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The purpose of the current study was to provide both additional evidence of the psychometric properties of the TIPSA by examining reliability and validity coefficients, and to add to the empirical evidence for the application of betrayal trauma theory outside the context of complex and/or historical trauma. It was hypothesized that internal-consistency coefficients for the TIPSA would exceed 0.70; the TIPSA and the PTSD Checklist for DSM 5 (PCL-5) would be significantly positively correlated; the TIPSA and the Composite Codependency Scale (CCS) would not be significantly correlated; and that neither Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) nor Benevolent Childhood Experiences (BCE) scores would be significantly correlated with, or have a significant effect on TIPSA or PCL-5 scores. This study was conducted using anonymous survey data from192 female participants who self-identified as partners of sex addicts. Participants completed the TIPSA, PCL-5, CCS, ACE, and BCE measures. All reliability estimates for the TIPSA were above 0.70, as were all total-scale reliability estimates for the additional measures. Correlation between the TIPSA and PCL-5 produced a Pearson's r of 0.851 (p = 5.541 E-55), which indicated a large effect size. Correlations with additional measures produced statistically significant, yet small to weak, effect sizes (CCS: r = 0.292; ACE: r = -0.173; BCE: r = 0.244). Based on study results, there appears to be sufficient evidence to establish convergent validity of the TIPSA as a measure of trauma symptoms. Moreover, statistical evidence indicates only a weak relationship between the TIPSA and the CCS, thus establishing divergent validity of the TIPSA. Finally, neither the BCE nor the ACE was strongly correlated with the TIPSA, which adds to the empirical evidence for utilizing betrayal trauma theory outside the context of complex trauma, and also serves to provide additional evidence for divergent validity of the TIPSA.

本文旨在探討大學生的不同共依附分數組合類型與其在愛情關係中的人際行為間之關係。以台灣地區的公私立大學、獨立學院、科技大學與技術學院大一到大四515位自己報告有戀愛經驗的大學生為研究對象。本研究採用問卷調查法進行資料蒐集，所使用的研究工具為「共依附量表」與「人際行為量表」。調查所得資料分別以描述性統計、ｔ檢定、集群分析、區別分析與單因子多變量變異數分析等統計方法進行處理。研究之主要發現如下： 一、目前大學生在共依附各分量表的得分程度屬於中等。 二、目前大學生在與戀愛對象互動的人際行為主動對待與被動回應層次，皆較偏向正向的人際行為。 三、使用集群分析方法可以有意義依在共依附不同分量表的得分高低組合不同，而區分為「高共依附特質總分組」、「近似共依附組」、「非共依附-平均組」與「非共依附-低分組」。 四、不同性別的大學生在共依附量表與人際行為量表的差異情形。 1.在共依附量表中，大學男性在「以他人為焦點」與「認同照顧者角色」較大學女性高。 2.在人際行為主動對待層次中，大學男性在與戀愛對象互動的人際行為上，「保護」的行為較大學女性高，而大學女性則在「責備」與「攻擊」的行為上較大學男性高。 3.在人際行為被動回應層次中，大學男性在與戀愛對象互動的人際行為上，「屈服順從」、「彆扭不安」、「畏縮」與「隔絕」的行為較大學女性高，而大學女性則在「信任」的行為上較大學男性高。 4.整合人際行為主動待與被動回應上的性別差異後，發現大學男性在愛情關係中的人際行為主動對待層次上呈現較正向的人際行為，如：保護。但卻在人際行為被動回應層次上呈現較負向的人際行為，如：畏縮、隔絕。而相反的，大學女性在愛情關係中的人際行為主動對待層次上呈現較負向的人際行為，如：攻擊、責備，但卻在人際行為被動回應層次上出現較正向的人際行為，如：信任。 5.在不同共依附分數組合類型上，「高共依附特質總分組」與「非共依附-低分組」的性別分佈無太大差異。但在「近似共依附組」與「非共依附-平均組」的性別分佈則有差異。 五、不同共依附分數組合類型在愛情關係裡的人際行為有差異。 1.「高共依附特質總分組」與「非共依附-平均組」或「非共依附-低分組」相比較後發現，本組傾向有較多「操縱控制」、「攻擊」、「忽視」、「彆扭不安」、「畏縮」與「隔絕」等人際行為展現。 2.「近似共依附組」與「非共依附-平均組」或「非共依附-低分組」相比較後發現，本組傾向有較多「攻擊」、「忽視」、「屈服順從」、「彆扭不安」、「畏縮」與「隔絕」等人際行為展現。 3.「非共依附-平均組」與「非共依附-低分組」相比較後發現，本組傾向有較多「忽視」、「彆扭不安」、「畏縮」與「隔絕」的人際行為展現。 4.「非共依附-低分組」與「近似共依附組」或「非共依附-平均組」相比較後發現，本組傾向有較多「分離獨立」與「表露」的人際行為展現。 最後研究者根據本研究結果加以討論，並提出具體建議，以應用在諮商輔導與教育工作，並作為未來研究之參考。

Syftet med denna studie har varit att belysa män och kvinnors egna upplevelser av medberoende. I studien har en kvalitativ ansats använts och det material som har studerats är åtta förinspelade samtal, podcastavsnitt, publicerade på internet. Det empiriska materialet har analyserats utifrån teori om familjeroller och ett genusperspektiv. Denna studies resultat visade att de som ingår i studien påverkats negativt av en uppväxtmiljö präglad av missbruk eller psykisk ohälsa och upplevde sig ha anammat en eller flera roller för att kunna hantera sin livssituation. Resultatet visade även att detta fått konsekvenser för deltagarna i det vuxna livet. Vidare visade resultatet att män och kvinnor i denna studie i lika hög grad utvecklar ett medberoende, dock fanns det skillnader i hur studiens män och kvinnor uttrycker sitt medberoende. Kvinnorna upplevde att de isolerade sig, blev tystlåtna och tillbakadragna och männen upplevde att de hade ett mer utagerande beteende. Studiens deltagare hade upplevelser av att i barn- och ungdomsåren behöva ta ett stort ansvar och att de egna behoven därför åsidosattes. Slutligen diskuterades de negativa konsekvenserna av medberoende och om detta hade en koppling till rådande könsnormer. / The aim of this study was to illustrate male and females own experiences of codependency. In this study has an qualitative approach been used and the material consists of eight pre-recorded conversations, podcast episodes, published on the Internet. The empirical material has been analyzed from a theory of family roles and a gender perspective. It showed that the participants in this study has been negatively affected by growing up in an environment characterized of abuse or mental illness and felt that they had embraced one or more roles to manage their life situation. The result also showed that the participants had experienced negative consequences in adult life. The result of this study also showed that developing codependency was equally common among both male and female in this study, though were there differences between how male and females express their codependency. The females experienced a feeling of isolation, became quiet and reclusive and the males experienced that they had a more externalizing behavior. The experience of taking a big responsibility in childhood and adolescence was equally common among the participants of this study and led to that their own needs were ignored. The negative consequences of codependency and their connection to the gender norms of today were also discussed.

Science has shown that siblings to children with a disability are affected by the family situation. The siblings often let their own needs and requests come secondary to their family members. This study illustrates how different professionals, who keep in contact with families with a disabled child, works with its siblings. The purpose with this study was to see how professionals, working as administrators, counselors at the habilitation and kin supporters in the region of Kalmar, include siblings while working with the families. Representatives from the professionals have been interviewed with a semi structured interview manual. The result showed that professionals have various opinions how siblings are affected by the family situation. Mutually, none of the professionals meet the siblings to listen to their view, instead they listen to the parents for information. The children´s convention is therefore not lived up to by the organizations. Our result shows an absence of a child´s perspective in the professionals work with siblings to children with a disability.

Denna uppsats handlar generellt om hjälp och stöd för anhöriga till alkohol- och narkotikamissbrukare, och berör specifikt den hjälp som finns att tillgå inom Sundsvall kommun, hur den uppfattas, samt vilken hjälp och stöd som önskas. Tidigare forskning har påpekat att hjälp och stöd kan vara av vikt då det finns vissa risker förknippat med att vara anhörig till en missbrukare. Dock anser inte alla att det är ett problem vilket också gör att den ökade medikaliseringen i vårt samhälle kan ha en negativ inverkan på vissa anhöriga, till exempel kan det leda till att människor placeras i fack. Det kan samtidigt betyda att andra blir hjälpta. Vi har gjort en kvalitativ studie med semi- strukturerade intervjuer. Det vi kommit fram till genom våra intervjuer med anhöriga från olika grupper i samhället är att det finns olika behov hos de anhöriga, vilka kan tillgodoses av den hjälp som finns att tillgå i Sundsvalls kommun. Majoriteten av de anhöriga vi varit i kontakt med har inte sökt hjälp, och vet heller inte vad som finns att tillgå. Olika faktorer som till exempel skuld och skam kan hindra anhöriga från att söka hjälp. De anhöriga påpekade en känsla av maktlöshet och okunskap kring hur de ska förhålla sig till ett missbruk.

Amongst the modern day abundance of audio-visual media, where sounds represent everything from the swooping of virtual cameras through 3D spaces to the pressing of buttons and receiving of emails, and conversely where VJs routinely accompany live musical performance with an increasingly sophisticated language of abstract computer animation, the notion of music as a necessarily exclusively aural medium seems somewhat out of place. Psychological theories relating to the cognition of sound, in particular physical schema, accounting for the ubiquity of vertical plane pitch metaphors in most musical cultures, provide evidence of a deep-rooted spatially informed understanding of sound thus providing a common ground for both sound and vision in music. Furthermore, Western Classical composition is rife with examples of visually conceived forms from Bach’s Crab Canon (1747) to Xenakis’ architecturally inspired Metastasis (1954). However, in practice the gap between the listener’s auditory experience and the composer’s visual concept is often insurmountable. Rising to Schaeffer’s call for “Primacy to the ear!” (Schaeffer, 1967, pp. 28-30), acousmatic composers have sought to derive music exclusively from experientially verifiable criteria. However, in its pervasiveness of other musical genres, no doubt aided by technologically and commercially driven domination of the pre-recorded over the live listening experience in the latter half of the twentieth century, such an approach has lead to the neglect of visual aspects in the live performance of much art-music. This research aims to begin to redress this balance through the composition of, largely computer realised, audio-visual works whose conception arises not from a superimposition of one medium upon another, but through the very relations between the media themselves. Utilising modern computers’ ability to synchronise physical and virtual visual events with synthesised sound in real time not only affords composers an invaluable tool for enhancing listener’s perception of formal structures but also implies causal relationships between the sonic and the visual which can provide a base of intuitive understanding on which more complex formal ideas can be built.