In the Twenty-first Century, sustainable water management is likely to be humanity's greatest challenge in a world of ever-increasing demand. Legal instruments both international and national regulate and provide a general framework for the use and management of international waters. Future basin management agreements can be informed by examining the degree of success, in terms of sustainability and equity, achieved by such agreements. That success can be influenced by the degree to which such agreements support the human right to water implicitly stated in international customary law, through a collaborative management approach. Since 1988, attempts by communities on the Pongolo floodplain to be involved in Pongolopoort Dam releases, have met with little success. Recently, the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry has begun to support those efforts, but the approach remains a sectoral one, and is primarily concerned with water issues. The South African National Water Act 36 of 1998 provides for environmental management and public participation, as well as providing explicitly for the rights of individual water users, but its implementation is hampered by an overwhelming emphasis on technical considerations and a lack of political will to embrace collaborative management systems. Little effort is expended on collaborative management methods, though the level of transparency in water management is improving, despite remaining highly centralised. The level and extent of incentives for local community participation is low, and systematic monitoring is in its early development. International river basin agreements generally take a top-down or state-driven approach, though there are some examples where local cross-border communities have participated successfully in the implementation of international agreements and management of transboundary basins. South Africa, Swaziland and M09ambique signed the Interim Incomaputo Agreement, which includes the Maputo basin, in August 2002. Once again, the approach to this agreement has been highly sectoral in that negotiations were handled entirely by water officials in the relevant countries. A lack of transparency has prevailed in the negotiation stages, though through the basin studies, which will inform implementation plans, the level of participation should improve. There is overwhelming consensus that integrated management is the key to sustainable international river basin management. Formal and systematic methods for inter-departmental communication, both nationally and internationally are currently not being implemented, which has significant negative impacts on integrated management. Research in this area represents an opportunity to explore collaborative management of an international river basin in an area that is, as yet, unstressed in terms of population and water supply. / Thesis (M.Env.Dev.)-University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2002.

Integrated coastal management (ICM) has been the basis for coastal planning and management since the 1970s. The theory and practice of ICM is based on the premise that increased integration of planning and management in the coastal zone will lead to improved environmental and social outcomes for the coast. In the context of global and national trends, this thesis examines the application of ICM in three place-based coastal case studies in Victoria: the Gippsland Lakes, Point Nepean and the Geelong region. The particular focus is on the twin challenges of coastal urbanisation and the impacts of climate change. Through a wide range of applied research techniques including focus groups, the research explores the pressures, issues, impacts and implications for ICM and beyond. The case studies point to a number of important implications for ICM and identify opportunities for a more sustainable approach to coastal planning. In reviewing the research findings, a set of five steps and six principles are proposed to respond to policy failures and provide for a transition to more sustainable coastal planning in Victoria. The five steps involve expanding the theory of ICM to be outcome based and regional in its approach to coastal planning and management. In the context of climate change, a more adaptive and systems approach has been incorporated along with recognising the even greater importance of community engagement in coastal planning processes during a period of increased uncertainty and change. The principal instrument for change is a tripartite intergovernmental agreement on sustainable coastal planning underpinned by a set of six principles. These include: agreed and shared outcomes for the coastal environment to facilitate horizontal and vertical integration; an adaptive and systems approach integrating science and urban planning drawing on experience and knowledge in both disciplines; incorporation of the shared outcomes and an adaptive approach into urban and regio nal planning systems for local implementation; regional governance arrangements for integration of policy outcomes and community involvement; capacity building for sustainable coastal planning including interdisciplinary research and community education and long term monitoring and evaluation. The transition from ICM to sustainable coastal planning does not discard ICM but rather incorporates its strengths and adapts the concept to meet the twin challenges of coastal urbanisation and climate change. Further research questions are posed to indicate how the research findings could be further developed as part of a future coastal research agenda. The research findings seek to make a contribution to the theory and practice of ICM to build a pathway to coastal planning for the benefit of our coast and future generations.

Masters Research - Master of Science / This thesis investigates the livelihoods of fishermen in the villages in Cijulang, West Java, Indonesia. The research used community based coastal resource management and participatory coastal resource assessment to provide an indepth look at three small fishing communities. It addresses the perceived low income and standard of living of small-scale fishers in Indonesia and, by doing so, informs on the validity of these problems, factors that may be causing these problems, and possible fisheries management interventions that may be considered to improve the situation of fishers in one area of Indonesia. The thesis presents the results of research conducted in the three fishing villages in 2004 and 2005, the economic and social impact of an 85% fuel price rise and its relationship to fishing gear ownership and use. The thesis looks at the assumption that fishermen are the ‘poorest of the poor’, discusses the large disparity between the incomes of fishers from both an inter- and intra- village perspective, and highlights that ownership and use of different types of fishing gears has a strong impact on the earning power of small-scale fishermen. The thesis also investigates the impact of the environment on fishing frequency and challenges the assumption that research conducted in one part of Indonesia is valid for other areas. It does this through describing the concepts of an ‘angry ocean’ and ‘calm sea’, how these impact on fishing frequency, and the need to take meteorological and oceanic conditions into consideration when assessing managerial interventions and programs for small-scale fisheries in Indonesia.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:08:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 BrunoCPC_1-100_DISSERT.pdf: 2356033 bytes, checksum: ce14b7bf1ae1fe35ca852675e9da4636 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-07-19 / Among the various effects caused by the climate change and human intervention, the mangrove ecosystem changes through of the years has been worth mentioning, which hasn t known which are the pros and cons for the adjacent coastal and estuarine environments yet. It happens due to the present dynamism in these areas, besides of the difficult understanding of the processes associated with evolution. This study aimed to environmentally evaluate adjacent mangroves from the Macau and Serra oil fields, located on Rio Grande do Norte northern coast, to support the mitigating actions related to the containment of the erosive process, as well as, according to the principles of the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), to assess the amount of atmospheric carbon sequestered by the studied ecosystem. An inventory was conducted through mangrouve mapping which has supplied this research, especially regarding to the structural characterization of mangrove areas. To understand the local mangrove behavior in a greater level detail, techniques of remote sensing, GIS and GPS were used to make an analogy between the current and past states of the mangrove studied, allowing to make anticipated projections for the future impacts or changes in that region. This study combined data from multispectral LANDSAT 5 TM, Landsat 7 ETM+ with radar microwave data from SAR RADARSAT-1, which increased the interpretation capacity of the data from optical sensor systems. The interpretations have been supported by the data field, representing a better and innovative methodology for the environmental and taxonomic characterization of mangrove forests considered. The results reveal that mangroves of the Ponta do Tubar?o Sustainable Development Reserve are biologically representative areas and providing a variety of benefits, especially for local communities, constituting the priority sites for actions development aimed at conservation. They also have been showing the necessity to make mitigating measures in order to recover degraded areas through reforestation or creating new areas of mangrove, as currently 7.1% of the mangrove forests studied are dead or in an advanced state of decomposition. The amount of atmospheric carbon sequestered proved very significant when analyzed for the whole area, which is able to sequester atmospheric 4,294,458 Ton CO2 per year / Dentre os diversos efeitos provocados pelas mudan?as clim?ticas e pela interven??o humana, as altera??es no ecossistema manguezal v?m merecendo destaque, cujas implica??es para os ambientes estuarinos e costeiros adjacentes ainda est?o distantes de serem conhecidas. Isto ocorre devido ao dinamismo presente nessas ?reas, assim como a dif?cil compreens?o dos processos associados ? evolu??o das mesmas. O presente estudo teve como principal objetivo avaliar ambientalmente manguezais adjacentes aos campos petrol?feros de Macau e Serra, localizados no litoral setentrional do Rio Grande do Norte, como subs?dio ?s medidas mitigadoras ao processo erosivo, al?m de, dentro dos princ?pios do chamado Mecanismo de Desenvolvimento Limpo (MDL), avaliar a quantidade de carbono atmosf?rico sequestrado para o ecossistema estudado. Atrav?s de mapeamento do manguezal, foi realizado um invent?rio, o que forneceu subs?dios para o delineamento desta pesquisa, principalmente, no que diz respeito ? caracteriza??o estrutural da ?rea de manguezal. Para entender o comportamento do manguezal em quest?o em um n?vel maior de detalhe, buscaram-se explica??es em unidades espaciais maiores. T?cnicas de Sensoriamento Remoto, SIG e GPS forneceram informa??es de compara??o entre os estados atual e passado do manguezal, possibilitando proje??es antecipadas para os futuros impactos ou altera??es desta regi?o. Este trabalho combinou dados multiespectrais do LANDSAT 5 TM, LANDSAT 7 ETM+ com dados de microondas de radar do tipo SAR do RADARSAT-1, ampliando a capacidade de interpreta??o dos dados de sistemas de sensores ?ticos. As interpreta??es foram apoiadas com dados de campo, objetivando uma melhor e inovadora metodologia para a caracteriza??o ambiental e taxon?mica das florestas de mangue em quest?o. Os resultados encontrados revelam que os manguezais da Reserva de Desenvolvimento Sustent?vel Estadual Ponta do Tubar?o s?o ?reas representativas biologicamente e que fornecem uma variedade de benef?cios, principalmente para as comunidades locais, constituindo-se de s?tios priorit?rios para o desenvolvimento de a??es com vistas a sua conserva??o. Revelam tamb?m a necessidade de se tomar medidas mitigadoras no sentido de recuperar as ?reas degradadas ou atrav?s do reflorestamento se criar novas ?reas de manguezal, pois atualmente 7,1% das florestas de mangue estudadas encontram-se mortas ou em estado de decomposi??o bem avan?ado. A quantidade de carbono atmosf?rico sequestrado se mostrou bem significativa quando analisado para toda a ?rea em quest?o, sendo esta, capaz de sequestrar 4.294.458 Ton CO2 atmosf?rico/ano

O município de Maquiné/RS situa-se na microregião do Litoral Norte do Rio Grande do Sul, na escarpa de transição entre as Unidades Geológicas do Planalto Meridional e da Planície Costeira, e compreende um conjunto rico e complexo de atributos ambientais e antropológicos. Este contato abriga remanescentes da Mata Atlântica do Rio Grande do Sul, Reservas Biológicas, Terras Indígenas e constitui-se num Corredor ecológico da Es-tação Ecológica Aratinga, APA Osório, Parque Nacional da Serra Geral e Parque Nacional Aparados da Serra. Importante pelas suas belezas e características naturais bem como pela diversidade cultural, tem se considerado seu grande potencial Ecoturístico. O presen-te trabalho fundamenta-se na hipótese de que a Educação Ambiental é abordada nas es-colas de forma superficial, partindo em sua maioria de projetos individualizados de educa-dores e gestores escolares, sendo deficitário o apoio e projeção por parte dos órgãos go-vernamentais. A presente pesquisa objetiva a análise da existência da Educação Ambien-tal na comunidade política e educacional no município de Maquiné como subsídio para o Gerenciamento Costeiro e como isso afeta a preservação /conservação ambiental A me-todologia adotada caracteriza-se pela aplicação e análise de: duas entrevistas estrutura-das, uma para Educadores Ambientais, que foram indicados pela Direção da escola, e outra para Educandos, totalizando cento e onze entrevistados; duas semiestruturadas, uma para Secretários Municipais, e Diretores de escola e outra Educadores Ambientais, totalizando doze entrevistados; e registros fotográficos de ações de Educação Ambiental. As pesquisas foram realizadas presencialmente, contemplando Secretários de Educação e Meio Ambiente, cinco escolas e seus respectivos Diretores, Educadores Ambientais (cinco) e Educandos (cento e nove), sendo uma escola urbana, uma rural, uma escola indígena e duas em território quilombola. A partir de um total de cento e vinte e sete en-trevistas realizadas, salientam-se os seguintes resultados, conclusões e proposições do trabalho a) existe interesse por parte do poder público na realização de ações da Educa-ção Ambiental nas escolas, conforme relato pelos Secretários, mas não existe incentivo efetivo constatado a partir das entrevistas com Educadores Ambientais e Diretores de Es-colas em sua totalidade; b) as pesquisas realizadas com os Educadores Ambientais apon-tam que mais da metade (sessenta por cento) não possui formação específica em Educação Ambiental, existindo a necessidade de promover essa formação para esses educado-res; c) os trabalhos de Educação Ambiental na comunidade devem ser ampliados, pois o resultado da pesquisa aponta que oitenta por cento dos entrevistados não observa mu-danças na comunidade após as aulas de Educação; d) a aceitação por parte dos educan-dos com relação à Educação Ambiental é positiva, aproximadamente setenta e três por cento tem vontade de ter mais aulas de Educação Ambiental. Sugerimos, com base nos resultados que para maior eficácia, os trabalhos na comunidade devem ser ampliados, atingindo todas as suas esferas, fomentando mecanismos de atuação junto ao coletivo da sociedade para o bem comum. / The municipality of Maquiné/ RS is located in the microregion of the Northern Coast of Rio Grande do Sul, on the transition escarpment between the Southern Plateau and Coastal Geological Units, and comprises a rich and complex set of environmental and anthropological attributes.This contact houses remnants of the Atlantic Forest of Rio Grande do Sul, Biological Reserves, Indigenous Lands and is an ecological corridor of the Aratinga Ecological Station, APA Osório, Serra Geral National Park and Aparados da Serra National Park. Important for its beauties and natural characteristics as well as cultural diversity, has been considered its greatest Ecotourism potential. The present study is based on the hypothesis that Environmental Education is approached in schools in a superficial way, starting in its majority of individualized projects of educators and school managers, and the support and projection by the governmental organs is deficient.The aim of this present research consist to analyze the existence of Environmental Education in the political and educational community in the municipality of Maquiné as a subsidy for Coastal Management and how it affects the environmental preservation / conservation The methodology adopted is characterized by the application and analysis of two structured interviews: one for Environmental Educators, which were indicated by the School Direction, and another for students, totaling a hundred and eleven interviewees; two semistructured, one for Municipal Secretaries, and School Directors and other Environmental Educators, totaling twelve interviewees; and photographic records of Environmental Education actions. The surveys were carried out in person, including Secretaries of Education and Environment, five schools and their respective Directors, Environmental Educators (five) and students (one hundred and nine), one urban school, one rural school, one indigenous school and two in quilombola territory. From a total of one hundred and twenty-seven interviews carried out, the following results, conclusions and propositions of the work are highlighted a)there is interest on the part of the public power in carrying out EnvironmentalEducation actions in schools, as reported by the Secretaries , but there is no effectiveincentive, verified from interviews with Environmental Educators and School Directors in their totality; b) research conducted with Environmental Educatorsindicates that more than half (sixty percent) do not have specific training in Environmental Education, and there is a need to promote this training for theseeducators; c) Environmental Education work in the community should be expanded, as the result of the research indicates that eighty percent of the interviewees do not observe changes in the community after the classes of Education; d)acceptance by the students about Environmental Education is positive, approximately seventy-three percent are willing to have more Environmental Education classes. We suggest, based on the results, that for greater effectiveness, the work in the community should be expanded, reaching all its spheres, fomenting mechanisms of action with the collective of society for the common good.

O município de Maquiné/RS situa-se na microregião do Litoral Norte do Rio Grande do Sul, na escarpa de transição entre as Unidades Geológicas do Planalto Meridional e da Planície Costeira, e compreende um conjunto rico e complexo de atributos ambientais e antropológicos. Este contato abriga remanescentes da Mata Atlântica do Rio Grande do Sul, Reservas Biológicas, Terras Indígenas e constitui-se num Corredor ecológico da Es-tação Ecológica Aratinga, APA Osório, Parque Nacional da Serra Geral e Parque Nacional Aparados da Serra. Importante pelas suas belezas e características naturais bem como pela diversidade cultural, tem se considerado seu grande potencial Ecoturístico. O presen-te trabalho fundamenta-se na hipótese de que a Educação Ambiental é abordada nas es-colas de forma superficial, partindo em sua maioria de projetos individualizados de educa-dores e gestores escolares, sendo deficitário o apoio e projeção por parte dos órgãos go-vernamentais. A presente pesquisa objetiva a análise da existência da Educação Ambien-tal na comunidade política e educacional no município de Maquiné como subsídio para o Gerenciamento Costeiro e como isso afeta a preservação /conservação ambiental A me-todologia adotada caracteriza-se pela aplicação e análise de: duas entrevistas estrutura-das, uma para Educadores Ambientais, que foram indicados pela Direção da escola, e outra para Educandos, totalizando cento e onze entrevistados; duas semiestruturadas, uma para Secretários Municipais, e Diretores de escola e outra Educadores Ambientais, totalizando doze entrevistados; e registros fotográficos de ações de Educação Ambiental. As pesquisas foram realizadas presencialmente, contemplando Secretários de Educação e Meio Ambiente, cinco escolas e seus respectivos Diretores, Educadores Ambientais (cinco) e Educandos (cento e nove), sendo uma escola urbana, uma rural, uma escola indígena e duas em território quilombola. A partir de um total de cento e vinte e sete en-trevistas realizadas, salientam-se os seguintes resultados, conclusões e proposições do trabalho a) existe interesse por parte do poder público na realização de ações da Educa-ção Ambiental nas escolas, conforme relato pelos Secretários, mas não existe incentivo efetivo constatado a partir das entrevistas com Educadores Ambientais e Diretores de Es-colas em sua totalidade; b) as pesquisas realizadas com os Educadores Ambientais apon-tam que mais da metade (sessenta por cento) não possui formação específica em Educação Ambiental, existindo a necessidade de promover essa formação para esses educado-res; c) os trabalhos de Educação Ambiental na comunidade devem ser ampliados, pois o resultado da pesquisa aponta que oitenta por cento dos entrevistados não observa mu-danças na comunidade após as aulas de Educação; d) a aceitação por parte dos educan-dos com relação à Educação Ambiental é positiva, aproximadamente setenta e três por cento tem vontade de ter mais aulas de Educação Ambiental. Sugerimos, com base nos resultados que para maior eficácia, os trabalhos na comunidade devem ser ampliados, atingindo todas as suas esferas, fomentando mecanismos de atuação junto ao coletivo da sociedade para o bem comum. / The municipality of Maquiné/ RS is located in the microregion of the Northern Coast of Rio Grande do Sul, on the transition escarpment between the Southern Plateau and Coastal Geological Units, and comprises a rich and complex set of environmental and anthropological attributes.This contact houses remnants of the Atlantic Forest of Rio Grande do Sul, Biological Reserves, Indigenous Lands and is an ecological corridor of the Aratinga Ecological Station, APA Osório, Serra Geral National Park and Aparados da Serra National Park. Important for its beauties and natural characteristics as well as cultural diversity, has been considered its greatest Ecotourism potential. The present study is based on the hypothesis that Environmental Education is approached in schools in a superficial way, starting in its majority of individualized projects of educators and school managers, and the support and projection by the governmental organs is deficient.The aim of this present research consist to analyze the existence of Environmental Education in the political and educational community in the municipality of Maquiné as a subsidy for Coastal Management and how it affects the environmental preservation / conservation The methodology adopted is characterized by the application and analysis of two structured interviews: one for Environmental Educators, which were indicated by the School Direction, and another for students, totaling a hundred and eleven interviewees; two semistructured, one for Municipal Secretaries, and School Directors and other Environmental Educators, totaling twelve interviewees; and photographic records of Environmental Education actions. The surveys were carried out in person, including Secretaries of Education and Environment, five schools and their respective Directors, Environmental Educators (five) and students (one hundred and nine), one urban school, one rural school, one indigenous school and two in quilombola territory. From a total of one hundred and twenty-seven interviews carried out, the following results, conclusions and propositions of the work are highlighted a)there is interest on the part of the public power in carrying out EnvironmentalEducation actions in schools, as reported by the Secretaries , but there is no effectiveincentive, verified from interviews with Environmental Educators and School Directors in their totality; b) research conducted with Environmental Educatorsindicates that more than half (sixty percent) do not have specific training in Environmental Education, and there is a need to promote this training for theseeducators; c) Environmental Education work in the community should be expanded, as the result of the research indicates that eighty percent of the interviewees do not observe changes in the community after the classes of Education; d)acceptance by the students about Environmental Education is positive, approximately seventy-three percent are willing to have more Environmental Education classes. We suggest, based on the results, that for greater effectiveness, the work in the community should be expanded, reaching all its spheres, fomenting mechanisms of action with the collective of society for the common good.

Dissertação(mestrado)-Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação Ambiental, Instituto de Educação, 2009. / Submitted by eloisa silva (eloisa1_silva@yahoo.com.br) on 2012-07-25T00:08:31Z No. of bitstreams: 1 luciana sereneski de lima.pdf: 1456482 bytes, checksum: f651f32da335e2a3ce0b3a1afd519aff (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Bruna Vieira(bruninha_vieira@ibest.com.br) on 2012-07-25T03:14:56Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 luciana sereneski de lima.pdf: 1456482 bytes, checksum: f651f32da335e2a3ce0b3a1afd519aff (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2012-07-25T03:14:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 luciana sereneski de lima.pdf: 1456482 bytes, checksum: f651f32da335e2a3ce0b3a1afd519aff (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / O objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar uma leitura do processo participativo no Conselho Ambiental da Ilha dos Marinheiros pela perspectiva da Educação Ambiental Transformadora. A leitura que se realizou teve a intenção de aprofundar o entendimento sobre a teoria e prática da participação no campo teórico do Gerenciamento Costeiro Integrado e avaliar a condução desse processo pelos técnicos do Laboratório de Gerenciamento Costeiro da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (LabGerco/FURG). A partir da perspectiva sócio-histórica de pesquisa qualitativa, as reuniões do Conselho que ocorreram no ano de 2008 foram acompanhadas e entrevistas realizadas com os conselheiros. O texto resultante da transcrição das falas dos entrevistados foi analisado em busca de entender as múltiplas determinações que definem e situam o processo participativo. Dentre as diversas questões levantadas ao longo da análise, consideram-se cruciais para entender este espaço participativo e seu funcionamento àquelas relativas à origem do Conselho e sua institucionalidade, ao papel da FURG e às visões de participação em disputa. O Conselho originou-se a partir de um processo empreendido por agentes externos à Ilha, não sendo um espaço de participação almejado pelos ilhéus e pelo qual lutaram. Antes disso, o Conselho resulta de uma luta que os ilhéus “perderam”, uma vez que resultou do embargo da obra da ponte que seria para os ilhéus a única forma de trazer o progresso para a Ilha. A segunda questão posta diz respeito ao Plano de Manejo da Ilha, documento que traça as principais linhas de ação do Conselho e assume uma visão de futuro para a Ilha dos Marinheiros. Foi observado que a aposta para o futuro da Ilha assumida pelos agentes condutores do processo (equipe do LabGerco/FURG), e presente no referido documento, difere do posicionamento dos ilhéus participantes do processo de planejamento, que depois se tornaram conselheiros. Este conflito centrase especialmente sobre o incentivo ao turismo defendido pelos elaboradores do Plano, enquanto os ilhéus afirmaram a necessidade de se trabalhar questões relativas à busca de melhores condições para sua vida, buscando centrar o Plano na mobilização de esforços para melhorar as atividades de agricultura e pesca. Já o papel do Conselho foi descrito de diferentes formas, entre elas está o controle da entrada de iniciativas e atividades na Ilha, no entanto, o Conselho não dispõe dos instrumentos, institucionalidade e poder necessário para tanto. O Conselho também teria o papel de lutar por mudanças e garantir a participação da comunidade no desenvolvimento, além de ser um espaço de discussão dos problemas e criação de soluções, que seriam propostas a outros órgãos. Neste ponto, reside um problema que diz respeito à indefinição do agente executor do Plano de Manejo, a quem o Conselho deveria aconselhar. Outra questão importante é sobre o papel da FURG no processo, assumindo uma função que pode ser metaforizada pela imagem de um controlador neutro. Por um lado há o discurso do “aprender a aprender” e da neutralidade desta instituição. Por outro lado, o controle das ações do Conselho é exercido de diversas formas. Partindo da análise sobre a concepção de educação e de participação adotados, não foi possível a construção da emancipação nem contribuir ao empoderamento dos educandos, gerando uma relação de profunda dependência. Isto se apresenta como um risco à sobrevivência do Conselho pela intenção expressa da equipe da FURG retirar-se do processo “em um momento ou outro”, o que é agravado pelo fim do Programa Costa Sul que dotava os recursos financeiros que subsidiaram a atuação de tal equipe. Finalmente, permeando diversas das questões postas está o conflito e a disputa entre diferentes sentidos para a participação. Uma alinha-se à tendência hegemônica enquanto a outra pressupõe sua crítica. O dado essencial é que esta disputa permanece velada, ao menos aos olhos dos agentes internos. Partindo destas questões levantadas, há propostas para ação educativa organizadas em três momentos: curso de formação dos conselheiros ilhéus; reflexões com a equipe condutora do processo; e reflexões no âmbito do Conselho como um todo. As propostas fundam-se na necessidade posta aos educadores progressistas de aproveitar os espaços de participação na luta pela transformação da sociedade (FREIRE, 2003). / This study aimed at achieving a reading of the participatory process in the Environmental Council of Ilha dos Marinheiros by the prospect of Transformative Environmental Education. Such reading was held with the intent on deepening the understanding of the theory and practice of participation in the theoretical field of Integrated Coastal Management. Therefore, evaluating the conduct of that process by the technicians of the Laboratory of Coastal Management, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (LabGerco/FURG), was also an essential part of the objective. The Council meetings were attended throughout 2008 and interviews with the counselors were carried out from the socio-historical perspective of qualitative research. The resulting text from the transcript of the speech of interviewees was analyzed in search of understanding the multiple determinations which define and place the participatory process. Among the various issues raised during the analysis, the keys to understand that space and its operation are those related to the origin of the Council and its institutionalities, to the role of FURG, and to the views of participation under disputation. Originated from a process undertaken by staff from outside the island, the Council is not a space of participation sought by the islanders, by which they fought; in fact, it stems from a fight they “lost”, as the result of the restriction on the construction of the bridge that the islanders believed it would bring progress to the Island. The second question raised concerns the Management Plan of Ilha dos Marinheiros, which outlines the leading actions for the Council and is a vision of future for the island. The bet taken by the team driving the process for the future of the island (the team of LabGerco/FURG), as registered in the document, was considered to differ from the positioning of islanders participating of the planning process, who then became counselors. The conflict focuses specifically on the tourism promotion advocated by the Plan designers. The islanders expressed the need to work on issues in search of better conditions for living, as they tried to focus the plan on mobilizing efforts to improve the activities of agriculture and fishery. The Council’s role was described by the interviewees in different ways, among which was the control of entry of initiatives and activities to the island. However, the Council did not have the instruments, institutionality, nor power for that. The Council should also play the role of fighting for change and ensuring community participation in the development, besides being a forum for discussing problems and creating solutions to be proposed to other sectors of society. At this point, there is a problem concerning the vagueness of the official executioner of the Management Plan of Ilha dos Marinheiros, which the Council itself must advise. Another important issue is the role of FURG in the process, assuming a role that can be illustrated as the image of a neutral controller. On the one hand there is the discourse of “learning to learn” and the neutrality of the institution. On the other hand, the control of the Council is exercised in several ways. From the analysis on the concept of education and participation adopted, we concluded that construction of empowerment and emancipation was not possible. Furthermore, the form that the technicians had conducted the process created a deep relationship of dependency. Such a fact shows a risk to the survival of the Council, given the intention expressed by the FURG’s team of withdrawing from the process “at a time or another”. That is exacerbated by the end of the Programa Costa Sul, which gave financial support to subsidize the activities of the team. Finally, all this issues are permeated by the conflict and dispute among different senses of participation. One of them joins to the hegemonic trend while the other assumes its criticism. The key element is that such dispute remains hidden, at least in the eyes of islanders counselors. Taking these issues into account, a proposal for educational activity are herein presented organized in three stages: a training course for islander counselors; discussions with the team driving the process; and reflections within the Council as a whole. The proposals are based on the need put to progressive educators to use the spaces for participating in the struggle of transforming society (FREIRE, 2003).

Dissertação(mestrado)- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação Ambiental, Instituto de Educação, 2008. / Submitted by eloisa silva (eloisa1_silva@yahoo.com.br) on 2012-09-17T17:33:09Z No. of bitstreams: 1 CintiaBarenho.pdf: 10597864 bytes, checksum: 373f61d906a64d1a62cec62d9e4f5869 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Bruna Vieira(bruninha_vieira@ibest.com.br) on 2012-09-18T18:54:35Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 CintiaBarenho.pdf: 10597864 bytes, checksum: 373f61d906a64d1a62cec62d9e4f5869 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2012-09-18T18:54:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CintiaBarenho.pdf: 10597864 bytes, checksum: 373f61d906a64d1a62cec62d9e4f5869 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / A crise pesqueira no estuário da Lagoa dos Patos tem incitado ações de gerenciamento e desenvolvimento, visando à restauração da qualidade ambiental e a inserção de alternativas de renda às populações locais. Neste contexto se estabeleceu o Programa de Manejo Integrado do Estuário da Lagoa dos Patos (Programa Costa Sul), sendo que um dos seus projetos visava à inserção da aqüicultura, através do cultivo do camarão-rosa (Farfantepenaeus paulensis) em cercados abertos, por famílias de pescadores artesanais e agricultores da Ilha dos Marinheiros (Rio Grande - RS). Dentro deste contexto, esta pesquisa investigou como o processo de inserção de maricultura familiar ocorreu na comunidade e como os saberes (científicos e locais) se relacionaram durante o desenvolvimento deste. Os aspectos teóricos da investigação se basearam principalmente nos conceitos de aqüicultura sustentável, na educação ambiental crítica e transformadora, bem como nos aspectos da etnociência e do conhecimento ecológico tradicional. Técnicas de pesquisa qualitativa, participante e da etnografia foram empregadas e os dados foram coletados por meio de vivências e observações dentro dos setores envolvidos (comunidade de pescadores e agricultores, e universidade), acompanhamento de atividades do Programa Costa Sul e de entrevistas semi-estruturadas aplicadas às famílias de cultivadores e aos técnicos e pesquisadores. Os resultados sugerem que o desenvolvimento da maricultura familiar necessita do estabelecimento de maior interlocução entre os atores envolvidos, monitoramento e acompanhamento técnico mais freqüente, processos de avaliação, gestão participativa, acompanhamento social e o desenvolvimento de processos de educação ambiental. Até então, a implementação da maricultura familiar no estuário não alcançou as expectativas esperadas pela comunidade e pela universidade. Os pesquisadores, muito freqüentemente e superficialmente, atribuem os insucessos nos cultivos às resistências dos pescadores e ao desenvolvimento da atividade de maneira descuidada ou inadequada. Por parte dos cultivadores, há incertezas referentes à produção do camarão e ainda não há um bom conhecimento quanto às técnicas e práticas de cultivo. Existem também inseguranças quanto ao monitoramento e aconselhamento técnico-acadêmico e às habituais variações ambientais. No entanto, mesmo havendo incertezas semelhantes entre as atividades aqüicultura e pesca, o conhecimento ecológico local e tradicional acumulado impulsiona para que os cultivadores dêem prioridade às atividades tradicionais (como a pesca), gerando inseguranças às novas atividades. Os resultados evidenciam ainda que os saberes tradicionais e locais possuem grande potencial para contribuir no processo de produção do conhecimento (unindo-se ou complementando o conhecimento técnico-científico) e na implementação da “arte” de maricultura. Porém, as práticas sociais relacionadas à maricultura familiar ainda carecem de processos efetivos de envolvimento e reconhecimento dos diferentes saberes que os cultivadores possuem, e a existência de relações mais horizontais entre técnicos e cultivadores. Estes, além de serem sujeitos-parceiros do processo, precisam ser encarados como agentes socioambientais capazes de provocar mudanças. As relações de dependência e de pouca iniciativa por parte dos cultivadores expressam como o processo de tomada de decisão e manejo vem sendo conduzido pela universidade. Portanto, complementaridades entre os diferentes saberes, formas de gestão socioambiental efetivamente compartilhadas, auxiliadas por processos de educação ambiental crítica indicam um caminho para que a continuidade dos projetos de maricultura familiar sejam melhor sucedidos. / The fishing crises in the Patos Lagoon Estuary has encouraged managing and developmental actions, in order to reestablish the environmental quality and to introduce a new income source to local population. In this context the Integrated Coastal Management Plan (Costa Sul Program) was established, and one of its projects had the purpose of inserting of aquaculture through the cultivation of shrimp (Farfantepenaeus paulensis) in open pen, by artesian fisherman and farmers from the Marinheiros Island (Rio Grande – RS). In this context, this research investigated how the process of inserting family mariculture occurred in the community and how the knowledge(scientific and local) related during its development. The theoretical aspects of this investigation were based specially on the concepts of sustainable aquaculture, transforming and critical environmental education, as well as in the aspects of ethnoscience and traditional environmental knowledge. Qualitative, participant and ethnographic research techniques were employed and the information collected through experiences and observations within the involved sectors (fishing communities, farmers and university), following activities of the Costa Sul Program and semi-structured interviews applied to the cultivating families and to technicians and researchers. The results suggest that the development of family mariculture needs the establishment of a bigger dialog between the involved parts, more frequent technical monitoring and following, evaluating processes, co participant management, social monitoring and the development of environmental educational processes. So far, the implementation of family mariculture at the estuary didn't reach the expectations of community and university. The researchers, most frequently and superficially, attribute the failure in cultivation to the fisherman's resistance and to the development of the activity as being not careful or inappropriate. For those who cultivate, there are uncertainties relating the shrimp production and still there is not a good knowledge regarding the techniques and cultivating procedures. There are also insecurities regarding the technical academical monitoring and counseling and to usual environmental variations. However, even with similar uncertainties between the activities of aquaculture and fishing, the local and traditional environmental knowledge accumulated drives those who cultivate to give more importance to traditional activities (such as fishing), generating insecurities about new activities. The results show that local and traditional knowledge have great potential to contribute in the knowledge generating process (joining or complementing the technical-scientific knowledge) and in implementing the “art” of mariculture. However, social practices related to family mariculture still require effective processes of involvement and recognition of cultivator's different knowledge, and the establishment of more horizontal relations between technicians and cultivators. These, besides being subjects as well as partners of this project, have to be faced as social-environmental agents, capable of making changes. The relations of dependency and low initiative by the cultivators express how the process of decision making and management has been conducted by the university. Therefore, complementation of these different king of knowledge, effectively shared social- environmental management, assisted by critical environmental education indicate a path so the sequence of family mariculture is more successful.

Dissertação(mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Programa de Pós–Graduação em Gerenciamento Costeiro, Instituto de Oceanografia, 2012. / Submitted by Cristiane Gomides (cristiane_gomides@hotmail.com) on 2013-09-16T18:58:42Z No. of bitstreams: 1 andreia.pdf: 4518562 bytes, checksum: 24b429e580d3eb08acab170e7ee92f7e (MD5) / Rejected by cristiane soares(krikasoares@live.com), reason: citação errada on 2013-09-23T01:09:34Z (GMT) / Submitted by Cristiane Gomides (cristiane_gomides@hotmail.com) on 2013-10-09T01:51:00Z No. of bitstreams: 1 andreia.pdf: 4518562 bytes, checksum: 24b429e580d3eb08acab170e7ee92f7e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Sabrina Andrade (sabrinabeatriz@ibest.com.br) on 2013-10-17T02:59:10Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 andreia.pdf: 4518562 bytes, checksum: 24b429e580d3eb08acab170e7ee92f7e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-10-17T02:59:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 andreia.pdf: 4518562 bytes, checksum: 24b429e580d3eb08acab170e7ee92f7e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Atualmente as questões ambientais ainda não foram adequadamente incorporadas às atividades do setor portuário, uma vez que as iniciativas de gestão ambiental existentes nos portos brasileiros são ainda muito fragmentadas. O setor portuário está diretamente ligado a grandes acidentes ambientais, principalmente de episódios de derramamento de óleo e outras substâncias potencialmente perigosas. Além disso, também é importante considerar os impactos inerentes às operações cotidianas, tais como aqueles relacionados à sua infraestrutura e operações diárias, que muitas vezes não são contabilizadas enquanto impacto ambiental. Somado a estas fragilidades faltam também estudos com relação a este tema e a maioria dos portos brasileiros não está licenciada. Considerando essa problemática, e usando como estudo de caso o Porto do Rio Grande (RS), objetiva-se analisar a situação de gestão ambiental neste sítio portuário, tendo como pano de fundo o contexto local e as políticas públicas ambientais nacionais. O objetivo maior, respaldado por esta análise político-institucional, foi o de gerar diretrizes norteadoras que deem embasamento a um sistema de gestão ambiental portuária, através da proposição da síntese de um Plano de Gestão Ambiental Portuária. As diretrizes para o Plano foram elaboradas com respaldo nas etapas de estabelecimento e consolidação de um Programa de Gerenciamento Costeiro Integrado, com base no contexto local do Porto de Rio Grande (RS), mas com possível replicabilidade. Em última instância, estas sugestões de procedimentos que permitirão tornar os processos de gestão ambiental mais eficientes, o que permitirá a aplicação em outros portos brasileiros, bem como motivar melhorias nos processos da gestão costeira municipal. / Currently environmental issues have not been adequately incorporated into the activities in the port sector and the existing environmental management initiatives in some Brazilian ports are very fragmented. Within these weaknesses also lacks studies regarding this issue and most Brazilian ports is not licensed. The port sector is directly linked to major environmental accidents, but in addition, there are also impacts related to its infrastructure and port operations daily that often are not counted as environmental impact. Considering this problem, this paper seeks to understand a situation management linked to environmental licensing, permeated by the environmental public policies, as well as the weaknesses and strengths of these processes. Using as a case study of the Port of Rio Grande (RS), aims to analyze the situation of environmental management port on this site, with the backdrop of national environmental public policy and local context. The ultimate goal, this analysis supported by political and institutional, is to generate guidelines that provide a base for an environmental management system efficient port that will allow the application to other Brazilian ports, by proposing a synthesis of Port Environmental Management Plan . Guidelines for the Plan will be developed to support the stages of establishment and consolidation of an Integrated Coastal Management Program, based in the local context of the port of Rio Grande (RS), but with possible replication to other ports. Ultimately, these suggested procedures will encourage improvements in the processes of municipal coastal management.

The study presented in this thesis discusses the topic of ASRs through the use of a specific case study constructed at Boscombe, UK. With the main aim to provide an impartial and independent study into the environmental, social and economic impacts of an ASR. The research presented is therefore multidisciplinary in nature, the separate components utilise key techniques from the geophysical, numerical modelling and socio-economic disciplines are combined to present a significant contribution to the knowledge and understanding of ASRs. Whilst previous studies have focused on one of these disciplines, there are no independent detailed studies of a constructed ASR utilising an multidisciplinary approach. The ASR concept and structures are still in their development infancy, the subject has received cursory independent review in the literature. There have been few successful projects, those that have survived structurally in the ocean are not being used primarily for surfing. The Boscombe ASR is an example of high overspend, poor management and construction, loss of geotextile SFC and users deem the project a failure. The consequences of not correctly planning, managing and overseeing the construction has resulted in a poorly viewed project of limited success. All stages of this project could have benefited from thoughtful planning, thereby avoiding this outcome. If lessons are to be learnt from this project then the planning and management are key areas of the process that need addressing. Ensuring that any future ASR projects are securely integrated with the coastal zone management plan will provide sustainability and success. The DPSIR framework approach can be used to highlight and address the causes of problems in the project. This framework enables the various disciplines to be discussed in relation to each other; links can be identified between the environmental, social and economic impacts of the ASR construction. Strict protocols will increase the success of any ASR project. The final crest height of the Boscombe ASR was 0.5 m higher than the final design height, this is a fundamental design flaw that should not be occurring in modern coastal engineering practice. It is suggested that guidelines are written based on this research for the design and construction process of an ASR. The recommendations and guidelines for ASR monitoring are provided by this research. The emphasis for future projects should lie in the final design and in monitoring, baseline field data should be collected to understand the environmental state change and socio-economic impacts. Planning and government proposals should be accompanied by extensive stakeholder engagement ensuring transparency for the project and ownership within the coastal community. The exclusion of stakeholders at key decision points created distrust and misunderstanding towards the Boscombe ASR project. Avoiding unrealistic expectations within the surfing community and wider coastal community was discussed throughout this research, and by others in the literature. This research agrees with these statements, the issue of poor surfability would be improved by a greater area to manipulate the bathymetry. However this would come at a greatly increased cost in geotextile SFCs, which the current construction method is certainly not capable of delivering successfully. It would be recommended in this case that an alternative construction material was used that is resilient to the marine environment and readily adaptable given poor performance. Further testing of materials, both geotextile SFCs and alternatives, are required for the successful advancement of ASR technology.