The thesis examines the enforcement of consumer rights in South Africa, and is set against the backdrop of the underlying principles and theories on the enforcement of consumer protection law. It then analyses the various forms of consumer protection law enforcement mechanisms that were in place prior to the implementation of the Consumer Protection Act 68 of 2008, and sets out why there was a need for the enactment of the Consumer Protection Act. The thesis then critically discusses the consumer protection law enforcement mechanisms introduced and/or catered for by the Consumer Protection Act. The in-depth comparative analysis against the consumer protection law enforcement dispensations in both India and the United Kingdom culminates in a critical analysis of the successes and shortcomings of consumer protection law enforcement regime in present-day South Africa; as well as recommendations (in the form of legislative amendments and practical solutions) on how the South African consumer protection enforcement framework can be improved in order to facilitate the realisation of consumer rights. / Mercantile Law / LL. D.

University of Macau / Faculty of Law

University of Macau / Faculty of Law

La présente étude examine une des difficultés que soulève la résolution du contrat de vente en droit africain des affaires. L'Organisation pour l'Harmonisation en Afrique du Droit des Affaires (OHADA) créée par le Traité du 17 octobre 1993 organise les règles communautaires relatives à la résolution du contrat de vente. Le Livre VIII de l’Acte uniforme OHADA portant sur le Droit commercial Général a été adopté le 15 décembre 2010 et a abrogé l’Acte du 17 avril 1997. Selon l’article 281 de l’Acte uniforme, la résolution du contrat de vente ne survient que lors de l’inexécution totale ou partielle de l’obligation du cocontractant. Notre étude visera à évaluer les conséquences dans le droit de la vente OHADA de la substitution du critère de privation substantielle par celui de la gravité du comportement du débiteur justifiant une résolution unilatérale du contrat. Cette nouvelle position du droit de la vente OHADA se démarque dans une certaine mesure du droit matériel uniforme et rejoint un courant adapté aux impératifs socioéconomiques du commerce tant régional qu’international. En outre la partie lésée devra déterminer la gravité du comportement du débiteur au risque de voir sa demande sanctionnée pour défaut de droit et donner lieu à des dommages intérêts à l’autre partie. En effet, avec pour optique la nécessité de sauvegarder le contrat au nom du principe favor contractus, comment le juge détermine a posteriori si la gravité du comportement du cocontractant est suffisante pour anéantir le contrat? Ce nouveau critère de la gravité du comportement du cocontractant en droit de la vente OHADA vient supplanter le critère de la privation substantielle et fait cohabiter la traditionnelle résolution judiciaire avec celle de la résolution unilatérale dont les contours demeurent incertains. Les cas d’ouvertures liés à la résolution du contrat de vente OHADA pour inexécution des obligations fondamentales ou accessoires seront passés au crible de même que leurs effets sur les parties. Dans une approche comparatiste avec la Convention de Vienne et les règles de codifications privés telles que les Principes UNIDROIT ou du Droit Européen des Contrats il y a lieu de s’interroger sur la mise en œuvre et les conséquences de la résolution du contrat de vente OHADA par l’inexécution de l’obligation d’une des parties due à un manquement essentiel d’une part et à la gravité du comportement du débiteur d’autre part. / The Treaty on Harmonisation of Business Law in Africa signed on October 17th, 1993 created the Organisation for Harmonisation of Business law in Africa (OHBLA).OHBLA organises common rules on resolution of sales contracts. The Book VIII of the Uniform act on General Commercial Law adopted on December 15th, 2010 replaces the previous act of April 17th, 1997. According to article 281 of this uniform act, contract resolution only occurs when there is a partial or total non execution of one party’s obligation. The present study is going to examine one of the difficulties that exist in the resolution of sales contracts in African business law. Our study will consist in evaluating the consequences of substitution of the substantial privation criteria by the seriousness of the debtor’s behaviour in OHBLA sales law. This substitution justifies a unilateral contract termination. This new OHBLA law position somehow distinguish itself from material uniform law and joins a new position socioeconomically more adapted to regional and even international business. Moreover, the prejudiced party will have to determine the gravity of the debtor’s behaviour risking to be punished for lack of motives and according damages to the other party. In fact, in order to save the contract by all means according to the favor contractus principle, how will the judge subsequently determine if the debtor’s behaviour gravity is enough to breach the contract? This new criterion of the gravity of a contracting party’s behaviour comes in replacement of the substantial privation criteria and enhances the cohabitation of the traditional judiciary termination and the unilateral cancellation which is still uncertainly defined. Cases related to contract resolution caused by non-execution of mandatory or accessory obligations in OHBLA law will be carefully examined as well as their effects on contracting parties. In a comparative approach with the Vienna Convention and private codifications such as UNIDROIT principles or European contract law, we will wonder about the use and the consequences of resolution of sales contract in OHBLA law caused by non-execution a mandatory obligation on one part and the gravity of one party’s behaviour on the other part.

L'arbitre du commerce international peut-il, en l'absence de clause contractuelle expresse, procéder à l'adaptation du contrat lorsque survient un changement de circonstances qui modifie de façon substantielle l'équilibre contractuel initial? La complexification des schémas contractuels et l'émergence correspondante de nouvelles valeurs contractuelles favorisent la réception du principe rebus sic stantibus dans le droit commercial international. Les deux phénomènes permettent également d'envisager dans une nouvelle perspective les objections traditionnelles à la révision pour imprévision. Les arbitres du commerce international sont appelés à jouer un rôle, bien que modeste, dans le mouvement d'harmonisation privé du droit commercial international. Le contexte international de l'arbitrage et de la relation contractuelle, la volonté d'apaisement inhérente à ce mode de résolution des différends et le rapport particulier qu'entretient l'arbitre du commerce international avec le droit national permettront à ce dernier de privilégier, dans certaines circonstances, une option comme l'adaptation du contrat pour cause de hardship. Plusieurs facteurs devront cependant être examinés attentivement par le tribunal arbitral avant que ne soit prise la décision de procéder à l'adaptation du contrat. D'autres remèdes pourront être envisagés si une telle solution ne convient pas. / Is the arbitrator of international commerce entitled to adapt the contract when the parties did not provide so expressly and a supervening event provokes a substantiel change in the initial contractual equilibrum? The complexification of contractual schemes and the corresponding emergence of new values in contract theory made the reception of the rebus sic stantibus principle highly probable in international commercial law. These two phenomenas supplied keys for a revised perspective of the traditional objections to the application of the rebus sic stantibus principle. Arbitrators have a role to play in the movement of private harmonization of international commercial law. The international context in which they proceed, the inherent quality of appeasement in arbitration and the particularity of the relation between arbitrator and national law are making it possible for international arbitrators to give priority to adaptation of the contract when the circumstances are right. Many factors will have to be analysed by the arbitrator before he chooses to adapt the contract because adaptation is not always the best solution. Other remedies will have to be devised if it is the case. / "Mémoire présenté à la faculté des études supérieures en vue de l'obtention du grade de maîtrise, option droit des affaires (LL.M.)". Ce mémoire a été accepté à l'unanimité et classé parmi les 10% des mémoires de la discipline.

L'objectiu d'aquesta tesi doctoral és analitzar el llegat jurídic de Ramon Martí d'Eixalà, especialment els seus manuals de dret mercantil i dret civil. En aquest sentit, cal recordar que Ramon Martí d'Eixalà va viure en el segle XIX, moment en el qual s'havien iniciat una sèrie de canvis econòmics i socials profunds. El seu manual de dret mercantil, Instituciones de derecho mercantil de España fou molt més reconegut que el Tratado elementar del derecho civil romano y español. Doncs, el manual de dret mercantil fou recomanat com a llibre de text pels estudis de Jurisprudència durant varis anys, mentre que el manual de dret civil mai va formar part del llistat de manuals elaborat pel govern. A més, la filosofia britànica ocupa una part important de la investigació, ja que Ramon Martí d'Eixalà coneixia el pensament britànic i va introduir la filosofia del sentit comú a Catalunya. / The aim of this research is to analyse Ramon Martí d'Eixalà's civil and commercial law works. Ramón Martí de Eixalá lived in the 19th century, at a time when a series of deep economic and social changes had begun. His work in commercial law, "Instituciones de derecho mercantil de España", was much more recognized that the "Tratado elementar del derecho civil romano y español". Therefore, his work was recommended as the textbook for Studies in jurisprudence for several years. In contrast, his civil law work never formed part of the textbook list recommended by the Government. Additionally, the British philosophy has become an important part of this research because Ramon Martí d'Eixalà knew about British thought and introduced the Common Sense philosophy in Catalonia.

In Peru, the right to choose freely among products and services has not been developed in extent, right contained in the Code of Protection and Defense of the Consumer. In that order of ideas, this right is not alleged in courts to be enforced due its content is not well known. Therefore, our research has the purpose of analyzing common situations, where the right to choose freely among products and services is discussed with the objective to limiting its scope clear and evenly, which would greatly contribute to its compliance. / En el Perú, no se han desarrollado en extenso los alcances del derecho a elegir, libremente, entre productos y servicios, consagrado, actualmente, en el artículo 1º, inciso 1, literal f ) del Código de Protección y Defensa del Consumidor. En ese sentido, podemos manifestar que este derecho no se hace respetar a plenitud por parte de los consumidores, en la medida que su real contenido no es conocido. Por ende, en este breve artículo queremos pasar revista a aquellas situaciones de la vida cotidiana, en las cuales el respeto al derecho a elegir está en discusión, con el fin de que aplicando, básicamente, el método deductivo se clarifiquen los alcances del mismo, y situaciones que hoy no son pasibles de cumplimiento por parte de los proveedores, lo sean.

Submitted by Edileide Reis (leyde-landy@hotmail.com) on 2013-04-11T17:02:14Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Alassana.pdf: 921475 bytes, checksum: 1a3200ff14f69c80d13422277df8a17b (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Rodrigo Meirelles(rodrigomei@ufba.br) on 2013-05-09T17:22:19Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Alassana.pdf: 921475 bytes, checksum: 1a3200ff14f69c80d13422277df8a17b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-05-09T17:22:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Alassana.pdf: 921475 bytes, checksum: 1a3200ff14f69c80d13422277df8a17b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / O presente trabalho objetivou analisar a aplicabilidade das normas de tratados internacionais no direito comercial particularmente no caso do Tratado da OHADA na Guiné-Bissau do ponto de vista jurídico-constitucional e de direito internacional. Analisam-se na presente pesquisa os conflitos emergentes com a adesão da Guiné-Bissau a essa organização internacional não olvidando as teorias clássicas sobre o tema isto é as teorias monista e dualista. Neste caso enfatizou-se a problemática da supranacionalidade da OHADA a questão da aplicação direta e obrigatória dos seus atos normativos por parte dos Estados-Membros e na falta de normas constitucionais guineenses respeitantes à relação com as normas do direito internacional verificou-se quais as possíveis soluções oferecidas pela doutrina. Ademais procurou-se comparar os dois ordenamentos jurídicos com a finalidade de constatar as inovações introduzidas pelos atos normativos da OHADA considerando que não houve uma revogação total e global das normas comerciais vigentes. Tudo isso sem perder de vista a análise do seu ordenamento jurídico e suas características. Foi observado por outro lado que a Guiné-Bissau não somente carece de preceitos sobre o valor que as normas internacionais ocupam no seu direito interno, como também constatou-se que não admite a supranacionalidade, constituindo assim um verdadeiro obstáculo à integração política e supranacional visada pela OHADA. / Salvador

This research analyses the impact and materiality of South Africa’s choice not to ratify the CISG on its trade as well as relations with other states. As the point of departure, the broader events leading up to the creation of the CISG will be examined as well as UNCITRAL’s mandate and the development of trade in the local and global context. At present, the CISG has been ratified by 85 states. The decisions by common law jurisdictions such as the UK and India not to ratify the CISG as well as the delay by Brazil and Japan will be discussed. The legal, business and political or policy reasons for and against the ratification of the CISG are investigated which focuses on aspects such as legal certainty, uniformity of laws and the reduction of legal costs. An investigation is carried out regarding the historical foundations of the South African law of contract to this framework sets the tone for a comparison between the South African law and the provisions of the CISG. Lastly, a comparison is drawn between the provisions of the CISG and the South African law with specific emphasis on the remedies of specific performance and the right to claim damages which culminates in an overall conclusion that the South African law is compatible with the CISG insofar as remedies for breach of contract are concerned. / Mercantile Law / LL. M. (International Economic Law)

Por meio da adaptação de um velho instituto jurídico, o negócio fiduciário, foi introduzida, no ordenamento jurídico pátrio, a cessão fiduciária de direitos, com vistas a atender a necessidade de garantias mais eficazes para assegurar os negócios empresariais. A cessão fiduciária de direitos sobre coisas móveis, objeto deste trabalho, encontra-se disciplinada no artigo 66-B da Lei n 4.728, de 14/07/1965, introduzido pela Lei n 10.931, de 02/08/2004, e representa um novo mecanismo de garantia aos contratos celebrados no âmbito do mercado financeiro e de capitais. / Bibliografia: p. 188-197. / Inclui notas de rodapé. / Dissertação (mestrado) - Faculdade de Direito da Universidade de São Paulo, Departamento de Direito Comercial, São Paulo, 2010.