African American males experience homicides significantly higher than other groups throughout the United States. More African Americans are victims of violence, especially deadly violence, compared to any other racial or ethnic group. While research has been conducted on the association between perceptions of police and violence among African American men ages 18 to 44, no research exists on whether social media use moderates this association among African American men ages 18 to 44. This quantitative, cross-sectional study included 45 African American men. The Past Feelings and Act of Violence (PFAV) instrument, the Perceptions of Police (POP), and the Social Media Use Integration Scale were used to measure violence, perceptions of police and social media use, respectively. Overall, participants did not have high levels of violence, had poor perceptions of police, and did not have high dependence on social media use. Study results showed a significant association between perceptions of police (F=5.271; p=.027) and community violence, where perceptions of police explained 30% of the variance in community violence scores. This study also showed that social media use did not moderate the association between perceptions of police and violence. In addition to continuing to research what factors moderate the association between perceptions of police and community violence, findings in this study could inform strategies and interventions that seek to change African American men's perceptions of police. Interventions should focus on improving relationships between African American men and law enforcement, as well as work to improve perceptions that African American men have regarding police.

No description available.

Det svenska samhället har under de senaste åren bevittnat en förändring gällande samhällsvåldets karaktär och kontext. Det finns ett behov av effektiva preventiva åtgärder, vilket i sin tur kräver kunskap gällande det aktuella ämnet. Det huvudsakliga syftet med denna studie var därför att undersöka vilka möjliga faktorer som kan vara bidragande till samhällsvåldets eskalering med fokus på dess förändrade karaktär och kontext, med avgränsning på makronivå. Undersökningen utgick ifrån en kvalitativ ansats med semistrukturerade intervjuer som datainsamlingsmetod. Resultatet visar att orsakerna till samhällsvåldets kontext- och karaktärsförändring är mångfacetterade. Flertalet faktorer har betydelse för samhällsvåldets utveckling. De faktorer studien belyser är organiseringen inom svenska institutionen, förändringar i den kriminella miljön, narkotika samt media. Resultatet visar att dessa faktorer samspelar med varandra där organiseringen av Sveriges institutioner har en stor påverkan på hur de andra faktorerna uttrycker sig i samhället. / Swedish society has witnessed a change in recent years regarding the nature and context of community violence. There is a need for effective preventive measures, which in turn requires knowledge of the subject in question. The main purpose of this study was therefore to investigate what possible factors may be contributing to the escalation of community violence with focus on its changed character and context, with a definition at the macro level. The study was based on a qualitative approach with semi-structured interviews as a data collection method. The result shows that the causes of community violence´s context and character change are multifaceted. Several factors are important for the development of community violence. The factors the study highlights are the organization within the Swedish institution, changes in the criminal environment, drugs and the media. The results show that these factors interact with each other, where the organization of Sweden´s institutions has a major impact in how the other factors are expressed in society.

The theory of shattered assumptions proposes that experiencing traumatic events can change how people view themselves and the world. Most adults experience a traumatic event during their lifetime, and some subsequently develop post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, the current conceptualization of trauma (i.e., Criterion A PTSD) may be too narrow to adequately capture the range of potentially traumatizing events that People of Color experience, including racial discrimination and neighborhood disadvantage. This study investigated the association of racial discrimination and neighborhood disadvantage with core beliefs about the world being safe and predictable (i.e., world assumptions) among a sample of Black, Latine, and Asian young adults. Multi-step analyses of covariance tested associations between racial discrimination and neighborhood disadvantage with world assumptions and whether these held in the context of other traumatic exposures. Results indicated that racial discrimination negatively impacted world assumptions among Asian young adults only and this effect remained in the context of trauma. In addition, low neighborhood support negatively impacted world assumptions across all racial groups and neighborhood violence negatively impacted world assumptions among Latine young adults only; however, this effect did not remain in the context of trauma. This study indicates it is worthwhile to consider other adverse events in the conceptualization of trauma, such as racial discrimination and neighborhood disadvantage, that may impact world assumptions and contribute to subsequent post-trauma psychopathology.

No description available.

No description available.

No Brasil, os reflexos da violência comunitária na conformação e no desenvolvimento das ações dos serviços de saúde, na atenção primária, apresentam-se como uma realidade a ser melhor estudada, assim como merece também mais atenção às repercussões sofridas pelas equipes de saúde. O objetivo do presente estudo consistiu em explorar qualitativamente as representações dos agentes comunitários de saúde (ACS) e da gestora de uma unidade de saúde da Estratégia Saúde da Família (ESF) acerca da violência comunitária no território onde atuam, verificando a possibilidade de interferência desse fenômeno em relação ao trabalho que realizam. Pretendeu-se, ainda, investigar essa interferência na construção dos vínculos entre os ACS e a população atendida por eles. O percurso metodológico adotado foi o da pesquisa qualitativa, por meio de análise das representações sociais, tendo sido realizadas 12 entrevistas abertas com os ACS e uma com a gestora da unidade de saúde em questão, utilizando-se um roteiro previamente elaborado com perguntas flexíveis, valorizando a singularidade das respostas dos entrevistados. Destaca-se como resultado da pesquisa a confirmação da hipótese de que a violência comunitária prejudica a integralidade do cuidado, isto é, a elaboração de determinadas estratégias de promoção, prevenção e recuperação, principalmente com relação à abordagem do tema consumo de drogas. Evidenciou-se que a regulação das ações no campo da saúde é condicionada pelas restrições abertas ou implicitamente colocadas pelas dinâmicas sociais presentes no território. Ademais, a conformação desse fenômeno ajuda a explicar uma parte dos episódios que envolvem a violência ocupacional, expressa em ameaças, medo e receio dos ACS. A violência comunitária e as representações sociais interferem ainda na produção dos vínculos estabelecidos com os usuários - construídos com maior ou menor aproximação - a depender do usuário e das estratégias mobilizadas por cada trabalhador. Contudo, além de interferir, a violência e as representações são categorias coprodutoras de vínculos, no sentido mais amplo, na medida em que aproxima/vincula os trabalhadores a determinadas experiências que podem influenciá-los nas suas decisões e nas ações que são tomadas, de modo consciente ou não. Do ponto de vista das ciências sociais, foi destacada a centralidade que adquire o trabalhador na lógica de mediação nas fronteiras porosas, mas bem demarcadas, do legal, do formal, do informal e do \"mundo do crime\". A presença da violência comunitária na atenção primária apresenta-se como uma realidade com a qual os trabalhadores já convivem há muitos anos. Essa questão vem sendo discutida no campo da saúde coletiva, e necessita ser reconhecida e abordada nas esferas federal, estadual e municipal, visando a construção de políticas e estratégias que auxiliem a atuação desses trabalhadores que estão \"na ponta\" dos serviços comunitários / In Brazil, the reflexes of community violence in the formation and development of the health care service actions, in the primary health care, present themselves as a reality to be better studied, as well as deserve more attention towards the repercussions suffered by the health care staffs. This paper aims at exploring qualitatively the representations of the community health workers and the manager of a Health Care Family Strategy facility concerning the community violence where they work, verifying the possibility of interference in this phenomenon in relation to the work they do. It was intended to investigate this interference in the bonds construction between the community health workers and the population attended by them. It was adopted the qualitative research methodology through social representation analysis, 12 open interviews with the community health workers and one interview with the health care facility manager had been made using a previously elaborated script with flexible questions, valuing the singularity of the interviewees\' answers. It is highlighted as a research result the confirmation of the hypothesis that the community violence spoils the care integrality, in other words, the elaboration of determined strategies of promotion, prevention and recovery, related mainly to the approach about the drug abuse. It was evidenced that the actions regulation in the health care area are conditioned by the open restrictions or put implicitly by the social dynamics existents in the territory. Furthermore, the formation of this phenomenon helps to explain a part of the episodes, which involve the workplace violence pointed in threats, fear and concern of the community health workers. Moreover, the community violence and its social representations interfere in the production of the bonds stablished with the users - built with greater or shorter closeness, depending on the user and the strategies assembled by each worker. However, besides interfering, the violence and the representations are co-producers categories of bonds, in the broadest sense, as they approximate/bond the workers to determined experiences, which may influence them in their decisions and in the actions taken, consciously or not. In the social science\'s point of view was highlighted the centrality, which the worker acquires in the rationale of porous borders mediation, well designated from legal to formal and from the \"world of crime\". The presence of community violence in the primary health care presents itself as a reality in which the workers have been living with for many years. This issue has been discussed in the area of the public health and it needs to be recognized and approached in the federal, state and municipal levels aiming the construction of policies and strategies that assist the achievement of these workers who are \"on the edge\" of the community services

No Brasil, os reflexos da violência comunitária na conformação e no desenvolvimento das ações dos serviços de saúde, na atenção primária, apresentam-se como uma realidade a ser melhor estudada, assim como merece também mais atenção às repercussões sofridas pelas equipes de saúde. O objetivo do presente estudo consistiu em explorar qualitativamente as representações dos agentes comunitários de saúde (ACS) e da gestora de uma unidade de saúde da Estratégia Saúde da Família (ESF) acerca da violência comunitária no território onde atuam, verificando a possibilidade de interferência desse fenômeno em relação ao trabalho que realizam. Pretendeu-se, ainda, investigar essa interferência na construção dos vínculos entre os ACS e a população atendida por eles. O percurso metodológico adotado foi o da pesquisa qualitativa, por meio de análise das representações sociais, tendo sido realizadas 12 entrevistas abertas com os ACS e uma com a gestora da unidade de saúde em questão, utilizando-se um roteiro previamente elaborado com perguntas flexíveis, valorizando a singularidade das respostas dos entrevistados. Destaca-se como resultado da pesquisa a confirmação da hipótese de que a violência comunitária prejudica a integralidade do cuidado, isto é, a elaboração de determinadas estratégias de promoção, prevenção e recuperação, principalmente com relação à abordagem do tema consumo de drogas. Evidenciou-se que a regulação das ações no campo da saúde é condicionada pelas restrições abertas ou implicitamente colocadas pelas dinâmicas sociais presentes no território. Ademais, a conformação desse fenômeno ajuda a explicar uma parte dos episódios que envolvem a violência ocupacional, expressa em ameaças, medo e receio dos ACS. A violência comunitária e as representações sociais interferem ainda na produção dos vínculos estabelecidos com os usuários - construídos com maior ou menor aproximação - a depender do usuário e das estratégias mobilizadas por cada trabalhador. Contudo, além de interferir, a violência e as representações são categorias coprodutoras de vínculos, no sentido mais amplo, na medida em que aproxima/vincula os trabalhadores a determinadas experiências que podem influenciá-los nas suas decisões e nas ações que são tomadas, de modo consciente ou não. Do ponto de vista das ciências sociais, foi destacada a centralidade que adquire o trabalhador na lógica de mediação nas fronteiras porosas, mas bem demarcadas, do legal, do formal, do informal e do \"mundo do crime\". A presença da violência comunitária na atenção primária apresenta-se como uma realidade com a qual os trabalhadores já convivem há muitos anos. Essa questão vem sendo discutida no campo da saúde coletiva, e necessita ser reconhecida e abordada nas esferas federal, estadual e municipal, visando a construção de políticas e estratégias que auxiliem a atuação desses trabalhadores que estão \"na ponta\" dos serviços comunitários / In Brazil, the reflexes of community violence in the formation and development of the health care service actions, in the primary health care, present themselves as a reality to be better studied, as well as deserve more attention towards the repercussions suffered by the health care staffs. This paper aims at exploring qualitatively the representations of the community health workers and the manager of a Health Care Family Strategy facility concerning the community violence where they work, verifying the possibility of interference in this phenomenon in relation to the work they do. It was intended to investigate this interference in the bonds construction between the community health workers and the population attended by them. It was adopted the qualitative research methodology through social representation analysis, 12 open interviews with the community health workers and one interview with the health care facility manager had been made using a previously elaborated script with flexible questions, valuing the singularity of the interviewees\' answers. It is highlighted as a research result the confirmation of the hypothesis that the community violence spoils the care integrality, in other words, the elaboration of determined strategies of promotion, prevention and recovery, related mainly to the approach about the drug abuse. It was evidenced that the actions regulation in the health care area are conditioned by the open restrictions or put implicitly by the social dynamics existents in the territory. Furthermore, the formation of this phenomenon helps to explain a part of the episodes, which involve the workplace violence pointed in threats, fear and concern of the community health workers. Moreover, the community violence and its social representations interfere in the production of the bonds stablished with the users - built with greater or shorter closeness, depending on the user and the strategies assembled by each worker. However, besides interfering, the violence and the representations are co-producers categories of bonds, in the broadest sense, as they approximate/bond the workers to determined experiences, which may influence them in their decisions and in the actions taken, consciously or not. In the social science\'s point of view was highlighted the centrality, which the worker acquires in the rationale of porous borders mediation, well designated from legal to formal and from the \"world of crime\". The presence of community violence in the primary health care presents itself as a reality in which the workers have been living with for many years. This issue has been discussed in the area of the public health and it needs to be recognized and approached in the federal, state and municipal levels aiming the construction of policies and strategies that assist the achievement of these workers who are \"on the edge\" of the community services

No description available.

Although the government of the United States of America was established to protect the rights to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness among all American citizens, this thesis argues intractable gang violence in inner-city Chicago has persistently denied these rights, in turn undermining fundamental (and foundational) American political values. Thus, gang violence can be argued to represent a threat to both civil order and state legitimacy. Yet, where comparable (and generally lower) levels of community-level violence in Northern Ireland garnered the sustained attention and direct involvement of the United Kingdom's central government, the challenge posed by gang violence has been unappreciated, if not ignored, by the American federal government. In order to mobilise the political commitment and resources needed to find a durable resolution to Chicago's long and often anarchic 'uncivil war', it is first necessary to politicise the problem and its origins. Contributing to this politicisation, this thesis explains why gang violence in Chicago has been unable to capture the political imagination of the American government in a way akin to paramilitary (specifically republican) violence in Northern Ireland. Secondly, it explains how the depoliticisation of gang violence has negatively affected response, encouraging the continued application of inadequate and largely ineffective response strategies. Finally, it makes the case that, while radical, a conditional agreement-centric peace process loosely modelled on that employed in Northern Ireland might offer the most effective strategy for restoring the sense of peace and security to inner-city Chicago lost over half a century ago.