujá construíram um modelo de resolução de conflitos, principalmente ligado a problemas com o turismo no Parque. No entanto, ainda não estão claras quais foram as opções de gestão escolhidas para a obtenção destes resultados. Portanto, esta dissertação analisou como se pode traduzir o resultado exitoso de uma UC com comunidades, como o PEIC, em um modelo de gestão? Constatou-se que o PEIC seguiu como modelo a cogestão adaptativa, caracterizado pela possibilidade de complementaridade entre Estado e sociedade civil. No caso do PEIC, a cogestão adaptativa gerou um padrão de governança, corroborado pelo reconhecimento da importância histórica das comunidades tradicionais do Parque, na proteção e gestão, dos recursos naturais de uso comum da UC. Além disso, esse modelo auxiliou a gestão da UC a lidar com a polissemia de seu sistema socioecológico. Além de demonstrar a importância de se promover o estreitamento do capital social, para a resolução de conflitos relativos ao sistema socioecológico da UC. / Many protect areas (PA) around the World were created based on the idea of protecting areas with outstanding scenic beauty. In Brazil, many of them were threatened in basic conservation issues. It occurs due to many factors, e.g.: lack of financial and human resources, problems with PA limits, conflicts among human activities within and near the PA area, problems with PA management, among others. In São Paulo State, many of the PA (73%) has traditional communities living inside their limits. Besides this, the management process with the participation of these communities remains low. The Cardoso Island State Park (CISP) management case is outstanding among the others PA with six communities (São Paulo State). CISP had a management plan that was made with the communities participation. Those communities attended the Park Advisory Council (PAC). This PAC was a social arena, where the management rules were discussed and negotiated, among different social actors and the Park director. Among all communities, Marujá is one which stands out. This community has Residents Association that is active in the PAC. During ten years (1998-2008) the CISP and Marujá community had built up a conflicts resolution model, mainly related to tourism problems. However, it remains unclear which management alternatives were chosen for achieve these goals. Though this dissertation seeks to analyze how a successful management results can be translated in a management model? The CISP has developed an adaptive co-management model. This model is characterized as a synergy between State and civil society. In CISP, this management model had built up a governance system, which had recognized the historical importance of those traditional communities for the protection and management of common pool natural resources. In addition, it had helped this PA to lead with it socio-ecological system. The CISP management model had showed how the social capital strengthen is important to conflict resolution of PAs socio-ecological systems.

Marine Areas for Responsible Artisanal Fishing (AMPR) have emerged as a new model for co-managing small-scale fisheries in Costa Rica, one that involves collaboration between fishers, government agencies and NGOs. This thesis aims to examine the context for collective action and co-management by small-scale fishers; evaluate the design, implementation, and enforcement of AMPRs; and conduct a linguistic analysis of fisheries legislation. The present work relies on the analysis of several types of qualitative data, including interviews with 23 key informants, rapid rural assessments, and legal documents. Findings demonstrate the strong influence of economic factors for sustaining collective action, as well as the importance of certain types of external organizations for community development and co-management. Additionally, significant enforcement gaps and institutional deficiencies were identified in the work of regulating agencies. Legal analysis suggests that mechanisms for government accountability are unavailable and that legal discourse reflects some of the most salient problems in management.

The environmental management of watersheds presents a complex governance issue due to their large spatial scales that include overlapping jurisdictions, competing interests in resource use, and lack of coordination among stakeholders. The Rideau Canal, spanning 200 km between the cities of Ottawa and Kingston, is an interesting case study as it is a multi-watershed system over which municipal, provincial and federal governments have authority. However, these governments have been unsuccessful in addressing system-wide issues such as shoreline development, erosion and invasive species that have significantly impacted the ecological integrity of the canal. A shift toward polycentric governance, which are systems of multi-scale governance, in which well-informed publics can contribute to the Rideau Canal’s management is required. This thesis examines how co-governance can be conceptualized for the RC by (1) analyzing convergences in stakeholder perspectives about the environment and governance, and (2) comparing collaborative causal mapping exercises with various stakeholders to current government engagement efforts. A tiered co-governance framework that intentionally links existing small-scale activities to system-wide formal venues of knowledge sharing could democratize environmental governance on the Rideau Canal to improve its management. Beyond its practical contributions, this research also contributes to developing the academic literature on co-governance for multi-watershed waterways that have both constructed and natural aspects.

Due to degrading marine environments and loss of biological diversity, marine protected areas (MPAs) are increasingly utilized to protect living marine resources. Unfortunately, effective management of these areas is often held back by conflicts between conservation and user interests, together with the limited knowledge on the functioning of marine ecosystems. As a way of reducing tensions and closing knowledge-gaps, collaborative arrangements between stakeholders and decision-makers are increasingly sought and comprised into policy guiding the establishment of MPAs. Despite the rising scholarly interest in these matters, little has been written about whether the commitments to collaboration expressed in policy are fulfilled in practice. Pursuing this question, the purpose of this thesis is to examine the resemblance between policy and practice in the context of collaboration between decision-makers and stakeholders during the establishment of MPAs. A case study of the Swedish Skånska Kattegatt, a marine protected area on the west coast of Sweden, reveals a discrepancy between policy and practice during the early stages of the process, regarding the construction of the knowledge base of the decision. The study identifies a possible cause to be lacking resources at the County administrative board responsible for the establishment, a crucial aspect to which more attention needs to be directed in similar, future settings.

This paper examines the implementation of biodiversity in local policy in the cities of Melbourne and Stockholm. Using process tracing as methodology, the study examines the process from the time the process to develop a policy on climate adaptation is initiated, to the time it is adopted. The process is examined in order to determine if and how biodiversity is included in local climate adaptation policies. Particular attention is paid to citizen participation in local governance in the process examined in the light of the research and theories developed by Elinor Ostrom. The paper finds biodiversity to be included in the policy outlined in the policy document in Melbourne, and citizen participation in local governance may have been conducive to this result. In contrast, biodiversity is included but in a less pronounced manner in the climate adaptation policy in Stockholm, and there seems to be no citizen participation in the policy process examined. These results indicate that citizen participation in local governance could be a contributing factor to biodiversity being included in local climate adaptation policy. It is however not unequivocally determined that it is in fact a causal mechanism.

Despite the increase of policies, guidelines, and developments in international law, the actual recognition of Indigenous peoples’ rights remains at odds in the collaborative management of Indigenous territories. Numerous studies demonstrate that mining companies have been slow to adopt international legal developments, particularly regarding Free, Prior, and Informed Consent (FPIC). States and natural resource companies often fail to adequately consult with affected Indigenous communities and rarely seek their consent before exploiting natural resources. Sweden and Canada have, despite making generalized claims about ethical behavior, respect for human rights and recognition of historical injustices, legislations that promote resource companies’ to extractivism. The purpose of this study is to examine the interpretation and implementation of FPIC in a Swedish and Canadian context, using a comparative qualitative content analysis, based on purposive sampling.  In order to investigate conflicts between the Indigenous communities, local non-communities, the state itself, and commercial mining interests in Nunavut (Canada) and Laponia (Sweden), we aim to explore what interpretations and implementations of FPIC that exist between stakeholders and what mechanisms that are used for advocating interests. By doing this, we compare the contexts with focus on how corporate policies, practices and state narratives frequently diverge from FPIC principles. The study explores the possibility of integrating the concept of ‘the culture of Peace’ or ‘Peace-Culture’ with FPIC, which emphasizes peaceful approaches to conflict resolution. The themes are presented as ‘Indigenous knowledge’, ‘Asymmetric Power relations and Triangular conflict’, as well as ‘Persisting Post-Colonial Structures’. The study indicates that both Canada and Sweden lack effective mechanisms for obtaining consent from Indigenous communities and that the conflicts emerge from a combination of structural, cultural, and extractive violence. We further propose that fostering a Peace-Culture approach could enhance the implementation of Free, Prior, and Informed Consent (FPIC).

Small-scale fisheries employ many millions of people around the world, and are particularly important in developing countries, where the dependency on marine resources is high and livelihood diversification options are scarce. In many areas of the world however, small-scale fisheries are at risk which threatens the food security and wellbeing of coastal people. Small-scale fisheries management has in many cases been insufficient and new comprehensive approaches are recommended to achieve social-ecological sustainability in the long-term. The aim of this thesis is to analyze empirically how social-ecological elements of seagrass-associated small-scale fisheries in the Western Indian Ocean region can be addressed for a transformation from the current mostly degraded state to more sustainable social-ecological systems and secure future livelihoods. The main method used was semi-structured interviews with local fishers. The main findings show the crucial contributions seagrass-associated small-scale fisheries make to food security and income generation and highlight the need to acknowledge the social-ecological importance of seagrasses in the seascape (Paper I). A discrepancy between low societal gains of the fishing of sea urchin predator fish species and their crucial importance in the food web (in controlling sea urchin populations and the associated grazing pressure on seagrasses) was identified (Paper II). These results suggest catch-and-release practice of sea urchin predator fish species, which could contribute to more balanced predator – sea urchin – seagrass food webs in the long run. The use of illegal dragnets was identified as a major threat to local seagrass meadows (Paper IV). Institutional elements influencing the use of such destructive dragnet were identified to be normative, cultural-cognitive and economic, which constitutes an institutional misfit to the current emphasis on regulative elements in a hierarchical manner (Paper III). Concerning future co-management initiatives, gear restrictions and education were the favoured management measures among all fishers (Paper IV). A majority of fishers were willing to participate in monitoring and controls, and most fishers thought they themselves and their communities would benefit most from seagrass-specific management. These findings highlight the need for actions on multiple scales, being the local-, management-, policy- and governance levels. The suggested actions include: education and exchange of ecological and scientific knowledge, gear management including the cessation of dragnet fishing, strengthening of local institutions, an active participation of fishers in enforcement of existing rules and regulations and an introduction of adequate alternative livelihood options. / <p>At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 1: Manuscript. Paper 4: Manuscript.</p>