Notre capacité à intégrer des informations venant de nos différents sens est fondamentale pour produire et réguler les mouvements de notre corps. L’objectif général de cette thèse est d’étudier les effets des déterminants de l’intégration multisensorielle sur nos comportements sensorimoteurs rythmiques. Les effets de l’intégration multisensorielle sur ce type de comportements sont peu connus car peu étudiés. Ces comportements caractérisent pourtant la majorité de nos activités quotidiennes comme marcher, écrire ou encore lors de la pratique d’activités sportives. Jusqu’à présent les processus multisensoriels ont été étudiés principalement dans le cadre de nos capacités de discrimination et de détection, révélant notamment la nécessaire synchronie temporelle entre les modalités pour leur intégration. Les conséquences de cette cohérence temporelle et des mécanismes associés n’ont jamais été testées sur les comportements sensorimoteurs rythmiques. Nous chercherons donc à généraliser leurs effets sur ces comportements. Par ailleurs, la littérature rapporte que les caractéristiques du mouvement modifient le traitement des informations sensorielles et semblent également influencer l’intégration multisensorielle. Nous testerons ainsi l’effet des caractéristiques de stabilité du système sensorimoteur, i.e. stabilité intrinsèque de la marche, sur l’intégration multisensorielle.Les deux contributions de cette thèse sont les suivantes : (1) Les comportements rythmiques obéissent aux mêmes principes que les comportements de discrimination temporelle ou de détection. Nos résultats généralisent les effets de cohérence temporelle et montrent pour la première fois l’effet de bénéfice multisensoriel sur la marche. (2) Nous formulons une hypothèse novatrice de compensation sensorimotrice, qui souligne l’utilisation adaptée des informations multisensorielles par le système sensorimoteur. Ce dernier compense la diminution de stabilité intrinsèque de la marche par une plus grande et/ou meilleure utilisation des informations externes audio-tactiles. / Our ability to merge information coming from several senses is crucial to produce and regulate our body movements. The main objective of this thesis is to study the effects of multisensory integration factors on our sensorimotor rhythmic behaviours. The multisensory integration effects on these behaviours are not well understood, being seldom studied. However, those behaviours characterize most of our daily activities such as walking, writing or doing sports. So far, multisensory processes have essentially been studied with regard to our discrimination and detection skills, highlighting the necessity of a temporal synchrony between senses for their integration. The consequences of this temporal coherence and the associated mechanisms have never been tested on sensorimotor rhythmic behaviours. Thus, we will extend their effects to these behaviours. Besides, literature shows that the movements’ features modify the processing of sensory information and can influence multisensory integration. We will test the effects of the stability of the sensorimotor system, i.e. intrinsic stability of gait, on the multisensory integration.The two main contributions of the thesis are the following ones: (1) Rhythmic behaviours obey the same principles as temporal discrimination and detection behaviours. Our results generalize the effects of temporal coherence and show for the first time a multisensory benefit on gait. (2) We suggest a novel sensorimotor compensatory assumption, highlighting the adaptive use of multisensory information by the sensorimotor system, which compensates the decrease of the intrinsic stability of the gait with a larger and/or better use of external audio-tactile information.

En hög känsla av sammanhang (KASAM) har kopplats till flera positiva aspekter av livet, exempelvis god hälsa, hög livskvalité, bättre prestationer samt mindre psykisk ohälsa. Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka den relativt outforskade relationen mellan KASAM och hur studenter hanterar dagliga förtret, hur många dagliga förtret de rapporterar samt könsskillnader gällande dessa. Deltagare var 274 högskolestudenter från två högskolor i mellansverige, varav 60 var män. Data samlades in via en enkät som bestod av 3 bakgrundsfrågor, 64 frågor om dagliga förtret samt 29 frågor som mätte KASAM. Analysen bestod av två tvåvägs ANOVOR för oberoende mätningar. Resultatet visade att studenter med en högre KASAM både hanterar dagliga förtret bättre samt rapporterar färre dagliga förtret. Resultaten tyder även på att kvinnor rapporterar fler dagliga förtret än män, speciellt i den låga KASAM gruppen. Inga könsskillnader gällande KASAM och hantering av dagliga förtret hittades.

A teoria da mente é definida como a capacidade de atribuir estados mentais ao outro, como desejos, crenças e intenções e, assim, prever o comportamento. A literatura destaca a potencialidade das narrativas e histórias para favorecer conversas sobre estados mentais e para a consideração de diferentes pontos de vista, aspectos importantes para o desenvolvimento da teoria da mente e do discurso narrativo. O objetivo geral deste estudo foi verificar a relação entre a teoria da mente e o discurso narrativo de mães e crianças, especificamente, quanto à coerência, avaliação e emprego de termos mentais, no contexto da contação de histórias. A amostra foi constituída por 25 duplas de mães e de crianças, de nível socioeconômico médio, tendo as crianças idades entre quatro e cinco anos. Foram realizados três estudos: o primeiro objetivou verificar a relação entre os termos mentais utilizados pelas mães nas histórias contadas aos seus filhos e o desempenho destes em uma escala de tarefas de teoria da mente e na tarefa de crença falsa; o segundo estudo teve como foco as histórias contadas pelas mães e pelas crianças, as quais foram analisadas quanto à coerência narrativa, quanto ao uso de termos mentais e de explicações destes termos; o terceiro estudo enfoca o desenvolvimento sociocognitivo da criança, no que concerne à teoria da mente e à habilidade narrativa, buscando correlações entre teoria da mente, termos mentais e os indicadores de coerência e de avaliação narrativa. Quanto ao primeiro estudo, os resultados mostraram que o emprego de cognições clarificadas pelas mães em suas narrativas, isto é, termos ligados à cognição seguidos de explicação, apresenta relação significativa com a teoria da mente, avaliada através da escala de tarefas de teoria da mente e da tarefa de crença falsa. Os resultados do segundo estudo mostraram que as crianças cujas mães apresentaram indicadores elevados de coerência, também se mostraram mais coerentes em suas narrativas. Além disso, o emprego de cognições clarificadas pela mãe correlacionou-se com a habilidade narrativa da criança, quanto à coerência. Tanto no primeiro quanto no segundo estudo, as cognições clarificadas maternas mostraram-se como fator explicativo para a teoria da mente e para coerência narrativa das crianças. Os resultados do terceiro estudo indicaram que o emprego de termos mentais pelas crianças em suas narrativas não se correlacionou com o desempenho das crianças na escala de tarefas de teoria da mente e na tarefa de crença falsa. Por outro lado, o discurso de termos mentais das crianças correlacionou-se de forma significativa com os indicadores de coerência. Ao longo dos três estudos, os resultados mostram a importância do discurso de termos mentais seguidos de explicações para o desenvolvimento da teoria da mente e da habilidade narrativa. A contação de histórias mostrou-se como uma ferramenta efetiva para o desenvolvimento, tanto da teoria da mente como da habilidade narrativa da criança. / Theory of mind is defined as the ability to attribute mental states like desires, beliefs and intentions, to ourselves and others, and thus to predict behavior. The literature stresses the potential of narratives and stories in favoring conversations about mental states and for the consideration of different points of view, important aspects for the development of theory of mind and narrative discourse. The central aim of this study was to verify the relation between theory of mind and the narrative discourse of mothers and children, specifically concerning coherence, evaluation and the use of mental terms, in the context of telling stories. 25 middle-class mothers and their four to five old children composed the dyads used as sample. Three studies were carried out: the first study aimed to verify the relation between mental terms used by mothers in their stories while telling them to their children and children’s performance in the theory of mind scale and in the false belief task; the second study focused on the stories told by mothers and children, which were analyzed with reference to narrative coherence, mental terms use, and mental terms explanations; the third study dealt with children’s socio-cognitive development, relative to theory of mind and narrative ability. Correlations were searched among theory of mind, mental terms, and indicators of narrative coherence and narrative evaluation. Concerning the first study, the results showed that the mothers’ use of clarifying cognitions in their narratives, i.e., cognitive terms followed by explanations, related significantly with theory of mind ability, evaluated by the theory of mind scale and the false belief task. Results of the second study showed that children whose mothers presented high levels of coherence also produced more coherent narratives. Moreover, the mother’s use of clarifying cognitions correlated with the child’s narrative ability, with respect to coherence. In both, the first and the second studies, clarifying cognitions showed themselves as the explanatory factor for the theory of mind ability and narrative discourse. Results of the third study evinced that children’s use of mental terms in their narratives does not correlated with children’s performance in the theory of mind scale and the false belief task. On the other hand, children’s mental terms discourse displayed a significant correlation with coherence indicators. Throughout the three studies, the results revealed the importance of the mental terms discourse followed by explanations for the development of theory of mind and narrative ability. Telling stories were shown as an effective tool for the development of both, theory of mind and narrative discourse.

A escrita é uma das evoluções mais significativas da humanidade desde a descoberta do fogo. Devido à importância indiscutível dela, principalmente no ambiente de aprendizagem, há muitas pesquisas delineadas para qualificá-la, mesmo com os avanços tecnológicos digitais que ampliaram o uso da linguagem, ainda encontramos muitos estudantes com dificuldades para escrever, expressar ou argumentar as suas ideias por meio do código escrito e respeitando a coerência. Sendo que essa dificuldade sofre um aumento significativo quando se trata da produção de um texto acadêmico científico no ensino superior, pois os acadêmicos encontram dificuldades para escrever a partir de critérios de análise textual, como por exemplo, o que poderá tornar um texto coerente ou não. Nesse sentido, as tecnologias digitais podem apoiar a qualificação desse processo. Diante da problemática apresentada, essa tese tem por objetivo compreender como uma ferramenta com base em mineração de texto pode apoiar os estudantes no processo de construção e avaliação da escrita acadêmica a partir de determinados critérios de análise textual. Para a organização dos procedimentos metodológicos foram escolhidas as abordagens qualitativas e quantitativas, assim como, o método de pesquisa quase-experimental e as técnicas de coleta utilizadas foram questionários e documentos. Para analisar os dados coletados foram aplicadas as técnicas de análise estatística descritiva e análise de conteúdo. O experimento se deu com 782 alunos, divididos em dois grupos para aplicação e comparação dos resultados por meio da avaliação às cegas de um grupo de professores selecionados. Alguns resultados são perceptíveis na trajetória da investigação, como por exemplo, as significativas contribuições do software Sobek integrado na ferramenta Seshat para identificar os critérios de análise textual que confirmam ou não a coerência na construção de um texto científico. / Writing is one of the most significant evolutions of mankind since the discovery of fire. Due to its undisputed importance, especially in the learning environment, there are many researches outlined to qualify it, even with the technological advances in digital technology that have expanded the use of language, we still find many students with difficulties to write, express or argue their ideas by The written code and respecting coherence. This difficulty suffers a significant increase when it comes to the production of a scientific academic text in higher education, since academics find it difficult to write from criteria of textual analysis, for example, what can make a text coherent or do not. In this sense, digital technologies can support the qualification of this process. In view of the problems presented, this paper aims to understand how a tool based on text mining can support students in the process of construction and evaluation of academic writing based on certain criteria of textual analysis. For the organization of the methodological procedures were chosen the qualitative and quantitative approaches, as well as the quasi-experimental research method and the collection techniques used were questionnaires and documents. To analyze the collected data, the techniques of descriptive statistical analysis and content analysis were applied. The experiment was carried out with 782 students, divided into two groups for application and comparison of the results through the blind evaluation of a group of selected teachers. However, some results are perceptible in the research trajectory, such as the significant contributions of the software Sobek integrated in the tool Seshat to identify the criteria of textual analysis that confirm or not the coherence in the construction of a scientific text.

This doctoral thesis is devoted to linguistic analysis of discourse relations as one of the aspects of discourse coherence. Discourse relations are semantic relations holding between propositions in a discourse (discourse arguments). The aim of the thesis is a complex description of discourse relations in Czech and its application in an annotation scheme in the Prague Dependency Treebank. The thesis is divided into three parts: The first one is focused on the theoretical description of discourse relations and on analysis of adequacy of various methodological concepts in corpus processing. The second part describes in detail the proposed scheme for the annotation of discourse relations and the process of the corpus build- up including the evaluation of consistency of the annotated data. Finally, in the last part of the thesis, we address some problematic issues arisen with the employment the proposed scheme and look for their possible solutions.

Le problème du passage à l’échelle des protocoles de cohérence de cache qui se pose pour les machines parallèles se pose maintenant aussi sur puce, suite à l’émergence des architectures manycores. Il existe fondamentalement deux classes de protocoles : ceux basés sur l’espionnage et ceux utilisant un répertoire. Les protocoles basés sur l’espionnage, qui doivent transmettre à tous les caches les informations de cohérence, engendrent un nombre important de messages dont peu sont effectivement utiles. En revanche, les protocoles avec répertoires visent à n’envoyer des messages qu’aux caches qui en ont besoin. L’implémentation la plus évidente utilise un champ de bits complet dont la taille dépend uniquement du nombre de cœurs. Ce champ de bits représente la liste des copies. Pour passer à l’échelle, un protocole de cohérence doit émettre un nombre raisonnable de messages de cohérence et limiter le matériel utilisé pour la cohérence et en particulier pour la liste des copies. Afin d’évaluer et de comparer les différents protocoles et leurs représentations de la liste des copies, nous proposons tout d’abord une méthode de simulation basée sur l’injection de traces dans un modèle de cache à haut niveau. Cette méthode permet d’effectuer rapidement l’exploration architecturale des protocoles de cohérence de cache. Dans un second temps, nous proposons une nouvelle représentation dynamique de la liste des copies pour le passage à l’échelle des protocoles de cohérence de cache. Pour une architecture à 64 cœurs, 93% des lignes de cache sont partagées par au maximum 8 cœurs, sachant par ailleurs que le système d’exploitation chercher à placer les tâches communicantes proches les unes des autres. Notre représentation dynamique de la liste des copies tire parti de ces deux observations en utilisant un champ de bits pour un sous-ensemble des copies et une liste chaînée. Le champ de bits correspond à un rectangle à l’intérieur duquel la représentation de la liste des copies est exacte. La position et la forme de ce rectangle évoluent au cours de la durée de vie des applications. Plusieurs algorithmes pour le placement du rectangle cohérent sont proposés et évalués. Pour finir, nous effectuons une comparaison avec les représentations de la liste des copies de l’état de l’art. / Cache coherence protocol scalability problem for parallel architecture is also a problem for on chip architecture, following the emergence of manycores architectures. There are two protocol classes : snooping and directory-based.Protocols based on snooping, which send coherence information to all caches, generate a lot of messages whose few are useful.On the other hand, directory-based protocols send messages only to caches which need them. The most obvious implementation uses a full bit vector whose size depends only on the number of cores. This bit vector represents the sharing set. To scale, a coherence protocol must produce a reasonable number of messages and limit hardware ressources used by the coherence and in particular for the sharing set.To evaluate and compare protocols and their sharing set, we first propose a method based on trace injection in a high-level cache model. This method enables a very fast architectural exploration of cache coherence protocols.We also propose a new dynamic sharing set for cache coherence protocols, which is scalable. With 64 cores, 93% of cache blocks are shared by up to 8 cores.Futhermore, knowing that the operating system looks to place communicating tasks close to each other. Our dynamic sharing set takes advantage from these two observations by using a bit vector for a subset of copies and a linked list. The bit vector corresponds to a rectangle which stores the exact sharing set. The position and shape of this rectangle evolve over application's lifetime. Several algorithms for coherent rectangle placement are proposed and evaluated. Finally, we make a comparison with sharing sets from the state of the art.

Local gamma-band (~30-100Hz) oscillations in the brain, produced by feedback inhibition on a characteristic timescale, appear in multiple areas of the brain and are associated with a wide range of cognitive functions. Some regions producing gamma also receive gamma-rhythmic input, and the interaction and coordination of these rhythms has been hypothesized to serve various functional roles. This thesis consists of three stand-alone chapters, each of which considers the response of a gamma-rhythmic neuronal circuit to input in an analytical framework. In the first, we demonstrate that several related models of a gamma-generating circuit under periodic forcing are asymptotically drawn onto an attracting invariant torus due to the convergence of inhibition trajectories at spikes and the convergence of voltage trajectories during sustained inhibition, and therefore display a restricted range of dynamics. In the second, we show that a model of a gamma-generating circuit under forcing by square pulses cannot maintain multiple stably phase-locked solutions. In the third, we show that a separation of time scales of membrane potential dynamics and synaptic decay causes the gamma model to phase align its spiking such that periodic forcing pulses arrive under minimal inhibition. When two of these models are mutually coupled, the same effect causes excitatory pulses from the faster oscillator to arrive at the slower under minimal inhibition, while pulses from the slower to the faster arrive under maximal inhibition. We also show that such a time scale separation allows the model to respond sensitively to input pulse coherence to an extent that is not possible for a simple one-dimensional oscillator. We draw on a wide range of mathematical tools and structures including return maps, saltation matrices, contraction methods, phase response formalism, and singular perturbation theory in order to show that the neuronal mechanism of gamma oscillations is uniquely suited to reliably phase lock across brain regions and facilitate the selective transmission of information.

[pt] Na modernidade, em que as relações são definidas como líquidas (BAUMAN, 2005), este trabalho procura entender, a partir da análise narrativa (BASTOS; BIAR, 2015), a popularidade/produtividade do sistema de crença da astrologia, especialmente na construção de um discurso essencializante sobre a identidade. Para isso, apresento 22 entrevistas de pesquisa (MISHLER, 1986) sobre o tema, realizadas com estudantes da PUC-Rio no período de 2016 a 2017 nas quais emerge uma considerável quantidade de pequenas histórias e histórias de vida (LINDE, 1993), aqui analisadas qualitativa e interpretativamente. Compreendo a narrativa como um importante instrumento para a construção de sentido no mundo social (BASTOS; BIAR, 2015) e para a formação de identidades autobiográficas (BRUNER, 1990; MOITA LOPES, 2001). Nestes termos, observo quais estratégias discursivas os entrevistados utilizam-se para construir histórias sobre si/outros, esforçando-se para apresentarem-se da melhor forma possível neste teatro (GOFFMAN, 1980, 2002 (1959), 2011 (1967), 2013 (1979)) que é a entrevista de pesquisa. Nota-se que muitas dessas histórias são costuradas a partir do sistema de coerência da astrologia (LINDE,1993). Isto é, os entrevistados constroem accounts (DE FINA, 2009) ou relações de causa e efeito, com o objetivo de reivindicar certo assujeitamento (BLOCK, 2012) no discurso, especialmente para comportamentos considerados socialmente negativos. Desse modo, os signos, ao livrarem seus narradores de agência, atuam no trabalho de face (GOFFMAN, 2011(1967)), colaborando para uma apresentação favorável dos entrevistados. / [en] In modernity, where relationships are defined as liquid (BAUMAN, 2005, 2006), this paper seeks from the standpoint of narrative analysis (BASTOS; BIAR, 2015), the popularity / productivity of astrology, especially in the construction of an essentializing discourse on identity. For this, I present 22 research interviews (MISHLER, 1986) on the subject, carried out with students from PUC- Rio from 2016 to 2017, in which a considerable amount of small histories and life stories emerge (LINDE, 1993), analyzed here qualitatively and interpretatively. I understand narrative as an important tool for the construction of meaning in the social world (BASTOS; BIAR, 2015) and for the formation of autobiographical identities (BRUNER, 1990; MOITA LOPES, 2001). In these terms, I observe which discursive strategies the interviewees use to build stories about themselves / others, striving to present themselves in the best possible way in this theater (GOFFMAN, 2002 (1959), 2011 (1967), 2013 (1979)), which is the research interview. It is noted that many of these stories are stitched from the system of coherence of astrology (LINDE, 1993). That is, the interviewees construct accounts (DE FINA, 2009) or cause-and-effect relationships, with the purpose of claiming some assumption (BLOCK, 2012) in discourse, especially for behaviors considered socially negative. In this way, signs, in relieving narrators of agency, act in the face work (GOFFMAN, 2011(1967)), collaborating for the favorable presentation of the interviewees.

This thesis aims to explore how narrative films that are marked by crucial obscurities and explanatory gaps in their development manage to become coherent. More specifically, the thesis is interested in examining how these obscurities and explanatory gaps can be understood as meaningful aspects of the films' organisation. Since the function of coherence in film has rarely been examined directly, the thesis first attempts to illuminate it by drawing on the work of two aestheticians who have examined it more systematically. Thus, the first part of the thesis discusses the work of Victor F. Perkins and George Wilson, while attempting to explore aspects of the work of these two aestheticians through the analysis of specific films. The writings of Perkins and Wilson provide a good starting point for the thesis because they raise crucial questions regarding the ways through which narrative films manage to deal with significant tensions in their organisation and intelligibility. The main body of the thesis (the second part of the thesis) then examines four narrative films, each of which is marked by a significant aspect of apparent incoherence. In each case, the thesis attempts to show that this aspect of apparent incoherence - rather than merely obstructing the film's intelligibility - essentially contributes to the creation of the film's idiosyncratic internal logic. In order to understand how this becomes possible, the thesis pays close attention to the ways in which the various components of each examined film relate to each other, observing and analysing the aesthetic strategies which enable each examined film ultimately to come together.

Ao longo dos últimos anos, os sistemas embarcados vêm se tornando cada vez mais complexos tanto em termos de hardware quanto de software. Ultimamente têm-se adotado como solução o uso de MPSoCs (sistemas multiprocessados integrados em chip) para uma maior eficiência energética e computacional nestes sistemas. Com o uso de diversos elementos de processamento, redes-em-chip (NoC - networks-on-chip) aparecem como soluções de melhor desempenho do que barramentos. Nestes ambientes cujo desempenho depende da eficiência do modelo de comunicação, a hierarquia de memória se torna um elemento chave. Baseando-se neste cenário, este trabalho realiza uma investigação sobre o impacto da hierarquia de memória em MPSoCs baseados em NoC. Dentro deste escopo foi desenvolvida uma nova organização de memória fisicamente centralizada com diferentes espaços de endereçamentos denominada nDMA. Este trabalho também apresenta uma comparação entre a nova organização e outras três organizações bastante difundidas tais como memória distribuída, memória compartilhada e memória compartilhada distribuída. Estas duas ultimas adotam um modelo de coerência de cache baseado em diretório completamente desenvolvido em hardware. Os modelos de memória foram implementados na plataforma virtual SIMPLE (SIMPLE Multiprocessor Platform Environment). Resultados experimentais mostram uma forte dependência com relação à carga de comunicação gerada pelas aplicações. O modelo de memória distribuída apresenta melhores resultados conforme a carga de comunicação das aplicações é baixa. Por outro lado, o novo modelo de memória fisicamente compartilhado com diferentes espaços de endereçamento apresenta melhores resultados conforme a carga de comunicação das aplicações é alta. Também foram realizados experimentos objetivando analisar o desempenho dos modelos de memória em situações de alta latência de comunicação na rede. Resultados mostram melhores resultados do modelo de memória distribuída quando a carga de comunicação das aplicações é alta e, caso contrário, o modelo nDMA apresenta melhores resultados. Por fim, foram analisados os desempenhos dos modelos de memória durante o processo de migração de tarefas. Neste caso, os modelos de memória compartilhada e compartilhada distribuída apresentaram melhores resultados devido ao fato de que não se faz necessária o envio dos dados da aplicação nestes modelos e também devido ao menor tamanho de código se comparado com os outros modelos. / In the past few the years, embedded systems have become even more complex both on terms of hardware and software. Lately, the use of MPSoCs (Multi-Processor Systems-on-Chip) has been adopted on these systems for a better energetic and computational efficiency. Due to the use of several processing elements, Networks-on-Chip arise as better performance solutions than buses. Considering this scenario, this work performs an investigation on the impact of memory hierarchy in NoC-based MPSoCs. In this context, a new physically centralized and shared memory organization with different address spaces named nDMA was developed. This work also presents a comparison between the new memory organization and three different well-known memory hierarchy models such as distributed memory and shared and distributed shared memories that make use of a fully hardware cache coherence solution. The memory models were implemented in the SIMPLE (SIMPLE Multiprocessor Platform Environment) virtual platform. Experimental results shows a strong dependency on the application communication workload. The distributed memory model presents better results as the application communication workload is low. On the other hand, the new memory model (physically shared with different address spaces) presents better results as the application communication workload is high. There were also experiments aiming at observing the performance of the memory models in situations where the communication latency on the network is high. Results show better results of the distributed memory model when the application communication workload is high, and the nDMA model presents better results otherwise. Finally, the performance of the memory models during a task migration process were evaluated. In this case, the shared memory and distributed shared memory models presented better results due to the fact that in this case the data memory does not need to be transferred from one point to another and also due to the low size of the memory code in these cases if compared to other memory models.