The aim of this diploma thesis is to analyze the current situation of multimodal transport with a focus on the European Union, to describe the current concept of the Common Transport Policy and its main objectives and priorities for the future development. Further, to analyze the progress of the project Trans-European transport network with a focus on priority projects supporting the development of multimodal transport in the EU. One of the aims of this thesis is to outline the potential of the continental combined transport as an alternative option to multimodal transport and to focus on its current problems hampering the future prosperity of this new mode of transport.

The thesis monitors the distribution logistics of company CommScope at the local and corporate level. The aim of this work is the optimization of the current state and the proposal to use the combined mode of transport for the largest customer in Europe. The theoretical part is focused on the current method of arranging transport and carrier choise. The practical part is a detailed analysis of the road transport from manufacturer to the customer and proposal for using an alternative mode of combined transporport is formulated.

The diploma thesis deals with railway transport describes its role in combined transport and compare key aspects with road transport. As part of the diploma thesis, a detailed database of railway tracks in the Czech Republic was created, on which the route planner was built with the possibility of setting waypoints. The route planner also includes the implementation of exclusion activities. A comprehensive technical-economic model of railway transport was created with four calculation models and detailed investment planning, thanks to which is possible to assess whether the purchase or lease of train sets is more advantageous when making investment decisions. Furthermore, a technical-economic model for the branch line was created. The last section deals with the created transport model for the catchment area for 8 localities and 5 types of transported waste/commodities. The transport model was used to evaluate two selected areas – the South Moravian Region and Kolín.

多式運送所生之種種法律問題，其複雜程度往往不下於單式運送所面臨者，然而，與單式運送相較，多式運送之國際統一立法運動之命運卻未免多舛，舉例而言，針對多式運送所制定之1980年公約，即使係經過冗長之討論及折衝後始通過，但是望穿秋水仍等不到生效的到來，而多式運送統一國際規範之需求，在現代運送貨櫃化以及第三方物流興起之推波助瀾下，仍不斷地節節升高。 在這樣的大環境氛圍下，使得工作小組於UNCITRAL草案之討論過程中，不得不面對此一現實：大多數之海上貨物運送多係戶對戶運送，而戶對戶運送，又多以多式運送為之。因此，就UNCITRAL草案之適用範圍是否擴張至包括戶對戶運送，而其利弊得失為何，與會者就此紛紛各抒己見，表達自己之看法，工作小組最後乃決定：UNCITRAL草案應適用於涉及海上運送之戶對戶運送。 工作小組此一決定，事實上對於多式運送國際統一規範之實現，可說是邁出了一大步，但此結果，可說是「無心差柳柳成蔭」，蓋UNCITRAL草案之定位本旨，係在取代海牙、海牙威士比規則，成為一個全新之海上貨物運送公約，但工作小組決定將草案適用範圍擴張至戶對戶運送之結果，使得UNCITRAL草案對於絕大多數之多式運送亦將有所規範，因此，稱UNCITRAL草案為多式運送之新統一規範，亦不為過。當然，UNCITRAL草案本質上既係一海上貨物運送公約，則受草案規範之多式運送，亦必須有一部運送途程為海上運送，方符合UNCITRAL草案第1條規定之運送契約定義。 涉及海上運送之多式運送既有UNCITRAL草案之適用，此時MTO亦被視為運送人，而應負擔UNCITRAL草案中運送人之注意義務、賠償責任及舉證責任等；而UNCITRAL草案為解決與其他國際公約之衝突問題，採行了「最低限度網狀責任制」，但是，該最低限度網狀責任制卻抹煞了需要多式運送國際統一規範之根本理由：為多式運送法律關係帶來確定性。UNCITRAL草案不但未達成該目標，反而進一步導致多式運送法律關係趨於不穩定且無法預測，也因此，UNCITRAL草案就對多式運送之規範而言，仍有值得改進之處。

Syfte – Studiens syfte är att öka kunskapen om hur fordonstillverkares affärsmodeller påverkas vid förändring av statliga regelverk genom att studera ett framtida införande av HCT i Sverige. HCT, High Capacity Transports, är ett samlingsnamn för lastbilar som är tyngre och/eller längre än vad gällande lagstiftning tillåter. Regelförändringen övervägs för att sänka kostnader och miljöpåverkan.  Metod – Arbetet har genomförts i form av en case-studie. För att studera påverkan på både fordonstillverkares och åkeriers affärsmodeller har intervjuer genomförts med varuägare, åkerier och förare inom fjärrtransporter av styckegods. Detta har kompletterats med löpande kontakt med uppdragsgivande fordonstillverkare samt deltagande i konferenser inom ramen för det nationella HCT-arbetet.  Resultat – Inget större modalskifte mellan järnvägs- och landsvägstransporter förväntas eftersom järnvägens infrastruktur styr transportvalet och inte påverkas av ett HCT-tillåtande. Vidare riskerar fordonstillverkare att sälja färre lastbilar vid ett tillåtande av HCT men genom anpassning av affärsmodellen kan de öka värdet per fordon. Detta värde kan ökas genom att sänka kundernas driftkostnad, maximera fordonens drifttid och föra kundens talan mot myndigheter.  Praktiskt bidrag – Studien har resulterat i ett nytt affärsmodellsramverk för fordonstillverkare vid införande av HCT. Ramverket visar att samtliga nuvarande värdeområden bör inkluderas i kommande affärsmodell och att flertalet får ökad betydelse. På grund av nya förutsättningar blir vissa av dessa områden dessutom svårare att uppnå samtidigt som nya områden kan läggas till.  Vetenskapligt bidrag – Genom att öka kunskapen om affärsmodellspåverkan vid förändring av statliga regelverk utvidgar studien befintlig teori om förändringar av affärsmodeller. Studien belyser även vikten av att studera hela leverantörskedjan vid sådana förändringar. Detta eftersom statliga regelverk styr förutsättningarna för flera aktörer med starka inbördes relationer. Därmed sprider sig effekterna av en regelverksförändring till övriga aktörer i kedjan. / Purpose – The purpose of this study is to increase the knowledge about how legislative changes affect the business model of vehicle manufactures by studying a future allowance of HCT in Sweden. HCT, High Capacity Transports, is a generic term for trucks exceeding today’s weight and/or length regulations. Reasons for implementing HCT include reducing costs and environmental consequences. Method – Effects of legislative changes have been studied through a case-study of how HCT would affect the Swedish transport system. In order to study business model implications for both vehicle manufactures and hauliers, interviews have been held with transport buyers, hauliers and drivers within long distance haulage of break bulk cargo. This has been complemented by continuous contact with the commissioning vehicle manufacturer and participation in HCT conferences. Findings – Findings indicate that there will be no major modal shift between railway and road since the railway infrastructure determines the modal choice and is unaffected by HCT. Furthermore findings show that vehicle manufactures risk to sell fewer vehicles in case of HCT allowance but a business model adaption can increase the value per vehicle. This can be achieved by reducing customer operating costs, increasing vehicle uptime and being the voice of the customer against authorities. Practical implications – The study has resulted in a HCT business model framework for vehicle manufactures. The framework shows that all present value areas should be included in a future business model and that several areas will increase in importance. In the effect of new conditions several areas will become more difficult to fulfill. Furthermore new areas will be added. Theoretical implications – This study expands current theories within business model changes by increasing knowledge about how legislative changes affect business models. Furthermore this study highlights the importance of studying the whole supply chain in the event of these changes. The reason for this is that legislations affect the conditions for several players with strong peer relationships. Thereby effects due to changed legislations will spread to other players in the chain.

An analysis of a transport operator´s job description My degree work is centred on the problems of a transport operator´s job in a forwarding agency. The introduction provides an explanation of a term of "dispatch service" and explains why logistics is so important in transport. Then there is a description of the transport development after 1990 and the changes transport had to undergo in the time of globalization. The main part of the work deals with the operator´s working procedure from an offer to a demand, an order and other actions to the final realization. A model example is given to represent an actual transporting process. The work also states conditions under which transport is executed, for example payment terms and terms of delivery. Next chapters outline the way of calculation, give a detailed description of collecting service (which is implemented within the bounds of CS Expres system) and of storing problems including the introduction of bar codes in stores and possibilities of logistic service extension. The conclusion is focused on the firm developing strategy.