Les déficients visuels rencontrent de nombreuses difficultés lors de leur navigation web avec un lecteur d’écran, d’autant plus que les interfaces web deviennent de plus enplus riches de par leurs interactions et leur densité et diversité informationnelles. Cette thèse confronte ainsi 2 approches de l’accessibilité : l’approche dite « exhaustive » quivise à assurer l’accessibilité normative - garantissant l’accès à l’information par l’application de normes - et l’approche dite « holistique » qui vise à assurer l’accessibiliténormative mais également l’accessibilité effective - garantissant l’utilisabilité de l’interface - par la prise en compte du contexte d’utilisation des utilisateurs.Les 2 premières études ont analysé l’activité des utilisateurs déficients visuels qui a donné lieu à un modèle de la navigation web de ces utilisateurs. Ce modèle permet deconcevoir une interface suivant l’approche holistique par la prise en compte de leurs besoins, notamment celui de filtrage des informations non pertinentes et redondantes. Lorsde 3 expérimentations, les déficients visuels ont été confrontés à l'approche exhaustive par la retranscription exhaustive des informations et à l'approche holistique par l’accèsdirect au contenu associé à l’action réalisée. Les résultats montrent le bénéfice substantiel apporté par la version holistique concernant l’allègement de la charge cognitive etl’utilisabilité de l’interface selon les 3 critères : efficacité, efficience et satisfaction. Ainsi, cette thèse fournit des arguments probants pour promouvoir l’approche holistique pourguider la conception d’interfaces et l’élaboration de solutions d’assistance pour cette population. / Visually impaired people face many difficulties when navigating on the web with a screen reader, especially as web interfaces become increasingly rich because of theirdynamic interactions and their informational density and diversity. This thesis compares two approaches to accessibility: the current approach called "exhaustive" which aims toensure normative accessibility - guaranteeing access to information through the application of standards - and the approach called "holistic" which aims to ensure bothnormative and effective accessibility - guaranteeing the usability of the interface - by taking into account the context of its use (difficulties, strategies, needs, etc.).The first 2 studies analysed the activity of visually impaired users resulted in a model of the web navigation of these users. This model allows for designing interfaces followingthe holistic approach by taking into account their needs, especially the filtering of irrelevant and redundant information. In 3 experiments, visually impaired users performedtasks in two versions of websites: a version based on the holistic approach that gives access directly to content associated with the user’s action and a version using theexhaustive approach that transcribes exhaustively all the information present on the screen. The results show substantial benefit provided by the holistic version as regards thecognitive load and the usability of the interface according to 3 criteria: effectiveness, efficiency and satisfaction. Thus, this thesis provides cogent arguments promoting theholistic approach in order to guide the design of interfaces and the development of assistance solutions for screen reader users.

Situation Awareness (SA) is critical commodity for teams working in complex sociotechnical systems and is thus a fundamental consideration in collaborative system design and evaluation. Despite this, SA remains predominantly an individual construct, with the majority of models and measures focused on SA from an individual perspective. In comparison, team SA has received much less attention and this thesis argues that further work is required in the area both in relation to the development of theoretical perspectives and of valid measures, and to the development of guidelines for system, training and procedure design. This thesis advances team SA theory and measurement by further investigating a recently proposed model of SA in complex collaborative environments, the Distributed Situation Awareness (DSA) approach, and by testing a new methodology for representing and analysing DSA during real world collaborative activities. A review of SA theory and SA measurement approaches is presented. Following this, the DSA theory and propositional network assessment methodology are outlined and a series of case studies on DSA during real world collaborative activities in the military and civil domains are presented. The findings are subsequently used to explore the concept of DSA and the sub-concepts of compatible and transactive SA. In conclusion, a model of DSA in complex collaborative systems is presented, and a series of system design guidelines for supporting DSA are outlined.

[pt] O presente estudo parte da premissa de que o processo de ensino aprendizagem precisa se ajustar (1) às novas possibilidades educacionais decorrentes da viabilidade legal de oferecer vinte por cento do conteúdo na modalidade semi-presencial; (2) às ferramentas tecnológicas hoje disponíveis e (3) às características de aprendizagem que estudantes desenvolvem pela intensa exposição tecnológica e pelo envolvimento em atividades próprias da área do Design. Esta investigação visa apresentar Diretrizes para um ambiente de aprendizagem baseada em ferramentas de comunicação assíncrona disponibilizadas nas comunidades virtuais de aprendizagem da Instituição A. As abordagens que fundamentam as diretrizes estão ancoradas nas áreas da educação e da ergonomia. O trabalho foi estruturado em quatro momentos. O primeiro constitui-se na fundamentação teórica. O segundo momento circunscreve o estudo de caso realizado no curso de Design da Instituição A. O terceiro momento constitui-se na análise de conteúdo das informações coletadas por meio da técnica Delphi. Por fim, a quarta etapa envolve a estruturação das diretrizes para a aprendizagem Assíncrona no Curso de Design da Instituição A. / [en] This study assumes that the teaching-learning process needs to be adjusted: (1) to the new educational possibilities arising from the legal possibility to offer twenty percent of the content in distance learning, (2) the technological tools available today, and (3 ) the learning characteristics that students develop by the intensive technological exposure and the involvement in Design typical activities. This research aims at presenting a guidelines for learning based on asynchronous communication tools of the virtual learning environment available by the Institution A. The guidelines are anchored in the education and ergonomic areas. The work was structured in four stages. The first constitutes the theoretical approach. The second stage addresses a case study in the design course of the Institution A. The third stage constitutes a content analysis of the information collected through the Delphi technique. Finally, the fourth step involves the structure of the guidelines for asynchronous learning in the Design Course of the Institution A.

No description available.

<p dir="ltr">As automated vehicle (AV) systems become increasingly more intelligent, understanding the complex interplay between drivers' trust in these systems and their resulting behavior is paramount for the successful integration of autonomous technologies into the transportation landscape. Currently, the effects of displaying AV system-certainty information, concerning its navigability around obstacles, on drivers' trust, decision-making, and behavior is underexplored. This thesis seeks to address this research gap and evaluate a set of dynamic and continuous human-machine interfaces (HMIs) that present self-assessed system-certainty information to drivers of AVs. A simulated driving study was conducted wherein participants were exposed to four different linear and curvilinear AV system-certainty patterns when their AV approached a construction zone. The certainty patterns represented the vehicle’s confidence in safely avoiding the construction. Using this information, drivers needed to decide whether or not to take over from the vehicle. The AV’s reliability and system-certainty were not directly proportional to one another. During the study, drivers' trust, workload, takeover decisions and performance, eye movement behavior, and heart?rate measures were captured to comprehensively understand of the factors influencing drivers' interactions with automated vehicles. Overall, participants took over in 41.3% of the drives. Results suggest that the communication of different system-certainty trends had a significant effect on drivers’ takeover response times and gaze behavior, but did not affect their trust in the system nor their workload. Ultimately, the results of this work can be used to inform the design of in vehicle interfaces in future autonomous vehicles, aiming to enhance safety and driver acceptance. By elucidating the intricate relationship between drivers' trust and behavior, this study provides valuable insights for both researchers and developers, contributing to the ongoing discourse on the human factors associated with the integration of autonomous technologies into the transportation ecosystem.</p>

Smart homes are residences equipped with information and communication technologies that anticipate and respond to the needs of the occupants. Despite the numerous research and industrial efforts, today only few expensive smart homes have been built and sold. The reason behind this slow uptake is the technology-driven approach characterizing existing solutions. The doctoral Thesis aims at demonstrating that a smart home can provide functionalities designed with a user-centered approach, taking into account ergonomic considerations about domestic activity and human cognition. This is achieved in collaboration with cognitive ergonomists, which help "minding the gap" between human context and machine-understandable context. Using off-the-shelf and lightweight instrumentation (also minimizing privacy concerns), extending existing context modeling, reasoning and management tools and following the Ubiquitous Computing principles, the doctoral work led to the following achievements: (i) the inter-disciplinary design of suitable functionalities, in collaboration with cognitive ergonomists; (ii) the design of a context-aware system that captures and reasons about uncertain contextual information in a distributed fashion; (ii) the realization of a working prototype that demonstrates the provision of energy-saving and comfort-preserving functionalities.

Ett produktutvecklingsprojekt som behandlar hur problemen kring en förarmiljös formspråk, reglage och kombinationen av dessa i högre grad kan utformas på ett kognitivtergonomiskt och estetiskt vis med anknytning till varumärke. I projektet utfördes en omfattande studie över nutidens förarmiljöer där flera tydliga trender upptäcktes.  I parallellkurs utfördes ett kognitiv ergonomiskt praktikfall tillsammans med litteratur som förankrat arbetet i att forma tekniken efter människan.  Sedan har projektet fördjupat i estetiska principer och olika studier kring förarmiljöer behandlas.  Konceptframtagningen bestod av tre faser. Där det initialt togs fram en mängd övergripande formspråk. Sedan lades de åt sidan för att utforma manöverdon. Slutligen kombinerades resulterande formspråk med manöverdon till en helhet och ett slutkoncept valdes ur dem. Projektet leder fram till ett konceptförslag genom formspråk, ratt och mittreglage till förarmiljön. Konceptförslag med återkoppling till varumärket, målgrupp, kognitiv ergonomi och estetik. / A product development project that deal with the problem of how a driver environment's design language, controls, and the combination of these to a greater extent can be designed in a cognitive ergonomic and aesthetic way related to the brand. The project was carried out a comprehensive study of contemporary operator environments where several clear trends were detected. In parallel course was conducted a cognitive ergonomic case study together with literature that secured the work in shaping technology for humans. The project has immersed in the aesthetic principles and various studies on driver environments have been treated. The development concept consisted of three phases. Initially a wide range of comprehensive design language was developed. Then they were put aside to design the actuators. Finally the resulting design with actuators combined into a whole which an end concept was chosen from. The project leads to design documentation through form-language, steering wheel and center controls for a driving environment. Design documentation with feedback to the brand, audience, cognitive ergonomics and aesthetics.

Les maisons intelligentes sont des habitations équipées de technologies de l'information et de la communication qui anticipent et répondent aux besoins des occupants. Malgré les nombreux travaux et solutions existants, seulement peu d'exemplaires de maisons intelligentes ont été construits et vendus. La raison cachée derrière cette lente diffusion est l'orientation technologique des approches existantes. Cette thèse de doctorat vise à démontrer qu'une maison intelligente peut fournir des fonctionnalités conçues avec une approche centrée utilisateur, en prenant en compte de considérations ergonomiques sur l'activité domestique et sur la cognition humaine. Ceci est réalisé en collaboration avec des ergonomes cognitifs, qui aident à "prendre garde" à l'écart entre le contexte humain et le contexte compréhensible par une machine. En utilisant une instrumentation légère, qui minimise les problèmes d'acceptabilité et de protection de la vie privée, ce travail de thèse a mené aux contributions suivantes: (i) la conception interdisciplinaire de fonctionnalités adaptées, en collaboration avec des ergonomes cognitifs; (ii) la conception d'un système sensible au contexte qui capture et raisonne sur des informations contextuelles incertaines de façon distribuée; (iii) la réalisation d'un prototype qui démontre la fourniture de fonctionnalités qui réalisent des économies d'énergie, tout en préservant le confort des habitants. / Smart homes are residences equipped with information and communication technologies that anticipate and respond to the needs of the occupants. Despite the numerous research and industrial efforts, today only few expensive smart homes have been built and sold. The reason behind this slow uptake is the technology-driven approach characterizing existing solutions. The doctoral Thesis aims at demonstrating that a smart home can provide functionalities designed with a user-centered approach, taking into account ergonomic considerations about domestic activity and human cognition. This is achieved in collaboration with cognitive ergonomists, which help "minding the gap" between human context and machine-understandable context. Using off-the-shelf and lightweight instrumentation (also minimizing privacy concerns), extending existing context modeling, reasoning and management tools and following the Ubiquitous Computing principles, the doctoral work led to the following achievements: (i) the inter-disciplinary design of suitable functionalities, in collaboration with cognitive ergonomists; (ii) the design of a context-aware system that captures and reasons about uncertain contextual information in a distributed fashion; (ii) the realization of a working prototype that demonstrates the provision of energy-saving and comfort-preserving functionalities.

Submitted by GUSTAVO DE ANDRADE SILVA (obscuremetaller@gmail.com) on 2018-10-09T01:43:22Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Mestrado - Gustavo de Andrade SIlva.pdf: 6925468 bytes, checksum: 967cb2ee2e821188542fb5b1fb5af49f (MD5) / Rejected by Lucilene Cordeiro da Silva Messias null (lubiblio@bauru.unesp.br), reason: Solicitamos que realize uma nova submissão seguindo as orientações abaixo: 1 - Inserir no corpo do texto a ficha catalográfica, pois é um ítem obrigatório. 2 - Inserir no corpo do texto a cópia da ata de defesa, pois é um ítem obrigatório. Agradecemos a compreensão. on 2018-10-09T12:05:19Z (GMT) / Submitted by GUSTAVO DE ANDRADE SILVA (obscuremetaller@gmail.com) on 2018-10-09T15:27:51Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Mestrado - Gustavo de Andrade SIlva.pdf: 7092505 bytes, checksum: 841cdeae95494c0f93e55115aa751924 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Lucilene Cordeiro da Silva Messias null (lubiblio@bauru.unesp.br) on 2018-10-09T16:59:44Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_ga_me_bauru.pdf: 7092505 bytes, checksum: 841cdeae95494c0f93e55115aa751924 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-10-09T16:59:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_ga_me_bauru.pdf: 7092505 bytes, checksum: 841cdeae95494c0f93e55115aa751924 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-08-30 / O relógio inteligente é um novo tipo de eletrônico para o punho com funcionalidades idênticas as de um celular, que também é utilizado por motoristas durante a tarefa de condução do veículo, representando uma nova forma de distração do motorista, e risco aumentado de acidentes no trânsito; uma demanda da ergonomia cognitiva. O objetivo do presente estudo foi determinar o efeito do uso de relógio inteligente sobre motoristas experientes e novatos durante a condução simulada de automóvel, na tarefa de seguir o automóvel à frente, através da análise de movimento dos olhos, da cabeça e do desempenho na condução. Vinte motoristas experientes (EXP) e vinte motoristas novatos (NOV) realizaram a tarefa de seguir um carro à frente por um percurso de 2 km em quatro condições: somente seguir o carro (CAR), seguir o carro e receber uma notificação de texto no relógio inteligente (NOT), seguir o carro que freará de modo inesperado e brusco (FRE) e seguir o carro que freará de modo inesperado e brusco e, adicionalmente, receber uma notificação de texto (FNOT). Os dados do olhar, da cabeça e do desempenho na condução do automóvel foram submetidos à análise de variância de grupo (EXP, NOV) por condição de freada (CAR, FRE) por condição de notificação (NOT, FNOT) por tentativa (1, 2, 3). O desempenho da condução de veículo foi afetado pela freada do carro à frente e pelo uso do relógio inteligente ao receber notificação. Ao receber uma notificação no relógio, mudava-se o foco atencional do trânsito para realizar a leitura de texto, aumentando as chances de ocorrência de acidente. Experientes e novatos apresentaram diferentes estratégias para viabilizar a leitura do texto no relógio; experientes mostraram-se mais eficientes, mas ambos grupos desviaram o olhar da pista em detrimento da atenção, o que resultou em condição de risco. / Smartwatch is a new kind of electronic to be worn on the wrist with features similar to those of mobile phones, they are also being used by drivers during their driving task, representing a new form of distraction for drivers and increasing chances of traffic accidents. The goal of this project is to determine the use effect of smartwatches on experienced and novice drivers while driving on a simulated driving task following a vehicle ahead, through the analysis of eye and head movement and driving performance in a driving simulator. Twenty experienced drivers (EXP) and twenty novice drivers (NOV) will follow a car ahead for 2 kilometers in four conditions: follow a car ahead (CAR), follow a car ahead and receive a text message notification on the smartwatch (NOT), follow a car ahead that brakes abruptly (FRE) and follow a car ahead and receive a text message notification on the smartwatch while the car ahead brakes abruptly (FNOT). The gaze, head movement and driving performance data will be subjected to group variance analysis (EXP, NOV), with or without braking (CAR, FRE), with or without smartwatch notification (NOT, FNOT) and by trial (1, 2, 3). The diver’s performance showed to be affected by the car’s ahead braking and by the use of smartwatch during reading tasks. Attentional focus was shifted away from the road to the smartwatch when drivers tried to perform the reading task, thus increasing the chances of an accident. Experienced and novice drivers used different strategies to perform the reading task while driving; experienced drivers were more efficient but both groups shifted their gaze away from the road in detriment of their attention to the traffic, which resulted in risk conditions.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:51:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 3683.pdf: 1656161 bytes, checksum: 4370a1447dc3a35ca039441a5aa052d6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-08-05 / This work presents collaborations of the ergonomics for the virtual learning environment, for its configuration and its use, seeking the inclusion of people with visual disabilities. These collaborations go along with the cognitive principles of ergonomics in which the focus is on the aspects of the usability and accessibility of interfaces of such environments. The virtual learning environment used was Moodle which is applied at Universidade Federal de São Carlos in order to offer distance education courses and where a visually impaired student takes subjects from the technological sugar-cane alcohol production course. The aim of this work is to analyse the interfaces under the view of accessibility, usability and ergonomics so as to facilitate the usage of the virtual learning environment from visually disabled students, contributing to the improvement of the UFSCar&#8223;s distance education system, providing opportunity of inclusion to people with visual disabilities concerning distance education. / RESUMO Este trabalho apresenta colaborações da ergonomia para o projeto de ambientes virtuais de aprendizagem, para a sua configuração e sua utilização, buscando a inclusão de pessoas com deficiência visual. Essas colaborações estão perfiladas com os princípios ergonômicos cognitivos, em que o recorte do trabalho recai sobre os aspectos de usabilidade e acessibilidade de interfaces desses ambientes. O ambiente virtual de aprendizagem utilizado foi o Moodle, implantado na Universidade Federal de São Carlos para a oferta de cursos na modalidade a distância, utilizado por um deficiente visual em disciplinas ofertadas no curso de tecnologia em produção sucroalcooleira. A atenção desse trabalho está voltada para uma análise das interfaces sob a óptica de acessibilidade, usabilidade e ergonomia, com o objetivo de facilitar o deficiente visual a utilizar o ambiente virtual de aprendizagem, contribuindo para aprimorar o sistema de ensino a distância da UFSCar, dando oportunidade para a inclusão de deficientes visuais na educação a distância.