Moral rights in the Czech Republic and in selected countries of continental and Common Law legal systems Abstract This thesis focuses on moral rights, which together with economic rights form one of basic ways how to divide copyright law. The primary function of moral (copyright) rights is to protect various rights of the author, which are not economic rights. In the introduction part of this thesis there are basic definitions and specifications of moral rights and their genesis in the continental legal system. The second chapter explains the different approach to moral copyright in the continental legal system and in the Common Law legal system, including a short historical excursion into those legal systems. The third chapter is briefly dedicated to the development of copyright law with the emphasis on moral rights during the 18th century, explanation of the difference between one-tier and two-tier approach to copyright law and certain issues regarding the territoriality of law. It also contains relevant legal acts that were in force in the Czech Republic during the 20th and partially during the 19th century. The fourth chapter consists of thorough explanation concerning each type of moral rights in the Copyright act that is currently in force in the Czech Republic. The fifth chapter is devoted to moral...

The increasing exchange of people from different countries enforce around the world judges to produce legal instruments to found, granting and defend ongoing contracts. Therefore, the discussion of historically diverse juridical concepts, such as the group of Law from the European Community and the Mercosul, request the immediate creation of respectful international regulations. This necessary act among Law officers of distinct cultural background and needs is subject to crucial debate, which will have the English language as the official communication instrument. As so, it is critical the understanding of the English Law, which is the origin of many juridical systems. Yet, there is a trend not only for the English language but for the English culture as whole. Therefore, the increasing number of procedures that require knowledge of this juridical system and the integration of several economic blocks around the world, mainly the European Community and the Mercosul, imply the need for a juridical confluence of the common law and the civil law / O intercâmbio, crescente a cada minuto, entre sujeitos de diferentes nacionalidades, pressiona juristas do mundo inteiro para que produzam os instrumentos legais necessários para alicerçar, garantir e balizar os contratos que se vão formando. É nesse sentido que o embate de concepções jurídicas historicamente diversas, como o são as duas grandes famílias do direito que regem a União Européia e o Mercosul, acirrado pela premência da solução de conflitos muitas vezes pioneiros, impõe urgência na criação de regulamentações internacionalmente respeitadas. Essa necessária regulamentação jurídica entre atores de diferentes caracteres, de culturas e interesses está, ainda uma vez, sujeita à mediação inescapável das palavras e terá como veículo privilegiado nesse final de século, a língua inglesa. Isto porque a tendência é que não somente a língua se imponha, mas igualmente a cultura que a sustenta. Assim, o aumento dos processos cujos elementos de conexão remetem à necessidade de conhecer os dispositivos daquele sistema jurídico e, de outro lado, a necessidade de forjar uma nova cultura jurídica comum dentro dos blocos econômicos, em especial da UE, a qual possui embutida no seio de seus integrantes os dois sistemas de direito, e do Mercosul, através do direito internacional, aí incluídas as formas extrajudiciais de solução de litígios que é base da própria cultura jurídica inglesa, visando a responder à crescente complexidade do mundo contemporâneo e a evolução das relações jurídicas internacionais, não deixam dúvidas de que ocorrerá uma confluência também jurídica entre a common law e a civil law

Todos os sistemas jurídicos produzem leis e decisões judiciais, cuja diferença reside principalmente na predominância de uma dessas características. No sistema de civil law, preponderante no Brasil, prevalece a elaboração das normas, organizadas em códigos e leis. O sistema jurídico da common law, por sua vez, é baseado primordialmente em decisões judiciais, que inclusive condicionam a admissibilidade da intromissão normativa, vinculando a todos, independentemente de obrigatoriedade expressa ou sanções por descumprimento, como no Canadá. Apesar das diferenças, a rápida adesão do universo do civil law à economia de mercado e à globalização, por um lado, e o esforço de harmonização e unificação, por outro, têm contribuído para a diluição de fronteiras teóricas práticas entre os dois sistemas, além de suscitar um recrudescimento do interesse pela teoria do contrato. No Brasil, um dos exemplos dessa diluição, motivada principalmente pela morosidade processual ligada à tradição e cultura nacionais que nutrem certa simpatia pelos recursos, é a Lei de Arbitragem por meio da qual se conferiu aos tribunais arbitrais uma natureza quase judicial, iniciativa pioneira dos sistemas de common law. A difusão da arbitragem como meio alternativo de solução de controvérsias, sobretudo no âmbito empresarial, decorre em especial de sua flexibilidade procedimental, em cujo ambiente de liberdade se destaca seu grande protagonista, o árbitro, ao lhe permitir experimentar novos e variados meios de investigação dos fatos, otimizando a capacidade de compreensão do direito aplicável ao caso sob análise. As cláusulas arbitrais, particularmente, compatibilizam-se com os princípios da autonomia privada e da duração razoável do processo, refletindo inteiramente nos custos de transação das relações entre agentes econômicos. Elas instrumentalizam as denominadas estruturas de conservação, que remetem a uma atuação pacificadora de baixa litigiosidade, de modo a preservar e atualizar os valores inicialmente perseguidos pelos contratantes. Com isso, viabiliza-se a minimização dos riscos, maximização dos direitos e aprimoramento dos resultados das transações, sendo uma ferramenta eficiente sob a ótica econômica. Em sendo a cláusula arbitral uma extensão da autonomia negocial, constitui um poderoso instrumento de auxílio à cooperação eficiente entre as partes, induzindo comportamento mediante redução de custos de transação e incentivando o cumprimento do contrato com a interpretação e regulamentação de promessas. Considerando, assim, a forte interpenetração das duas tradições jurídicas, torna-se imperiosa a análise da cláusula arbitral no contexto de um sistema misto, cujo ponto de partida será o Canadá em confronto com o sistema brasileiro. A pesquisa, por sua vez, não prescindirá dos contributos da análise econômica do Direito que compaginam o Direito com a própria evolução da sociedade, com destaque para a interação entre organizações econômicas e instituições, pois estas, ao estruturarem incentivos para os intercâmbios humanos (políticos, sociais e econômicos), afetam o desempenho da economia, definem e limitam o conjunto de escolha dos indivíduos, permitindo-lhes a redução de incertezas. A mesma lógica aplicar-se-á à arbitragem frente à postura do Poder Judiciário, cuja instituição é fundamental para garantir direitos de propriedade, fazer cumprir contratos e, acima de tudo, atribuir enforcement à cláusula compromissória arbitral. / All legal systems produce laws and judgments, whose difference consists mainly on the predominance in one of those characteristics. The civil law system, preponderant in Brazil, prevails the preparation of rules, organized in codes and laws. The legal system of common law is based primarily on judicial decisions that condition, inclusive the admissibility of the normative intromission, binding to all, regardless of the obligation expressed or sanctions for default, as in Canada. Despite the differences (the quick adhesion of the civil law universe to the market economy and globalization for one side, and the effort of harmonization and unification on the other side), they have contributed to the dilution of practical theoretical borders between the two systems, in addition to causing a resurgence of interest in contract theory. In Brazil, one of the examples of this dilution, motivated mainly by slowness procedural, linked to national tradition and culture which maintained some sympathy for appeals, it is the arbitrations law through whereby was conferred to arbitral tribunals a quasi-judicial nature, pioneering initiative of common law systems. Specially in the commercial context, the arbitration diffusion as an alternative dispute resolution derives mainly from its procedural flexibility, in which freedom environment makes its big protagonist stand out, the arbitrator, because it allows him to try new and varied means of facts investigation, optimizing the ability of understanding the law applicable to the case under examination. Particularly, the arbitration clauses are compatible with the principle of private autonomy and reasonable duration of proceedings, reflecting in transaction costs on relations between economic agents. They prime the socalled \"conservation structures\", which refer to a peacemaking activity of the lower litigation, in order to preserve and update the values initially persecuted by contractors. So, the risks are reduced, the rights are maximized and the results of the transactions are improved, being a powerful tool under the economic perspective. As the arbitration clause is an extension of the negotiating autonomy, it constitutes a powerful aid tool to the efficient cooperation between both, inducing behavior through transaction reduction costs and encouraging the fulfillment of the contract with the interpretation and regulation promises. Considering the strong interpenetration of the legal traditions, it becomes essential to analyze the arbitral clause in the mixed system context, whose starting point will be the Canada in confrontation with the Brazilian. The research, wont do without the contribution of economic analysis of Law which paginate the Law with the society evolution, with emphasis on the interaction between economic organizations and institutions, that structuring incentives for human exchanges (political, social and economic), they affect the economy performance, define and limit the choice of individuals by allowing them to reduce uncertainties. The same logic will apply to arbitration before the judiciary\'s attitude, whose institution is critical to ensure property rights, enforcing contracts and assign enforcement to arbitration clause.

Dans le contrat de transport maritime international de marchandises, le connaissement est le document contractuel clef et la différence avec le contrat d'affrètement est la charte-partie, dans les rapports entre l'affréteur et le fréteur. Le connaissement qui est émis en exécution d'un contrat d'affrètement régit les rapports entre le chargeur et le transporteur, d'une part et entre le transporteur et le destinataire, d'autre part et transmis à un tiers porteur de bonne foi. Interpréter les différentes étendues d'application des systèmes des Conventions Internationales en particulier la dernière Convention existante dans la normative internationale uniforme : la Convention UNCITRAL de Nations Unies ( les Règles de Rotterdam de 2008), ainsi que les autres déjà connues : la Convention de Bruxelles de 1924, les Règles de La Haye/ Visby (Le Protocole de Bruxelles, 1968 et le protocole monétaire (RHV), des Règles de Hambourg (RHAM) 1978 Convention des Nations Unies vis-à-vis des droits étudiés (le panaméen, le français et l'anglais) et les principes présentés dans les systèmes juridiques qui font partie de notre analyse; des aspects concernant au concept, à la nature et les fonctions du connaissement face à la charte-partie et des autres contrats de droit maritime international, dont la finalité est d'un titre valeur. D'abord, seront analysés la genèse et l'évolution du contrat de transport maritime international de marchandises en régime de connaissement. L'uniformité des instruments juridiques internationaux et les différentes étendues d'application des Règles de La Haye, de La Haye-Visby, des Règles de Hambourg et des Règles de Rotterdam sur le droit uniforme en régime de connaissement. Les obligations soumises aux Conventions internationales. En second lieu, le développement sera sur le contrat d'affrètement. La charte-partie et leurs différents modalités dans le transport de marchandises par mer établies dans le droit français, droit panaméen et droit anglais. / In the contract of international maritime transport of goods, the bill of lading is the key contractual document and the difference with the charter contract is the charter-party, in the relations between the charterer and the charterer. The bill of lading issued in execution of a charter agreement governs the relationship between the shipper and the carrier, on the one hand, and between the carrier and the consignee, on the other hand, and transmitted to a bona fide third party carrier. Interpret the different areas of application of the systems of the International Conventions, in particular the last existing Convention in form international standard: the UNCITRAL Convention of the United Nations (the Rotterdam Rules of 2008), as well as the others known: the Brussels Convention of 1924, the Hague / Visby Rules (The Brussels Protocol, 1968 and the Monetary Protocol (RHV)), Hamburg Rules (RHAM) 1978 United Nations Convention on the Rights of Education (Panamanian, French and English) and the principles present in the legal systems that are part of our analysis; aspects relating to the concept, nature and functions of the bill of lading in of the charter party and other contracts of international maritime law, the purpose of which is of a value title. First, the genesis and evolution of the contract for the international maritime transport of goods under bill of lading will be analyzed. The uniformity of the international legal instruments and the different areas of application of the Hague Rules, The Hague-Visby Rules, the Hamburg Rules and the Rotterdam Rules on the Uniform Bill of Lading Law. Obligations subject to international conventions. Second, the development will be on the charter contract. The charter-party and their different modalities in the carriage of goods by sea established in French law, Panamanian law and English law.

La consécration sur la scène juridique, en 1999, des modes de conjugalité alternatifs au mariage - le concubinage et le PACS-, a contribué à renouveler l'appréhension de la notion de couple, placée au coeur des préoccupations législatives. De plus en plus envisagé comme une notion unitaire, le couple est désormais compris dans une acception qui transcende les modes de conjugalité, au point que la réalité d'un droit commun du couple encouragé par le législateur est aujourd'hui tangible. Dans cette logique, on observe un rapprochement des processus de rupture résultant de l'extension de certaines règles protectrices du divorce aux ruptures du PACS et du concubinage. Dès lors, le développement d'un droit commun de la rupture du couple au détriment de la spécificité du divorce est-il inéluctable ? ou à l'inverse, la rupture est-elle encore le symbole des différences fondamentales entre les modes de conjugalité, en révélant ce qui est l'essence irréductible de chacun d'eux -et ceci, dans un contexte du droit de la conjugalité profondément renouvelé par l'appréhension nouvelle du mariage en tant qu'union ouverte aux personnes de même sexe ?Telle est l'alternative pour le législateur à qui il incombe de donner une nouvelle cohérence au droit de la conjugalité. / The arising on the legal scene in 1999 of various types of union as alternatives to marriage (cohabitation and french civil partnership -PACS-) contributed to reconsider the very notion of couple as the core of legislative priorities. More and more understood as a unitarian concept, the couple is now included in an understanding that goes beyond the type of union, to the point where a common law of couples becomes a reality, promoted by the legislator. Doing so, the legal ways of ending a cohabition or a PACS are now obviously converging with the way of ending a marriage, thanks to the extension of protective laws that initially concerned only married couples.From here, must we consider inevitable the development of a common law of ending a couple, at the expense of the specificity of divorce ? Or, at the opposite, is the ending of a couple still the best representation of the fundamental differences between unions, revealing their very nature - moreover now that the laws of conjugality have been deeply reconsidered through the legalization of same sex marriage ?Such is the alternative for the legislator, who has now to give a brand new coherence to the laws of conjugality.

La configuration du droit des affaires en Afrique est intimement liée à l’histoire coloniale, histoire d’une compétition entre puissances qui se décline aujourd’hui en compétition de fait entre systèmes juridiques. Le processus de l’OHADA, entamé et mené en grande pompe, s’est contenté d’une harmonisation interne du droit des pays civilistes, avec une large coïncidence entre les règles adoptés et celles qui constituent le droit français des affaires. Ce droit « harmonisé » des affaires laisse donc de côté le droit des pays de common law, l’autre facette du paysage juridique africain et il s’en dégage des clivages entre juristes de deux bords.Mais les clivages ne se limitent pas à cette dichotomie droit civil-common law. A côté de ces systèmes proclamés, existe une régulation informelle dont la prise en compte est indispensable à qui veut comprendre la règle qui régit les affaires en Afrique. L’enjeu est dès lors multiple : Un rapprochement est souhaitable et possible entre le droit OHADA et la common law. La proximité entre les pays et les peuples dont relèvent ces deux systèmes est telle qu’on se demande comment est-ce possible de maintenir les cloisons. Rapprocher la common law de l’OHADA ne voudrait pourtant pas dire les remplacer par un système de substitution et de consensus, belle vue de l’esprit du reste. C’est donc plus la compatibilité que l’uniformité qui est recherchée. Cet objectif parait en tout cas plus en adéquation avec la logique de recherche d’attractivité qui est celle du droit des affaires. Cette étude insiste donc sur cette ouverture vers « l’autre » système, tout en soulignant l’importance du secteur informel, des us et coutumes qui en découlent. / The configuration of business law in Africa is intimately linked to its colonial history, a story of competition between powerful groups, evident today in the competition between legal systems. The process of “OHADA”, which started with such ceremony, has ultimately contented itself with an internal harmonization of the legal systems of countries with a civil law system. There is a notable correlation between the adopted rules and French business law. This “harmonized” law, therefore, ignores countries with common law systems, the other facet of the African legal landscape, generating tensions between lawyers on both sides.Nevertheless, the divisions are not limited to the dichotomy civil law-common law. Informal regulation exists alongside both these legal systems, and they must be taken into account if the rules that govern business in Africa are to be understood. This generates a multiple challenge: bringing OHADA law and common law closer is both desirable and possible. The proximity between these people and countries is too close to justify the existing differences. Nevertheless, bringing common law and OHADA closer, does not mean replacing them with a new common system, which seems unrealistic. Compatibility, rather than uniformity, would be the desired result, offering a better fit with the search of attractiveness, which is in the essence of business law. This study therefore promotes an open approach of the “other” system, while underlining the importance of the informal sector, based on custom and usages.

No description available.

published_or_final_version / Law / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

published_or_final_version / Law / Master / Master of Philosophy

No abstract available. / Theses (LL.M.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2013