Este trabalho teve como objetivo estudar de maneira exploratória a segmentação por meio de coortes, através de sua literatura e da opinião de profissionais e especialistas de marketing sobre o tema. Buscando verificar a influência das coortes na estratégia de marketing e analisar as tendências da pesquisa realizada anteriormente, algumas etapas foram executadas. Primeiramente, foi conduzida uma revisão da literatura, buscando responder o tema de pesquisa colocado. A revisão focou nos temas de segmentação, gerações e coortes e seus componentes ligados a cultura, a valores e sub-culturas e grupos de referência, levantando os mais recentes estudos tanto nacionais como internacionais. Após isso, como método de pesquisa escolheu-se a pesquisa qualitativa por meio de entrevistadas em profundidade. A análise dos dados coletados foram analisados por meio de análise de conteúdo, com o auxílio do software NVivo8. As entrevistas conduziram a situações em marketing nas quais a segmentação por meio de coortes foi relevante, permitiram comparar posicionamentos e levou a construção de um mapa causal com os principais conceitos observados na pesquisa. / This work had as primary objective study the segmentation by cohorts. Beyond this, verify the cohorts influence and analyze the research trends were secondary objectives. Literature review and professional and researchers opinions were collected about the objective. To attain these objectives, some stages needed to be transposed. Firstly, the literature review was conducted, searching to answer the research theme proposed. The literature review focused on the themes of market segmentation, generations and cohorts, and its components such as culture, values, sub-cultures and references groups, analyzing Brazilians and international researches. After this, as research method was chosen the qualitative method by in-depth interviews. Collected data were analyzed by content analysis, helped by software NVIVO8. The interviews showed marketing situations where cohorts segmentation could help the marketing managers. After these, marketing researchers were interviewed and a causal map was drown, connecting the concepts collected during the research.

Master of Science / Department of Agricultural Economics / Michael R. Langemeier / The overall objective of this study was to examine the relative efficiency of farmers in various age groups. Nine Hundred sixty-four sole proprietors, who were members of the Kansas Farm Management Association (KFMA) with continuous data from 2002-2006, were split up into four groups based on age. Comparing the fourth age group (over 65 years of age) to the first age group (under or equal to 45 years of age) was of primary importance in this study. Comparisons were made utilizing variables pertaining to farm size and tenure, specialization, efficiency, liquidity, and solvency. In this study, there are four age groups; under or equal to 45 years, 46 to 55 years, 56 to 65 years, and greater than 65 years old. T-tests were used to compare variables among age groups. Nineteen variables were statistically different between age groups one and four. The fourth age group performed poorly in terms of cost efficiency. Based on the results, the fourth age group had a difficult time covering unpaid labor and capital expenses. Discriminant analysis was used to determine which variables discriminate the most between age groups. The top three variables in this discriminant analysis were the asset turnover ratio, the economic total expense ratio, and percent acres owned. The top three variables in the discriminant analysis involving groups one and four were the debt to asset ratio, asset turnover ratio, and net farm income.

The aim of this paper is to study generational differences in social conservatism. The research centered around three questions. Firstly, have levels of political social conservatism increased in the youngest generation as compared to previous. Secondly, does the presidential era a person was brought up in, explain differing levels of social conservatism. And lastly, does the results in the previous questions change when you look within the sub-group of subjects who self-identify as being conservative. To answer these questions, this study will analyse responses to question meant to operationalize social conservatism found in the General Societal Survey(GSS). And compare responses between generational birth-cohorts socialised under different presidents. Generally the results showed a decline in levels of social conservatism between generations and the youngest generation was no exception. The role of a presidential era in determining levels of social conservatism was practically non-existent. The results from questions one and two did not seem to change when looking within the subgroup of self-identifying conservatives.

Depuis plusieurs décennies, le rôle des expositions environnementales dans l’apparition des anomalies de la reproduction suscite l’intérêt de la communauté scientifique. La période prénatale est une phase critique du développement et l’exposition à des substances chimiques au cours de la grossesse pourrait avoir des conséquences sur la santé de l’enfant et de l’adulte. De nombreuses études chez l’animal ont mis en évidence que diverses molécules chimiques étaient toxiques pour la reproduction et le développement et que certaines d’entre elles étaient capables d’interférer avec le système endocrinien. Chez l’Homme, les effets de l’exposition prénatale à des substances susceptibles d’altérer l’équilibre hormonal du fœtus restent mal documentés. L’objectif de ce travail de thèse est d’étudier l’effet de l’exposition prénatale à certains polluants chimiques en s’intéressant à deux indicateurs d’anomalie du développement du système reproducteur à la naissance : les niveaux d’hormones sexuelles et les malformations congénitales de l’appareil génital du garçon. Ce travail s’appuie sur les données issues de cohortes mère-enfants françaises ayant recruté des femmes enceintes au cours de leur grossesse et pour lesquelles des prélèvements biologiques ont permis la mesure de l’exposition. Les classes chimiques plus spécifiquement étudiées dans cette thèse comprennent les polluants organiques persistants (polychlorobiphényles, pesticides organochlorés et retardateurs de flamme bromés) et les éthers de glycol, une classe de solvants oxygénés. Les études menées mettent en évidence des effets sur le développement du système reproducteur, potentiellement associés à des mécanismes de perturbation endocrinienne, en lien avec l’exposition prénatale aux deux familles de polluants étudiées. Des modifications des niveaux d’hormones sexuelles sont observées en association avec l’exposition prénatale à divers polluants organiques persistants. L’exposition prénatale à certains éthers de glycol est associée à une augmentation du risque d’hypospade ainsi qu’à des modifications des niveaux d’hormones sexuelles. Ces résultats mettent en évidence les effets d’expositions prénatales à des polluants chimiques ubiquitaires, sur le système endocrinien du fœtus. / From last decades, researchers had increased interest about the impact of environmental exposure on reproductive impairments. The fetal life is a crucial period of development and exposure to chemical during gestation may lead to adverse health outcomes at birth or later in life. Several toxicological studies have reported that some chemicals are reproductive and developmental toxicants and that some of them are able to interact with the endocrine system. In humans, evidence about the endocrine effects of these molecules is limited. The aim of this thesis is to study the effect of prenatal exposure to chemicals on two endocrine-sensitive endpoints at birth: sex hormone levels and congenital anomalies of the genitalia. This work is based on data collected in two French mother-child cohorts that included pregnant women during pregnancy and collected biological samples to perform exposure assessment. Two chemicals classes are studies including persistent organic pollutants (polychlorinated biphenyls, organochlorine pesticides, and polybrominated diphenyl ethers) and glycol ethers, a class of oxygenated solvent. The studies conducted show effects of prenatal exposure to both classes of chemicals on endocrine-sensitive endpoints related to reproductive health. Modifications of sex hormone levels are observed in association with exposure to various persistent organic pollutants. Prenatal exposure to some glycol ethers is associated with an increased risk of hypospadias and with modifications of sex hormone levels. These results highlight the effect of prenatal exposure to ubiquitous chemicals, on the endocrine system of the fetus.

ABSTRACT  Date: 2022-06-01 Level: Master thesis in Business Administration, 15 cr  Institution: School of Business, Society and Engineering, Mälardalen University  Authors:   Nor Reda  Rubar Onursal Title: Consumers’ involvement of online luxury purchases Supervisor: Stylianos Papaioannou  Keywords: Online luxury, Consumer behavior, Theory of planned behavior, Different generational cohorts. Research questions: What factors influence consumers’ involvement of luxury purchases online?  Purpose: The purpose of this study is to examine the identified gap in regards to online purchases of luxury goods in the context of cars and how it in turn may influence consumers’ involvement. Contrasting factors are linked to the Theory of planned behavior. Method: This study is of a quantitative nature by conducting a web based questionnaire. A deductive approach was undertaken to test the relationship between the three independent variables together in relation to the dependent variable purchase intention of the TPB. The main analysis for this study is a multiple linear regression supported by an exploratory factor analysis as wel as a correlation analysis. Conclusion: The results of this study reveal that the main influence of consumers’ involvement of luxury purchases online is attitude. Other factors such as subjective norm and perceived behavioral control did have a significant influence, henceforth not to the same extent as attitude.

Walden University College of Social and Behavioral Sciences This is to certify that the doctoral dissertation by Nathasha Brooks-Harris has been found to be complete and satisfactory in all respects, and that any and all revisions required by the review committee have been made. Review Committee Dr. Mark Gordon, Committee Chairperson, Public Policy and Administration Faculty Dr. Michael Knight, Committee Member, Public Policy and Administration Faculty Dr. Michael Brewer, University Reviewer, Public Policy and Administration Faculty Chief Academic Officer Eric Riedel, Ph.D. Walden University 2017 There is a digital divide between Baby Boomers and Millennials in the way they communicate and use technology in the New York City public sector workplace. The purpose of this empirical phenomenological study was to explore the phenomenon of generational communications between Baby Boomers and Millennials in the New York City workplace and to understand their lived experiences of how they communicate and use technology in their job. The conceptual framework consisted of two theories: Cameron & Quinn's competing values framework and Prensky's digital natives/digital immigrants. A total of 21 New York City workers (10 Baby Boomers and 11 Millennials) from various agencies participated in semi structured interviews and answered the DISC Classic Profile, an instrument that showed their communication styles. The data were analyzed using the Stevick-Colazzi method and Dedoose data analysis procedure to find groups of meaning and themes. Research found benefits and challenges of technology that impacted communications; how organizational culture impacted technology use and communications; fears about using and learning technology; differences in relationships affecting Baby Boomers and Millennials; and differences in communication styles affecting management and subordinates. Recommendations for future research include conducting a similar qualitative study on Generation X and a quantitative study on Baby Boomers and Millennials. The findings of this study will contribute to positive social change through the implementation of reverse mentoring, knowledge management and transfer, succession planning, and human resource management.

One of the most critical issues facing government over the next decade will be filling management positions vacated by Baby Boomers. The purpose of this quantitative correlational research study was to examine how intrinsic and extrinsic motivations affect job satisfaction among different age cohorts in the public workforce. The public workforce is comprised of Baby Boomers (born 1946- 1964), Generation X (born 1965- 1980) and Generation Y (born1981 to 1996). The theoretical framework for this study was Herzberg's motivation-hygiene theory. A random sample of 213 participants: Generation Y = 40, Generation X = 77, and Baby Boomers = 96, participated in an online SurveyMonkey government panel. The panel was composed of local, state, and federal employees. Participants answered the survey using the Career Goals Scale, the Job Satisfaction Scale, and a brief demographics scale. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics as a measure of central tendency. Also, inferential statistics using Pearson product-moment correlations, simple linear regressions, and one-way multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) were conducted to answer three central research questions. Results revealed that both intrinsic and extrinsic motivations affect job satisfaction. Also, results of the individual one-way ANOVAs did not indicate significant differences in intrinsic motivation or job satisfaction among the age cohorts. Finally, pairwise comparisons determined that there were significant differences in extrinsic motivation between Baby Boomers and Generation Y. The information for this study may inform human resource managers in the public sector, about factors that would affect benefit plan policy, and improve recruitment and retention of employees.

Online higher education is a field that can benefit significantly from further research on innovative pedagogical methods designed to support students and decrease attrition rates. One method shown to improve engagement and retention of students in online environments is to include interactive engagement. This case study explored the patterns of students' interactions and assessment performance in an introductory teacher education one-course cohort. The study used a conceptual framework incorporating Bandura's social learning theory and Siemens' theory of connectivism. The study assessed archival data, from Adobe Connect recordings and records of competency pass rates, on the interactions and patterns of behavior between instructors and participants, and their association with the final assessment results. Data were analyzed by type and frequency of interaction, organized with NVivo software. The findings were that the pattern of understanding and applying level questions, as classified by Bloom's Revised Taxonomy, provoked the most responses, comments, and questions from the participants. Applying had the highest direct response and suggested an interpretation about online students wanting to respond to questions from instructors that prompt higher-level thinking skills and stimulate interactions. No patterns of behavior were evident between the student interactions and final assessment performance. The results indicate positive implications for social change in the role of the instructor to facilitate understanding and among participants who engage in positive learning interactions. The education profession could benefit from further research with a focus on content questioning best practices, retention methods, and the nature of social and learning interactions in online education.

Assiste-t-on réellement à une déstabilisation fondamentale de la relation d’emploi en France depuis la fin des « trente glorieuses » ? L’objet de la thèse consiste à questionner l’idée selon laquelle la période contemporaine se caractérise par « un bouleversement en profondeur de la condition salariale » (Castel, 2009) qui se traduirait par une transformation majeure des trajectoires professionnelles entre des générations successives de travailleur•euse•s. Les bases empiriques de l’idée d’inversion du progrès social en matière d’emploi sont interrogées autour de trois dimensions des parcours professionnels : l’emploi et le non-emploi, l’instabilité professionnelle et la qualification. Leurs évolutions sont appréhendées par le biais d’une approche quantitative qui articule les perspectives transversale, longitudinale, cohortale et sexuée. Les parcours professionnels de trois cohortes de travailleur•euse•s (1945, 1960 et 1975) sont comparés à partir de données issues des enquêtes Emploi et de l’Echantillon Démographique Permanent. L’hypothèse générale de la thèse remet en question l’idée d’une opposition dans les trajectoires professionnelles entre les générations du « plein-emploi » insérées dans la vie active pendant la période des « trente glorieuses » et les générations suivantes, aux parcours marqués par une dégradation généralisée des conditions d’emploi.La première partie de la thèse interroge la pertinence de l’opposition entre les générations du « plein-emploi » et celles du « sous-emploi » : portant une attention accrue aux effets de sexe, elle met en avant le fait que, malgré la massification du chômage, le modèle de société salariale s’est affirmé depuis la fin des « trente glorieuses » par un développement de la norme d’emploi au sein du salariat féminin. La féminisation du salariat s’est toutefois largement appuyée sur l’essor d’une forme dérogatoire à la norme d’emploi typique, l’emploi à temps partiel. La seconde partie remet en question l’idée d’une explosion et d’une généralisation de l’instabilité de l’emploi. Elle montre que, bien que les emplois dérogatoires à la norme de l’emploi à durée indéterminée se soient considérablement développés au fil des cohortes, ils forment plus un nouveau mode d’entrée dans l’établissement employeur qu’une situation qui déstabilise à long terme les parcours professionnels. La troisième partie se concentre sur les trajectoires socioprofessionnelles des salarié•e•s. Y est questionnée l’idée selon laquelle les conditions de déroulement des parcours professionnels se seraient considérablement dégradées entre les cohortes successives de travailleur•euse•s. / Are we actually facing a fundamental destabilization of employment in France since the end of the “Trente Glorieuses” ? The point of this thesis is to question the idea of a contemporary time which would be described as a “deep dislocation of the wage earners” (Castel, 2009), and which would result in a major transformation of the professional paths from a generation of workers to another.  The empirical foundations of the idea of social progress reversion, in terms of employment, are examined on the basis of three dimensions of the professional paths : employment, unemployment, job insecurity and qualification. Their evolutions are apprehended by a quantitative approach, combining both transverse, lengthwise, gender-related and cohort-related outlooks. The professional paths of three cohorts of workers (1945, 1960 and 1975) are compared one to each other on the basis of INSEE’s Labour Force surveys (enquêtes Emploi) and on the Permanent Demographic Sample (Echantillon Démographique Permanent) datas. This thesis’ general hypothesis challenges the idea of an opposition between the professional paths of, in one hand, generations of the“full-employment” whom had entered their jobs during the “trente glorieuses” and on the other hand the later generations, whose careers are said to be marked by a general deterioration of their working conditions. The first part of this thesis questions the relevancy of this opposition between “full-employment” and “under-employment” generations : by highlighting gender effects, it puts forward the fact that, despite the massification of unemployment, the model of wage society is reinforcing since the end of the “trente glorieuses”, especially by expanding the employment norm to women’s work. However, the feminization of contract-based employment is highly linked to the rise of a derogatory form of employment – part time jobs. The second part challenges the idea of a sudden blast and a globalization of job insecurity. It reveals, though derogatory forms of employment had expanded widely throughout years and cohorts, that it is more of a new way of entering the first company or the first job, than a long-term situation which could undermine the professional paths. The third part focuses on the workers’ professional paths. It examines the idea according to which there have been a huge worsening of the conditions of career development throughout the cohorts of workers.

The purpose of this study was to identify teaching techniques that could be used in college classrooms for effectively teaching two different age cohorts: Baby Boomers and Generation X students. Baby Boomers are those people born between 1946 and 1964. The subsequent generation, known as Generation X, was born between 1965 and 1981. A multi-case qualitative study was designed to include interviews with faculty, focus groups with students, and classroom observations at three different community colleges in east Tennessee. Thirty-one faculty, ranging in age from 29 to 65, comprised the faculty panel. There were 48 student participants. Half of the 24 female students were Generation Xers. Of 22 male participants, 16 were Generation Xers. Classroom observations of nine different sections were conducted. These observations included traditional lecture classes, lab classes, and a couple of multimedia classrooms. Interviews with the faculty panel revealed almost diametrically opposite classroom behaviors between Baby Boomers and Generation X students. While older students are generally more motivated, focused, and come to class prepared to learn; younger students were reported to exhibit behaviors that are antithetical to these. Some younger students indicated that they preferred to work on teams with older students for these reasons. Additionally, effective teaching techniques for the two age cohorts were also discovered to be different. While both Boomers and Xers preferred real world examples to illustrate classroom theories, what was a relevant example for one generation was not always relevant for the other. Therefore, many instructors need to ascertain what is relevant in the Xers' world as constituted by the media, the Internet, and popular culture. The modern classroom needs a variety of teaching techniques to cater to different types of learners. Perhaps a model whereby older students mentor professional behavior for the younger, and the younger teach older students how to use computer technologies would be a better learning environment. Additionally, a third of the instructors interviewed have found that they need to be entertaining to hold the shorter attention spans of the younger student. Some type of visual component is becoming the norm in most classrooms, but there was not always agreement on which visuals were most effective for the two age groups. Baby Boomers generally preferred the board for transparency viewing or note taking in outline form Conversely, while some young students liked these methods, a greater number preferred watching videos. However, the videos had to be engaging and usually no longer than 20 minutes to be effective. Furthermore, 43% of the younger students value individual attention from their instructors, indicating that it can often make the difference between passing and failing a course. A third of the faculty also noted the younger students' hunger for attention. For instance, the eldest faculty member indicated, “So many Generation Xers are needy in terms of needing lots and lots of attention [because] a lot of my Generation X students are separated from their families.” Whatever the reasons, today's college instructors have a difficult task in assimilating the many learning styles and generational differences of age cohorts present in their classrooms. Not only do they have to stay informed in their academic domains and adapt their courses to multimedia and distance learning technologies, but they have to be entertaining for younger students to make the class interesting.