Spinoza rejects ‘turning the other cheek’ where humans live in civic community, and denies that piety ever requires it under those circumstances. Yet he argues that Jeremiah and Jesus counsel it under the exceptional circumstances where civic community collapses, and one is exposed to oppression. Spinoza defends his view by appealing to the love command—one must love one’s neighbor as one loves oneself. This chapter shows how turning the other cheek when one cannot count on others to do likewise can be rational on Spinoza’s terms and how he resolves the apparent tension of his claim that one must not turn the other cheek when one lives under the rule of civil law with his claims that hatred is always bad, and that anyone who ‘lives by the guidance of reason’ endeavors to ‘repay another’s hatred with love or nobility’.

Pour contrôler un système interactif, un utilisateur doit habituellement sélectionner des commandes en parcourant des listes et des menus hiérarchiques. Pour les sélectionner plus rapidement, il peut effectuer des raccourcis gestuels. Cependant, pour être efficace, il doit mémoriser ces raccourcis, une tâche difficile s’il doit activer un grand nombre de commandes. Nous étudions dans une première partie les avantages des gestes positionnels (pointage) et directionnels (Marking menus) pour la mémorisation de commandes, ainsi que l’utilisation du corps de l’utilisateur comme surface d’interaction et l’impact de deux types d’aides sémantiques (histoires, images) sur l’efficacité à mémoriser. Nous montrons que les gestes positionnels permettent d’apprendre plus rapidement et plus facilement, et que suggérer aux utilisateurs de créer des histoires liées aux commandes améliore considérablement leurs taux de rappel. Dans une deuxième partie, nous présentons des gestes bi-positionnels qui permettent l’activation d’un grand nombre de commandes. Nous montrons leur efficacité à l’aide de deux contextes d’interaction : le pavé tactile d’un ordinateur portable (MarkPad) et une montre intelligente (SCM). / To control an interactive system, users usually have to select commands by browsing lists and hierarchical menus. To go faster, they can perform gestural shortcuts. However, to be effective, they must memorize these shortcuts, which is a difficult task when activating a large number of commands. In a first part, we study the advantages of positional (pointing) and directional (Marking menus) gestures for command memorization, as well as the use of the user's body as an interaction surface and the impact of two types of semantic aids (stories, images) on the effectiveness to memorize. We show that positional gestures make learning faster and easier, and that suggesting to users to create stories related to commands significantly improves their recall rate. In the second part, we present bi-positional gestures that allow the activation of a large number of commands. We demonstrate their effectiveness using two interaction contexts: the touchpad of a laptop (MarkPad) and a smartwatch (SCM).

People with disabilities are both functionally and socially disadvantaged and the lack of access to mobile communication technology adds to their disadvantage. Changes and benefits we have seen in our society with the advent of mobile phones and associated electronic communication for people without disabilities have not migrated to people with disabilities. The comprehensive communication capability of a mobile phone can enable users anywhere to independently access a very wide range of communication, information and control systems and services. This research has addressed the key accessibility issues faced by people with disabilities who need or want to use the mobile phone for voice and data communication. The research revealed that: � there exist accessible features on mobile phones that can better assist people with disabilities in using the phone; � through education and training, people with disabilities can develop or be provided with effective and efficient ways to access and use the phone; � current, off-the-shelf telecommunications equipment such as car kits, speakerphone, voice recognition technology, wireless connectivity capability on mobile phones can enable people with disabilities, even severe physical disabilities, to access the telecommunications network and services; and � with a suitable interfacing system in place, Augmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC) device users can operate the phone for voice and data communication, which previously had not been possible. Trials established that people with a range of physical disabilities can use and should have equal access to telecommunications equipment and services. This research has shown that, with the right policies, processes and support through equipment matching, education, training and delivery, current off-the-shelf solutions can help people with disabilities to effectively communicate with other members of our society and to access the same range of information systems and services enjoyed by able-bodied members of the community. An interfacing system has been developed to provide users of AAC technology with the ability to use a mobile phone for voice calls and text messaging (SMS). It is confidently predicted that other features and services on the phone such as speakerphone, digital camera and FM radio, email and internet-based applications, and local or remote appliances and devices, can be controlled via the AAC device. Outcomes and findings have confirmed the main hypothesis of the thesis that, despite very limited mobility, speed, accuracy and vocal communication ability, users will be able to successfully operate the mobile phone itself, and use it for various modes of bidirectional communication with systems to which they choose to connect. The overall outcomes of the research have established that the benefits and usefulness of the mobile phone are so significant that they should become a necessity for people with a disability. It has been successfully demonstrated that, with the proper mechanisms and educational programs in place, the provision of accessible mobile phones for people with disabilities can significantly improve their quality of life through increased range of accessible activities, and will improve their independence, engagement with their peers, safety, security and self-esteem.

There were adapted the stream commands (SSE2) for videooculography measuring methods of eyes movements in this activity (an analysis by straight lines and an analysis by a circle). By their assistance the time of detection methods of eye pupil centre coordinates was accelerated. The algorithm of eye pupil centre detection was presented in which there were used the methods of analysis by straight lines and analysis by circles. There were presented stream commands (SSE2) and the methods of their use. After investigetion it was determined that the time of eye pupil centre coordinates by assistance of stream commands has been accelerated.

In modern agriculture, the agricultural tractor is an essential equipment for the accomplishment of the numerous agricultural operations of a property. Since the first tractors with internal combustion engine, big transformations have occurred in their projects, and the operating station where the most notable changes, as systems are constantly undergoing updates, and the manufacturers thinking about the comfort of the operator and the compliance with national and international regulations. The objective of this work was to evaluate and compare the conformity of the new agricultural tractors commercialized in the Brazilian market, with the specifications standardized by national and international standards of safety and ergonomics, qualifying the operating stations with the created of an ergonomic index. The agricultural tractors were divided into classes according to the gross power in the engine. In the agricultural tractors, the operating controls were measured in relation to the Seat Index Point, the measures of access and exits of the operation station, besides observing the presence of obligatory items in agricultural tractors. The main results show that Class VI agricultural tractors (above 200 CV) showed the highest compliance with ISO 15077, with regard to the internal position of the controls in the operating station. Between the controls, the gear lever was the one that best complied with the ISO 15077. As for the compliance with the ABNT NBR ISO 4254-1, the tractors without cabin had less conformity than the cabin. All the operating stations had at least two emergency exits, as required by ABNT NBR 4252. Most of the mandatory items provided for in NR 12 are present or agreed at the farm tractor stations evaluated. The 4CC operating station presented the best Ergonomic Index among the sampled operating stations and the 2NA Operational Station presented the lowest Ergonomic Index and it was efficient in terms of feasibility and can be applied to other models of agricultural tractors and machines. / Na agricultura moderna, o trator agrícola é equipamento fundamental para a realização das inúmeras tarefas de uma propriedade. Desde os primeiros tratores com motor de combustão interna, ocorreram grandes transformações em seus projetos, sendo que o posto de operação foram as de mudanças mais notórias, pois os sistemas estão constantemente passando por atualizações, e os fabricantes pensando no conforto do operador e no atendimento a normativas nacionais e internacionais. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar e comparar a conformidade dos postos de operação de tratores agrícolas novos comercializados no mercado brasileiro, com as especificações padronizadas por normas nacionais e internacionais de segurança e ergonomia, qualificando os postos de operação com a criação de um índice ergonômico. Os tratores agrícolas foram divididos em classes de acordo com a potência bruta no motor. Nos tratores agrícolas, foram medidos os comandos de operação em relação ao Ponto de Indexação do Assento, as medidas de acesso e saídas do posto de operação, além de observar a presença de itens obrigatórios em tratores agrícolas. Os principais resultados revelam que tratores agrícolas da Classe VI (acima de 200 cv) apresentaram a maior conformidade com a norma ISO 15077, no que se refere à disposição interna dos comandos no posto de operação. Dentre os comandos, a alavanca de marchas foi a que melhor atendeu à norma ISO 15077. Quanto à conformidade com a norma ABNT NBR ISO 4254-1, os tratores sem cabine apresentaram menos conformidades em relação aos com cabine. Todos os postos de operação apresentaram no mínimo duas saídas de emergência, conforme exige a norma 4252. I. A maioria dos itens obrigatórios previstos pela NR 12, estão presentes ou de acordo nos postos de operação dos tratores agrícolas avaliados. O posto de operação 4CC apresentou o melhor Índice Ergonômico dentre os postos de operação amostrados, e o posto de operação 2NA apresentou o menor Índice Ergonômico e este mostrou-se eficiente quanto a exequibilidade e pode ser aplicado em outros modelos de tratores e máquinas agrícolas.

L'utilisation de commandes gestuelles est une nouvelle méthode d'interaction sur interface tactile. Une bonne méthode pour faciliter la mémorisation de ces commandes gestuelles est de laisser l'utilisateur les personnaliser. Ce contexte applicatif induit une situation d'apprentissage croisé, où l'utilisateur doit mémoriser le jeu de symboles elle système doit apprendre à reconnaître les différents symboles. Cela implique un certain nombre de contraintes, à la fois sur le système de reconnaissance de symboles ct sur le système de supervision de son apprentissage. Il faut par exemple que le classifieur puisse apprendre à partir de peu de données, continuer à apprendre pendant son utilisation et suivre toute évolution des données indéfiniment. Le superviseur doit quant à lui optimiser la coopération entre l'utilisateur et le système de reconnaissance pour minimiser les interactions tout en maximisant l'apprentissage. Cette thèse présente d'une part, le système d'apprentissage évolutif Evolve oo, capable d'apprendre rapidement il partir de peu de données et de suivre les changements de concepts. D'autre part, elle introduit le superviseur actif en-ligne lntuiSup qui permet d'optimiser la coopération entre le système et l'utilisateur, lors de l'utilisation de commandes gestuelles personnalisées notamment Evolve oo est un système d'inférence floue, capable d'apprendre rapidement grâce aux capacités génératrices des prémisses des règles, tout en permettant d'obtenir une précision élevée grâce aux capacités discriminantes des conclusions d'ordre un. L'intégration d'oubli dans le processus d'apprentissage permet de maintenir le gain de l'apprentissage indéfiniment, permettant ainsi l'ajout de classes à n'importe quel moment de l'utilisation du système ct garantissant son évolutivité « à vie». Le superviseur actif en-ligne lntuiSup permet d'optimiser les interactions avec l'utilisateur pour entraîner un système d'apprentissage lorsque l'utilisateur est dans la boucle. Il permet de faire évoluer la proportion de données que l'utilisateur doit étiqueter en fonction de la difficulté du problème et de l'évolution de l'environnement (changements de concepts). L'utilisation d'une méthode de« dopage» de l'apprentissage permet d'optimiser la répartition de ces interactions avec l'utilisateur pour maximiser leur impact sur l'apprentissage. / Using gesture commands is a new way of interacting with touch sensitive interfaces. In order to facilitate user memorization of several commands, it is essential to let the user customize the gestures. This applicative context gives rise to a crosslearning situation, where the user has to memorize the set of commands and the system has to learn and recognize the different gestures. This situation implies several requirements, from the recognizer and from the system that supervizes its learning process. For instance, the recognizer has to be able to learn from few data samples, to keep learning during its use and to follow indefinitely any change of the data now. The supervisor has to optimize the cooperation between the recognizer and the system to minimize user interactions while maximizing recognizer learning. This thesis presents on the one hand the evolving recognition system Evolve oo, that is capable of fast teaming from few data samples, and that follows concept drifts. On the other hand, this thesis also presents the on line active supervisor lntuiSup, that optimizes user-system cooperation when the user is in the training loop, as during customized gesture command use for instance. The evolving classifier Evolve oo is a fuzzy inference system that is fast learning thanks to the generative capacity of rule premises, and at the same time giving high precision thanks to the discriminative capacity of first order rule conclusion. The use of forgetting in the learning process allows to maintain the learning gain indefinitely, enabling class adding at any stage of system learning, and guaranteeing lifelong evolving capacity. The on line active supervisor IntuiSup optimizes user interactions to train a classifier when the user is in the training loop. The proportion of data that is labeled by the user evolves to adapt to problem difficulty and to follow environment evolution (concept drift s). The use of a boosting method optimizes the timing of user interactions to maximize their impact on classifier learning process.

In this thesis I address the topic of a non-visual approach for interaction on mobile,as an alternative to their existing visual displays in situations where hands free usageof the device is preferred. The current technology will be examined through existingwork with special attention to its limitations, which user groups are currently using anysort of speech recognition or voice command functions and look at in which scenariosare these the most used and most desired. Then I will examine through interviews whypeople trust or distrust voice interactions and how they feel about the possibilities andlimitations of the technology at hand, how individual users use this currently and wheredo they see the technology in the future. After this I will develop an alternative voiceinteraction concept, and validate it through a set of workshops.

Approved for public release, distribution is unlimited / This thesis defines the strategic utility of Special Operation Forces (SOF), identifies why SOF only provide limited strategic utility, and presents an operational concept for the reorganization, alignment, and employment of SOF to overcome these shortf alls. The thesis is presented in a deductive manner that argues that SOF were designed for strategic purposes, and leads the reader to conclude that reformation must occur for SOF to provide strategic utility and meet their intent. SOF would be in an optimal position to meet their organizational intent by becoming a fifth armed service within the Department of Defense (DoD). Through the creation of mission-based units and a holistic employment strategy, SOF would become a strategic instrument capability of assisting national decision -makers in blending the elements of national power. Finally, the thesis concludes with additional required areas for research to make this concept become a reality, but that are beyond the scope of this study. / Major, United States Army

<p>In this essay, I have investigated whether players of World of Warcraft change their language to suit the gender of the character they play. I have researched if there are gender differences that correspond to what is defined as male and female language in mixed-sex conversations. Chat-logs, collected during four participant observations, were used for making an analysis based primarily on research by Coates (1993) and Yale (2007). Seven features were selected for analysis: amount of participation, hedges, questions, directives and commands, taboo language, compliments and grammar. It was possible to discover gender differences, but these were not consistent in all areas of research. For example, female characters had a higher contribution than males, as well as a higher use of hedges and tag-questions among males, which contradicts previous research. The lack of consistency might be due to the fact that the participants do not specifically consider all areas as typically female or male, or their unawareness of these tendencies. We also need to consider disagreement in previous gender studies as well as folklinguistic belief. The explanation of the lack of consistent differences may be a more equal relationship between males and females in this context, or due to thepossibility that the participants, who are usually male, make use of their normal male language.</p>

Se trata de un estudio de Historia de la Educación de las Mujeres, sobre la organización denominada Sección Femenina de F.E.T. y de las J.O.N.S , la cual tuvo una importante participación en la educación formal y no formal de las mujeres españolas durante sus más de cuarenta años de existencia. Es un estudio local, en el que se relatan y analizan el funcionamiento y las actividades desarrolladas en Murcia por la Sección Femenina (Albergues, asignaturas escolares, Círculos de Juventudes, formación de las trabajadoras, Servicio Social, Coros y Danzas y Cátedras Ambulantes) quienes y como fueron las mujeres que a ella pertenecieron y las que recibieron sus enseñanzas e influencias. Las fuentes de información utilizadas para la realización del estudio han sido además de las bibliográficas, la prensa de la época y el testimonio oral de las personas que protagonizaron y vivieron los hechos, este testimonio ha sido recogido a través de 20 entrevistas abiertas. / It is a research on the history of the women's education regarding to the phalanx movement named Women's platoon, (Sección Femenina), a brand of the Spanish Falangist Organization, which played a relevant role during more than forty years dealing with formal and informal training and education of Spanish women. This study tackles the functioning and activities on a local area of Spain, (Murcia), developed by the Sección Femenina, (i.e. Refuges, Schooling subjects, Youth Groups, workers training, social services, Folk Choirs and dances, Itinerant professorships). Who and how the women enrolled in this organization were, and who received these teaching, doctrines and influences. This research relies on several information and documentation sources such us bibliographic sources, press information's at that time, oral testimonies. So far, this study encloses the outcomes of 20 open interviews of persons involved on this reality.