Nota-se um crescimento constante da importância dos espaços de Educação Não Formal frente ao de Ensino de Ciências. Com isso, passa a ser imprescindível a presença de profissionais que promovam a interação da ciência com o público e, consequentemente, a formação dos mesmos para que possam atuar de maneira efetiva no desenvolvimento de atividades educativas nesses locais. Nesta perspectiva, este estudo de caso teve por finalidade analisar o processo de formação de mediadores de um espaço de Educação Não Formal de ciências, utilizando a perspectiva da teoria de Comunidades de Prática, elaborada por Jean Lave e Etienne Wenger. Mais especificamente, teve como objetivo analisar como o elemento engajamento mútuo, proposto pelos autores como um dos pontos fundamentais da participação dos membros de uma comunidade de prática, pode contribuir para a formação inicial de mediadores. Para realização dessa investigação, foi necessário, primeiramente, averiguar se o local de estudo escolhido - Estação Biologia (EB), projeto de extensão universitária vinculado ao Instituto de Biociências da Universidade de São Paulo, poderia ser considerado uma comunidade de prática, sendo necessária, para isso, a identificação de três elementos básicos: o repertório compartilhado, o engajamento mútuo e o empreendimento conjunto. Os dados coletados a partir de análises documentais, entrevistas gravadas semiestruturadas, filmagens e observações de visitas evidenciam que os três elementos básicos coexistem na EB, podendo, assim, ser considerada uma comunidade de prática. Nessa comunidade, às possibilidades de flexibilização de funções e o estabelecimento de negociações internas promovem o aumento do engajamento mútuo que está diretamente envolvido com a transformação de um mediador periférico em um mediador central, e consequentemente, com a sua formação tanto para atuar como mediador, quanto para atuar profissionalmente, seja na carreira de bacharelado ou de licenciatura. Isso pode ser afirmado visto que, ao aumentar o engajamento na prática da comunidade, esse mediador se apropria de conhecimentos que poderão ser usados dentro e fora da EB. / There has been a steadily growing role of non-formal education within science teaching. Thus, the presence of professionals is crucial for promoting the interaction of science with the public. Consequently, the formation of these professionals is essential to enable them to act effectively in the development of activities at educational sites. Accordingly, this case study aims at examining the process of formation of mediators in the area of non-formal education in science, using the Theory of Community of Practice, coined by Jean Lave and Etienne Wenger. More specifically, the analysis of the mutual engagement element, as proposed by the authors as one of the key points in the participation of members in a community of practice, may contribute to the initial training of mediators. To undertake this study, it was necessary to first determine whether the chosen place of study, Estação Biologia (EB) of the University of São Paulo, could be considered a community of practice. For this, the identification of three basic elements were required: shared repertoire, mutual engagement and joint enterprise. The data that were collected from documentary analysis, semi-structured registered interviews, recorded visits and personal observations, showed that all the three basic elements were present in EB, and thus it can be considered a community of practice. In this community, the flexibility of functions, and the establishment of internal negotiations, promote increased mutual engagement that is directly involved in the transformation of a peripheral into a central mediator, and consequently, their training both to act as a mediator and how to do so professionally. Considering that by increasing engagement in the practice of community, this mediator appropriates knowledge that can be used inside and outside the EB.

‘Integration’ is often referred to in Swedish policy documents and analyzed by measures of effectivity and structural adjustment, assuming acculturation and essentialization of populations. This thesis explores how integration is practiced and defined within the context of professional adult education for newly arrived immigrants. The main case study focuses on Swedish for Professionals (SFX) and specifically, the Swedish for truck drivers (SFL) program as sites where the lifeworlds of teachers and students emerge as an actor-network of integrative forces. By relying on ethnographic methods including semi-structured interviews and participant observation the informants’ own narrative of entering society surfaces. Actor- network theory and community of practice theory lift the informants’ actions and accounts to assemble a community of integrators located within a network of integration. Tracing the voices, actions and interactions of the participants at SFX and SFL in particular, results in a contextual version of integration that relays their subjective experiences and explains the social and material processes involved in them ‘coming into society.’ The lived-in experiences of integration offered in this thesis both compares and contrasts to forms of integration offered in political and scholastic discussions.

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2017-01-16T12:54:54Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Douglas da Silva Tinti.pdf: 2732107 bytes, checksum: 6dcc735fd08599f2b85cd0f2fa3ee847 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-01-16T12:54:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Douglas da Silva Tinti.pdf: 2732107 bytes, checksum: 6dcc735fd08599f2b85cd0f2fa3ee847 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-10-07 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This research has aimed to identify and describe some teacher’s learnings evidenced in a Community of Practice (CoP OBEDUC PUC-SP) to evaluate and discuss elements of the context of this CoP that revealed/allowed those learning. It concerns to a study based on qualitative aspect, kind of participating research (GIL, 2002). The data have been gotten from June, 2013 to July, 2015 through recordings and productions of the members that integrated the CoP, added to diaries of descriptions from the researchers. To evaluate them, we consider the perspective of the Learning Theory (LAVE; WENGER, 1991), which indicates that all the activities (including learning) takes place into the relations of people, contexts and practices. Considering that a CoP can pass by different stages into its developing process (WENGER et al., 2002), the organization of these data has been structured, by considering the Potential Steps, the Expansion and Maturity. After listening to the recording, we’ve done a descriptive-analytic evaluation of each one of these Stages to answer the following: what kind of different teaching learnings have been evidenced in stages of development of a CoP, constituted by a project OBEDUC PUC-SP? Among the evidenced teaching learning, we’ve pointed: the writing reports and the reflection on the own practices; the construction of conceptual maps; the constitution and belonging to a CoP; how to deal with a diversity of profiles and trajectories into a CoP; the individual and collective activities development, involvement of a perspective to problem resolutions; the study and handle with manipulating materials especially concerning to fractional numbers. We’ve concluded that teaching learnings accomplished during the stages of the OBEDUC PUC-SP CoP development have been multiples and converge to the Knowledge of/to/in practice proposed by Cochran-Smith e Lytle (2009) / O presente estudo tem por objetivo identificar e descrever algumas aprendizagens docentes evidenciadas em uma Comunidade de Prática (CoP OBEDUC PUC-SP) para, então, analisar e discutir elementos do contexto dessa CoP que revelaram/permitiram tais aprendizagens. Trata-se de um estudo de natureza qualitativa, do tipo pesquisa participante (GIL, 2002). Os dados foram coletados no período de junho de 2013 a junho de 2015 por meio de gravações e produções dos membros da CoP e, também, dos diários de campo dos pesquisadores. Para analisá-los, consideramos a perspectiva da Teoria da Aprendizagem Situada (LAVE; WENGER, 1991), a qual indica que toda atividade (incluindo a aprendizagem) é situada nas relações entre pessoas, contextos e práticas. Tendo em vista que uma CoP pode passar por diferentes estágios de desenvolvimento (WENGER et al., 2002), a organização dos dados foi estruturada considerando os Estágios Potencial, de Expansão e de Maturidade. Após a escuta dos áudios dos encontros, realizamos uma análise descritivo-analítica de cada um desses Estágios para respondermos ao seguinte questionamento: que aprendizagens docentes são evidenciadas nos estágios de desenvolvimento de uma CoP, constituída a partir do projeto OBEDUC PUC-SP? Dentre as aprendizagens docentes evidenciadas, destacamos: a escrita e a reflexão sobre a própria prática; a construção de mapas conceituais; a constituição e o pertencimento a uma CoP; o lidar com a diversidade de perfis e trajetórias dentro da CoP; a elaboração de atividades, individuais e coletivamente, envolvendo a perspectiva da Resolução de Problemas; o estudo e manuseio de materiais manipuláveis voltados ao Ensino da Matemática, mais especificamente sobre o conceito de número fracionário. Concluímos que as aprendizagens docentes mobilizadas nos Estágios de desenvolvimento da CoP OBEDUC PUC-SP foram múltiplas e que convergem para os conhecimentos da/para/na prática propostos por Cochran-Smith e Lytle (2009)

O processo de desenvolvimento de produto é reconhecido pela literatura como sendo de importância estratégica, mas, apesar disso, existe uma grande dificuldade para se gerenciar este processo, devido a existência de diversas visões parciais sobre sua abrangência e importância, as quais dificultam a integração entre os profissionais que atuam nessa área. No campo de ensino e pesquisa esse fenômeno também ocorre, pois o desenvolvimento de produtos é tratado de maneira incompleta pelas diferentes áreas de conhecimento especializado, criando visões parciais que apresentam linguagem e características próprias, as quais dificultam um entendimento comum dos aspectos desse processo. Para enfrentar esta situação, esse trabalho apresenta a experiência de grupos de pesquisa que formaram uma comunidade de prática em desenvolvimento de produtos, chamada PDPNet (Product Development Process Network), visando minimizar essas visões parciais. Para isso, os membros de tal comunidade envolveram-se no desenvolvimento de iniciativas e atividades conjuntas e têm a sua disposição um portal de conhecimentos para favorecer a sinergia entre os membros, apoiando o ambiente voltado à cooperação e facilitando a troca e criação de conhecimentos, o que é objetivo primordial de uma comunidade de prática. Este trabalho visa relatar e analisar criticamente as características principais da PDPNet, enfocando sua formação, estabelecimento, gestão das iniciativas e atividades para criação de conhecimentos, bem como a tecnologia de informação utilizada. Com esse trabalho, espera-se divulgar essa experiência para o meio acadêmico e empresarial interessado, de forma que suas práticas possam ser propagadas e as dificuldades consideradas. Além disso, espera-se que a análise crítica permita obter subsídios para que seus principais benefícios e dificuldades possam ser identificados e tratados pelos gestores da comunidade. / The product development process is recognized by literature as being of strategically importance, but a great difficulty exists to manage this process due to the existence of several partial visions concerning its scope. This causes some problems to integrate the professionals who work with this area. In the education & research field this phenomenon also occurs, as the product development process is incompletely treated by the different areas of specialized knowledge, creating also partial visions that have their own language and characteristics. This makes it difficult to establish a commom agreement of the aspects involved and they are not understood as complementary visions. To face this problem, this work presents the experience of some research groups that have built a community of practice on product development process in order to minimize these partial visions. The community of practice is called PDPNet (Product Development Process Network) and its practioners have been involved in a set of initiatives and joint activities. They have at hand a knowledge management portal to stimulate its members\'s synergy, supporting the cooperation environment and facilitating the exchange and creation of knowledge, which is the main objective of a community of practice. Thus, this work aims to present and to analyze the main characteristics of the PDPNet, focusing on its formation, establishment, management of the initiatives and activities for knowledge creation and management, as well as the information technology used. With this work, it is expected to disseminate the PDPNet experience for interested people from academic and organization environment, so that its success practices and difficulties can be known. Moreover, it is expected that the critical analysis give subsidies so that its main benefits and difficulties can be identified and treated by the community managers.

L’encyclopédie Wikipédia se caractérise par un mode d’élaboration ouvert et collaboratif. La singularité de son modèle éditorial amène à s’interroger sur la crédibilité que lui attribuent ses lecteurs ainsi que sur l’activité normative de la communauté wikipédienne pour la garantir. Une hypothèse serait ainsi que le référencement est un moyen de renforcer la crédibilité des informations encyclopédiques, ce qui pose la question de l’identification de la fonction de ce procédé rhétorique par le lecteur. Pour appréhender les questions relatives à la valeur épistémique de l’information, un modèle de communication documentaire articulant autorité cognitive, confiance, crédibilité et référencement est proposé. Une enquête par questionnaire auprès de jeunes scolarisés (11-25 ans) montre que la confiance envers Wikipédia varie selon le niveau de scolarité. Elle est influencée par la réputation académique, majoritairement négative, de l’encyclopédie. Par la suite, les effets d’un projet pédagogique dans lequel des lycéens deviennent des contributeurs à l’encyclopédie sont analysés. Une évolution positive de la confiance envers l’encyclopédie est relevée tant chez les professeurs que chez les élèves, ceux-ci prenant conscience de l’importance des règles communautaires et du référencement. Enfin, les évolutions des règles relatives au référencement au sein de la Wikipédia en langue française et les débats que ces règles ont suscités entre 2002 et 2013 sont étudiés. L’approche anthropologique et historique adoptée met en évidence le rôle central attribué au référencement pour faire face aux problèmes de confiance épistémique rencontrés par la communauté wikipédienne. Elles révèlent également les tensions inhérentes à ce projet éditorial. / Wikipedia is an open-content encyclopedia that anyone can edit. Its editorial process is unique. Thus this study is focused on the users’ perception of its credibility and on the wikipedian community policy to guaranty it. One hypothesis might be that referencing is a way of guaranteeing the content's credibility which naturally leads to another question: how do the users/readers identify this rhetorical device? To approach the matter of the epistemic value of information, a documentary communication model combined with cognitive authority, trust, credibility and referencing is proposed. Firstly, a survey of 11 to 25 year-old students highlights that their trust for Wikipedia varies according to the level of studies. This level of trust is also influenced by the overall negative reputation of this encyclopedia in the academic community. Secondly we observe the effects of a project where students become editors to the encyclopedia. There is a clear improvement in the trust toward Wikipedia amongst students and teachers as they realize the importance of community policies and referencing. Finally, we analyze the changes in referencing policies and guidelines in the French Wikipedia as well as the controversies they provoked between 2002 and 2013. The historical and anthropological approach highlights how key the role of referencing to the wikipedian community is, in order to face the issues of epistemic trust. It also reveals the tensions inherent to the editorial policy of this project.

<p>The focus of the study is the teacher in the under-resourced schools in the townships of the Western Cape. The purpose is to discover how teachers learn to cope under adverse working conditions.</p>

This dissertation considers the language socialization of law students. One message that the law students encounter is that legal Swedish is an entirely new language. The main aim is to investigate what linguistic norms are conveyed to the students through the teachers’ comments on the students’ texts and through various forms of writing instructions. The material consists of student texts with teacher comments and documentation on various phases of instruction with a focus on writing. Teacher comments on texts written during the first year of the law programme are analyzed and categorized. The analysis stems from two models. The first model is based on different text levels, like formal conventions of writing, sentence construction, text structure, word choice and style, and content. The second model distinguishes different linguistic norms based on three layers: The first layer consists of written language norms in general language practice, the second of academic language norms and the third of norms that are specific to the use of legal language. The results show that word choice and style is the most common category for the teachers’ comments in the first term of the law programme and content is the most common in the second term (with word choice and style the second most common). Formal conventions of writing, sentence structure and different types of grammatical constructions are some of the things the teachers criticize. Surprisingly few of the teachers’ comments concern more overarching aspects such as text structure or the aim and genre of the text. Comments are made on local features in the text, but rarely on more global features. The teaching practice that the writing of law students belongs to entails, among other things, that the students’ texts are assessed anonymously for the sake of fairness. This means that there is not much opportunity for a student to discuss the text with the teacher who commented on and assessed it. The construction of the teachers’ text comments is particularly important when dialogue between student and teacher on the text draft and final version is not an integral part of instruction. The teachers’ written comments are usually brief and do not allow much space for a consideration of linguistic norms and text patterns, which reduces the opportunities for the teachers and the law programme to contribute to a deeper linguistic awareness in the law students.

La riflessione teorica e l'applicazione empirica del costrutto di comunità di pratica costituiscono fondamentali elementi a supporto di un'idea di educazione che sia continua lungo tutto il corso della vita di un essere umano. La posizione teorica di fondo è caratterizzata dagli assunti secondo cui la conoscenza viene creata attraverso il confronto con altri e il conoscere è un fenomeno sociale in quanto situato in un contesto specifico, che nel medesimo tempo trasforma e viene trasformato. Le comunità di pratica si pongono come luogo privilegiato al cui interno avvengono processi condivisi di costruzione della conoscenza. Frutti della partecipazione a una comunità e benefici per ciascun membro sono da un lato proprio la condivisione dei saperi e delle pratiche, dall'altro la crescita personale. All'interno delle comunità di pratica la singola persona ha la possibilità di acquisire nuove conoscenze, ma soprattutto di rielaborare le proprie esperienze pregresse e le proprie relazioni. Le modalità relazionali presenti all'interno delle comunità di pratica esplicitano il passaggio da una modalità conflittuale a una modalità consensuale di lavoro. Il presente lavoro si pone l'obiettivo di sintetizzare la letteratura relativa alle comunità di pratica, partendo dalla prima teorizzazione da parte di J. Lave ed E. Wenger e proseguendo fino agli studi più recenti. Grazie alle proprie specifiche caratteristiche la comunità di pratica detiene un alto potenziale educativo: analizzandole in chiave pedagogica, infatti, le peculiarità della comunità di pratica permettono allo specialista di educazione degli adulti di supportare il training educativo e trarre benefici dal naturale processo della comunità stessa. / The theoretical and empirical reflections about communities of practice constitute fundamental elements to support the idea that education is a natural process throughout life of human beings. The main theoretical position is characterized by the assumption that knowledge is created through discussion and dialogue with others, and that knowing is a social and situated phenomenon. Communities of practice become centres where processes of sharing experiences and creating knowledge take place. Consequences of the participation to the community are both the creation of a common repertoire of experiences and the possibility for the single to acquire new competencies, as well as to discuss his¬/her story and relationships. The typical way of building relationships inside communities of practice makes explicit the shift from a conflictual typology of working to a consensual one. This dissertation aims to make a synthesis of literature on communities of practice, starting from their first theorization by J. Lave and E. Wenger up to most recent studies. Thanks to its own features, communities of practice show a high educative potential: In fact, through an analysis of them from the pedagogical point of view, communities' of practice peculiarities allow to the adult education researcher to support educational training.

The subject of this study is engineers’ activities, writing and texts in their profession and education. Fieldwork for the study was conducted in three professional workplaces and a major technical university (called Tekniska Institutet in the study). The aim of the study is to explore what kind of writing the engineers are supposed to handle and practice, situated in their professional environment, and to compare this with the writing practices and texts engineering students are prepared for in their higher education. The theoretical framework is a sociocultural approach inspired by Lave &amp; Wenger (1991), Wenger (1998), Wertsch (1998) and Engeström (1987). The theoretical concepts of activity systems, mediational means or cultural tools and trajectory of practice are applied, partly on a linguistic level, to the writing and the work that engineers carry out in their professional community and the university. The engineers in the study write every day in their profession, in different roles, something they are not quite prepared for in their higher education. The study examines whether there are cultural tools that are typical for engineers and their work. One central construction is the list, which can be seen as a cultural tool on both a cognitive and a social or communicative level: the study shows that the list is used both to structure or construct content and to instruct readers, for example, or show them how a soft ware system or a computer programme is structured. The list is also used within the education community, in teachers’ instructions and course material as well as in the students’ texts, such as lab reports and different types of essays.

The hashtag #phdchat is used by doctoral students all over the world to engage with their peers, share information, and commiserate over their experiences in academia. Anyone can join the conversation simply by typing the tag and publishing a tweet, but many regularly contribute to what has become a vibrant emergent social network community. Using an analysis of the discourse that was labeled with the hashtag over about a one-month period, this paper draws conclusions about who belongs to this community and what the network achieves for the users and as an entity of its own. The researcher makes conclusions about this network by drawing on the attributes of communities of practice and knowledge building communities in order to ground it as its own permutation of a learning community. / text