Title from first page of PDF document. Includes bibliographical references (p. 65-68).

Latin America has as one of its features the landscape diversity that shapes the territory of small communities, these are located in the coastal zone or inside. We refer to the Brazilian and Mexican communities that besides presenting a dynamic landscape have richness sociocultural that singularize them. They possess a richness that sociocultural singularize. They are marked by the traditional lifestyle and the bonds of everyday life. Many of these communities aspire to a better quality of life and seek to excel the exclusion processes which are exposed. Therefore they seek in the tourism, complementing their source of income, or even focus on this activity to maintain their survival. This is the case of the communities studied: villages Crasto/ Santa Luzia do Itanhy, Terra Caída/ Indiaroba Sergipe/ Brazil; Prainha do Canto Verde/Beberibe/Ceará/Brazil e Puerto Morelos/ Benito Juarez county/ Quintana Roo e San Pedro Atlapulco/ Ocoyacac county/ Mexico State México. Feeling the need to reflect on tourism, especially community-based and their impacts on communities cited in geographical science seek the pillar for this reflection. It is envisioned as a factor of socio-spatial transformation, cultural, political and economic. However, for the implementation of this activity, it is relevant to think in host communities, as well and necessity that the territory of social subjects have to receive the tourism. We aim to analyze the socio-spatial relations involving local social subjects, policies to promote tourism and community-based tourism - TBC in Latin American communities already mentioned. It is therefore the analysis of territoriality about that (re) create, (re) signification of the landscape by local social subjects, through the insertion of TBC whose essence the principle of self-management, empowerment of communities and appreciation of the traditional lifestyle. Therefore, we base in the territory and landscape categories to guide the best reflection proposal. We understand that is in the territory where the interaction occurs individual - environment. The method of analysis that substantiates the research is phenomenological. Already the research instruments that were used: literature review; fieldwork consisting of direct observation, survey and photographic record; semi-structured interview technique. Based on the results obtained from the research say that the process of integration of tourism in the communities above mentioned there are several forces acting in the territories of local social subjects. These forces are materialized through the power relations emanating from both communities as agents of the planners of policies encouraging tourism. In the case of political power manifests itself by discourse propagated on local development to achieve sustainability. This really is just a way of alienating maintain control over communities and favor the demands of mass tourism and private actors interested in obtaining foreign currency to invest in tourism. With regard to communities the power comes from the need to defend their territory against external forces which do nothing or very little to contribute to the maintenance of their territoriality. Emanate likewise, the deletion process by which they are submitted, and therefore the search for improvement of their living conditions. / A América Latina tem como uma de suas características a diversidade da paisagem que conforma o território de pequenas comunidades, estejam estas localizadas na zona litorânea ou no interior. Referimo-nos às comunidades brasileiras e mexicanas que além de apresentar uma paisagem dinâmica, possuem, todavia uma riqueza sociocultural que as singularizam. São marcadas pelo modo de vida tradicional e pelos laços do cotidiano. Muitas destas comunidades almejam uma melhor qualidade de vida e buscam se sobressair do processo de exclusão do qual são expostas. Para tanto buscam no turismo, a complementação de sua fonte de renda, ou até mesmo centram nesta atividade a manutenção de sua sobrevivência. É o caso das comunidades estudadas: povoados Crasto/ Santa Luzia do Itanhy, Terra Caída/ Indiaroba Sergipe/ Brasil, Prainha do Canto Verde/Beberibe/Ceará/Brasil e Puerto Morelos/ município de Benito Juarez/ Quintana Roo e San Pedro Atlapulco/ município de Ocoyacac/ Estado de México México. Sentindo a necessidade de refletir sobre o turismo, sobretudo, o turismo de base comunitária e seus impactos nas comunidades citadas, nos amparamos na ciência geográfica como pilar para esta reflexão. Esta atividade é vislumbrada como fator de transformação socioespacial, cultural, política e econômica. Porém, para sua implantação, é relevante pensar na necessidade que o território dos sujeitos sociais locais possui para receber o turismo. Isto posto, temos como objetivo a análise das relações socioespaciais envolvendo sujeitos sociais locais, políticas de fomento ao turismo e o turismo de base comunitária - TBC nas comunidades latino-americanas já citadas. Trata-se, portanto, da análise acerca de territorialidades que se (re) criam, da (re) significação da paisagem pelos sujeitos sociais locais, por meio da inserção do TBC que tem como essência o princípio da autogestão, do empoderamento das comunidades e valorização do modo de vida tradicional. Para tanto, nos pautamos nas categorias paisagem e território como balizadoras da reflexão proposta. O método de análise que consubstancia a pesquisa é o fenomenológico. Já os instrumentos de investigação utilizados foram: revisão bibliográfica; pesquisa de campo composta de observação direta, levantamento e registro fotográficos; técnica de entrevista semiestruturada. Com base nos resultados obtidos com a pesquisa afirmamos que no processo de inserção do turismo nas comunidades citadas existem várias forças que atuam nos territórios dos sujeitos sociais locais. Estas forças se materializam por meio das relações de poder que emanam tanto das comunidades quanto dos agentes planejadores das políticas de fomento ao turismo e agentes privados. No caso das políticas, o poder se manifesta pelo conteúdo e discurso propagado acerca do desenvolvimento local para o alcance da sustentabilidade. Este, na verdade é apenas uma forma alienadora de manter o controle sobre as comunidades e favorecer as demandas do turismo de massa e agentes privados interessados em obter divisas ao investir no turismo. No que diz respeito às comunidades o poder advém da necessidade de defender os seus territórios contra forças externas que em nada ou muito pouco contribuem para a manutenção das suas territorialidades. Emana, outrossim, do processo de exclusão pelo qual as mesmas são submetidas e, consequentemente pela busca da melhoria de suas condições de vida.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Tourism is a social phenomenon, complex and diversified so much that, due to its scope, today is not only idealized as a leisure activity, but also allows the insertion of new ways of analyzing it, mobilizing people for a variety of reasons, for the destinations. The understanding that it is based on a complex, integrated and dynamic system is necessary to reflect new possibilities in the management, where an interaction not only in the economic but also in the social, cultural and environmental spheres, strengthen the actions of tourism public policies . In this sense, the development of this research aimed, in general terms, to analyze the development model proposed by Community Based Tourism (TBC) in the traditional communities of the Sergipano South Coast, taking into account the municipalities that are part of the Costa Coconut trees, namely: Itaporanga D'Ajuda, Estância, Santa Luzia do Itanhy and Indiaroba. The research is qualitative, based on the phenomenological method, supported by Morin's Theory of Complexity (1985). In order to fulfill the specific objectives, different methodological procedures were used, prioritizing the interview with the various local social actors, the participant direct observation and the photographic record for the data collection and the analysis of the discourse for the critic, through the categorization of data which relate to Creative Tourism and the Creative Economy. The negative impacts of the lack of control of the occupation of the spaces, the territorial (dis) ordering caused by the construction of real estate developments (Second Residence), the increase in real estate speculation and urban violence in these areas show some consequence of the conflicts generated by occupations and the lack of efficient public policies. It is necessary to ensure that the implementation of municipal public policies will involve local social actors (and not only public and private actors), a collective construction and as such, a new look at participatory planning. Socio-spatial changes arising from actions, mainly of PRODETUR (used as federal and state public policy) should be minimized through efficient participatory planning. It was also observed the creation of territories of power, reflected in the imposition of entrepreneurs from outside the localities, of underemployment generated and the non-employability of young people in the so-called "employment and income generation" promoted by tourism. Therefore, building this new model of management from the TBC, is to build a reference model for local tourism development, getting as close as possible to the premises of local sustainability, taking care of the collective spaces, the place and consequently, a tourist territory capable of promoting social inclusion of quality and minimizing the punctuated impacts. / O turismo é um fenômeno social, complexo e diversificado tanto que, devido a sua abrangência, hoje não se idealiza apenas como atividade de lazer, mas também permite a inserção de novas formas de analisá-lo, mobilizando pessoas pelos mais variados motivos, para os mais diversos destinos. A compreensão de que ele se baseia em um sistema complexo, integrado e dinâmico é necessário para refletir novas possibilidades na gestão, onde uma interação não só no âmbito econômico, mas também no social, cultural e ambiental, fortalecem as ações das políticas públicas de turismo. Neste sentido, o desenvolvimento dessa pesquisa visou, em termos gerais, analisar o modelo de desenvolvimento proposto pelo Turismo de Base Comunitária (TBC) junto às comunidades tradicionais do Litoral Sul Sergipano, levando-se em consideração os municípios que fazem parte do Polo Costa dos Coqueirais, a saber: Itaporanga D‟Ajuda, Estância, Santa Luzia do Itanhy e Indiaroba. A pesquisa é de caráter qualitativo, baseado no método fenomenológico, amparado na Teoria da Complexidade de Morin (1985). Para cumprimento dos objetivos específicos, utilizaram-se diferentes procedimentos metodológicos, priorizando a entrevista com os diversos atores sociais locais, a observação direta participante e do registro fotográfico para coleta dos dados e a análise do discurso para a crítica, por meio da categorização de dados que se relacionam com o Turismo Criativo e a Economia Criativa. Os impactos negativos advindos pela falta de controle da ocupação dos espaços, o (des) ordenamento territoriais causados pelas construções de empreendimentos imobiliários (Segunda Residência), o aumento da especulação imobiliária e da violência urbana nessas áreas, mostram algumas consequência dos conflitos gerados por ocupações desordenadas e pela falta de políticas públicas eficientes. É preciso atentar para que a efetivação de políticas públicas municipais tenham na participação dos atores sociais locais (e não só atores públicos e privados), uma construção coletiva e como tal, um novo olhar para o planejamento participativo. Mudanças socioespaciais advindas de ações, principalmente, do PRODETUR (utilizado como política pública federal e estadual) devem ser minimizadas a partir de um planejamento participativo eficiente. Observou-se também, a criação de territórios de poder, refletidos na imposição de empreendedores de fora das localidades, de subempregos gerados e da não empregabilidade dos jovens na chamada “geração de emprego e renda” promovida pelo turismo. Portanto, construir esse novo modelo de gestão a partir do TBC, é construir um modelo de referência para o desenvolvimento turístico local, chegando-se o mais perto possível das premissas da sustentabilidade local, cuidando dos espaços coletivos, do lugar e consequentemente, fazendo emergir um território turístico passível de fomentar inclusão social de qualidade e minimizando os impactos pontuados. / São Cristóvão, SE

The aim of this thesis is to fill the research gap between marketing and community-based tourism, with using the Stakeholder Theory as intermediary. For this purpose, it is analyzed how the Stakeholder Theory can contribute to improve the marketing of community-based tourism. The online marketing approaches of destinations, community- based tourism providers, associations and Tour Operators in Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan towards the international market are investigated. The platforms were analyzed in May and August 2021. A qualitative thematic content analysis of the used distribution channels (websites and social media) is conducted. Based on the results of each country, a cross-national analysis is performed. The outcomes of the study indicate that all countries have potential to improve their marketing concepts, as well as their approaches towards sustainability and collaboration. A few actors were identified, which can serve as example. The overall result shows that a well-implemented Stakeholder Theory, which is comprised of networks at different levels, can empower individual service providers, and therefore contribute to strengthen the online appearance of different actors, including those offering community-based tourism products.

In recent decades tourism has asserted its importance as the biggest employer and foreign exchange earner in both the developing and developed countries. Consequently, there has been increasing attention to tourism development as a strategy to stimulate economic growth, local economic development and poverty alleviation, especially in the developing countries. This study was undertaken with the objective of determining the direct benefits of the growth in tourism to the local communities in the vicinity of protected areas in South Africa's Mpumalanga Province. The tourism sector is strategically located within the economic mainstream as it links easily with other sectors of the economy such as agriculture, hospitality, transport and entertainment. It has added advantages, including the fact that the tourist product is consumed at the destination. This offers local communities opportunities in job creation, skills development, economic empowerment and social development. The study found that meaningful involvement of local communities in the tourism industry through ownership of tourism-related enterprises was almost non-existent. There were no meaningful linkages between the industry and the local communities other than the communities' supply of unskilled labour. There were also no programmes aimed at harnessing the phenomenal growth in South Africa's tourism for the economic empowerment of local communities. The economic empowerment of local communities need not be achieved through the ownership of tourism-related enterprises only, but may also include shareholding, outsourcing, affirmative procurement and social responsibility programmes by the industry.The continued marginalisation of the local communities by the tourism industry was attributed to unsatisfactory progress with the industry's transformation. The launch of the Tourism Black Economic Empowerment Charter and Scorecard in 2005 provided impetus for the transformation of South Africa's tourism industry. However, more work still needs to be done in the identified areas of ownership and control of tourism-related businesses, distribution of tourism benefits and the development of tourism-related skills and entrepreneurial culture in local communities. The role of the private sector in stimulating community involvement in tourism is particularly important. The private sector is singled out because of government policy that tourism development would be regulated by government and be private-sector driven. Furthermore, the private sector has the capacity and the resources to mobilise, not only to improve the attractiveness and marketing of a destination and the overall management of the tourism industry, but also to build thriving local communities. / Development Studies / D. Litt. et Phil. (Development Studies)

Ecotourism has often failed to deliver appropriate, tangible benefits to host communities living near protected areas in developing regions of Africa. The Robford Community Conservation Benefit Centre (RCCBC) model was developed as a means to overcome many of the common problems of community-based ecotourism and to enhance the range and flow of benefits to such communities by developing a suite of products and programmes aimed specifically at scientists, volunteer tourists and participatory environmental research tourists. This study tests the aims that the necessary tourism, geographic, social and research conditions are present for the implementation of the RCCBC model in a local community situated close to the Great Fish River Nature Reserve (GFRNR) in South Africa. Situational assessment fieldtrips determined that the GFRNR, its immediate tourism egion and the ten settlements surrounding the nature reserve conformed to RCCBC development guidelines and were suitable for further detailed investigation. One of the settlements, Glenmore Village, conformed most closely to the RCCBC model’s guidelines for selecting a preferred host community. A census survey of all households in Glenmore determined a demographic profile of village residents. A random sample survey of 70 Glenmore households established a social profile of the community’s residents and their attitude to various aspects of the RCCBC model. A spatial analysis of the Glenmore precinct determined that sufficient, suitable land was available for the development of RCCBC products and programmes. The findings of the research indicated that the tourism, geographic, social and research conditions were present at Glenmore, the GFRNR and its surrounding tourism region for the implementation of the RCCBC model and the development of the model’s proposed products and programmes at Glenmore Village. Implementation of the RCCBC model at Glenmore and the GFRNR as a pilot study could introduce a new way of bringing tangible, meaningful benefits to select communities located close to protected areas in existing tourism regions that have failed to benefit either completely or partially from traditional forms of ecotourism development in the past. / Environmental Sciences / M. Sc. (Environmental Management)

Biodiversity loss is one of the major environmental threats facing the planet. Incentive-based conservation is one means to reduce human pressure on wildlife by providing economic incentives for resource-dependent people to protect the environment. Marine wildlife tourism is one of the fastest growing tourism sectors globally and is viewed as an important incentive-based approach for achieving marine conservation goals. However, few studies have linked participation in the provisioning of marine wildlife tourism activities with positive social and ecological conservation outcomes. The goal of this dissertation is to provide greater understanding of the conservation value of marine wildlife tourism using whale shark tourism as a case study with a main focus on social conservation outcomes amongst tourism providers. Positive changes in perceptions, attitudes and values towards target species and their environments can be an important element of incentive-based conservation. The study has the following objectives: (1) to assess the status of the global whale shark tourism industry, including types (e.g., captive, non-captive), real and potential impacts, conservation value and management challenges and best practices; (2) to examine the ethics of provisioning whale sharks in Oslob, Philippines, the largest, non-captive viewing site in the world; (3) to determine if working in ecotourism changed the attitudes and behaviours of locals towards whale sharks and the ocean, and if tourism type affects those outcomes; (4) to assess the marine wildlife value orientations of locals working in whale shark tourism to achieve greater understanding of the factors influencing their conservation attitudes and behaviours; (5) to explore the potential long-term impacts of poorly conceived incentive-based conservation projects on social and ecological conservation outcomes; and (6) to re-examine and update the conceptual and theoretical background for wildlife tourism in light of the findings of this study. Methods include a comprehensive literature review, tourist surveys, social media content analysis, and interviews with locals working in whale shark tourism at four sites in the Philippines. Results suggest that marine wildlife tourism can play an important role in changing locals’ attitudes and behaviours towards the focal species and habitat; however, smaller-scale, more established sites had greater conservation value than the mass tourism or failed sites suggesting that small-scale, community-based ecotourism is the best approach to meeting conservation goals of marine wildlife tourism. Yet, few tourism sites meet these standards. Global standards are needed to ensure whale shark tourism activities meet desired conservation goals. Such standards should include management requirements (e.g., licensing, mandatory education program) and interaction guidelines (e.g. minimum viewing distances, limits on the number of swimmers/boats, etc.). The findings also emphasise that economics should not be the only or primary metric used to measure conservation success; rather, the focus should be on assessing a more comprehensive range of social and ecological conservation outcomes of these activities. / Graduate / 2020-04-16

In recent decades tourism has asserted its importance as the biggest employer and foreign exchange earner in both the developing and developed countries. Consequently, there has been increasing attention to tourism development as a strategy to stimulate economic growth, local economic development and poverty alleviation, especially in the developing countries. This study was undertaken with the objective of determining the direct benefits of the growth in tourism to the local communities in the vicinity of protected areas in South Africa's Mpumalanga Province. The tourism sector is strategically located within the economic mainstream as it links easily with other sectors of the economy such as agriculture, hospitality, transport and entertainment. It has added advantages, including the fact that the tourist product is consumed at the destination. This offers local communities opportunities in job creation, skills development, economic empowerment and social development. The study found that meaningful involvement of local communities in the tourism industry through ownership of tourism-related enterprises was almost non-existent. There were no meaningful linkages between the industry and the local communities other than the communities' supply of unskilled labour. There were also no programmes aimed at harnessing the phenomenal growth in South Africa's tourism for the economic empowerment of local communities. The economic empowerment of local communities need not be achieved through the ownership of tourism-related enterprises only, but may also include shareholding, outsourcing, affirmative procurement and social responsibility programmes by the industry.The continued marginalisation of the local communities by the tourism industry was attributed to unsatisfactory progress with the industry's transformation. The launch of the Tourism Black Economic Empowerment Charter and Scorecard in 2005 provided impetus for the transformation of South Africa's tourism industry. However, more work still needs to be done in the identified areas of ownership and control of tourism-related businesses, distribution of tourism benefits and the development of tourism-related skills and entrepreneurial culture in local communities. The role of the private sector in stimulating community involvement in tourism is particularly important. The private sector is singled out because of government policy that tourism development would be regulated by government and be private-sector driven. Furthermore, the private sector has the capacity and the resources to mobilise, not only to improve the attractiveness and marketing of a destination and the overall management of the tourism industry, but also to build thriving local communities. / Development Studies / D. Litt. et Phil. (Development Studies)

Ecotourism has often failed to deliver appropriate, tangible benefits to host communities living near protected areas in developing regions of Africa. The Robford Community Conservation Benefit Centre (RCCBC) model was developed as a means to overcome many of the common problems of community-based ecotourism and to enhance the range and flow of benefits to such communities by developing a suite of products and programmes aimed specifically at scientists, volunteer tourists and participatory environmental research tourists. This study tests the aims that the necessary tourism, geographic, social and research conditions are present for the implementation of the RCCBC model in a local community situated close to the Great Fish River Nature Reserve (GFRNR) in South Africa. Situational assessment fieldtrips determined that the GFRNR, its immediate tourism egion and the ten settlements surrounding the nature reserve conformed to RCCBC development guidelines and were suitable for further detailed investigation. One of the settlements, Glenmore Village, conformed most closely to the RCCBC model’s guidelines for selecting a preferred host community. A census survey of all households in Glenmore determined a demographic profile of village residents. A random sample survey of 70 Glenmore households established a social profile of the community’s residents and their attitude to various aspects of the RCCBC model. A spatial analysis of the Glenmore precinct determined that sufficient, suitable land was available for the development of RCCBC products and programmes. The findings of the research indicated that the tourism, geographic, social and research conditions were present at Glenmore, the GFRNR and its surrounding tourism region for the implementation of the RCCBC model and the development of the model’s proposed products and programmes at Glenmore Village. Implementation of the RCCBC model at Glenmore and the GFRNR as a pilot study could introduce a new way of bringing tangible, meaningful benefits to select communities located close to protected areas in existing tourism regions that have failed to benefit either completely or partially from traditional forms of ecotourism development in the past. / Environmental Sciences / M. Sc. (Environmental Management)

Inadequate attention has been paid to the complexity of rural livelihoods and the dimensions of poverty. Although progress has been achieved in poverty reduction in many countries over the years, statistics indicate that there is still much to be done. Nearly half of the population of South Africa is poor. Sustainable Livelihood Approaches see poverty reduction as achievable through diversification of livelihood strategies. Communities can benefit from the development of tourism through employment, financial gains, infrastructure creation and cultural revitalisation. While fees charged for tourism activities have the potential to contribute to locals, they are rarely controlled by them. The aim of this study was to formulate a Sustainable Livelihood Framework for Tourism (SLFT) along the African Ivory Route. The study involved fourteen villages near Fundudzi, Mtomeni and Nthubu camps which were purposively selected as they represented the three main ethnic groups in the province. Mixed method research design was used and included qualitative and quantitative approaches. A 10% sample was selected from the total number of households. Questionnaires, focus group and key informant interviews were used to collect data. The data was analysed and presented in tables, graphs and maps. The perceptions of the communities towards the African Ivory Route were both positive and negative. The benefits included, improved network, community empowerment and development of infrastructure. The constraints included, conflicts, mistrust, political interference and power struggle among the various institutions. The study concluded that the African Ivory Route has not achieved sustainable livelihoods outcomes for the concerned communities. The recommendation was that frameworks for maximising benefits from tourism were necessary to directly support community development. Communities, Institutions, Tourists and Environment (CITE) framework was conceptualised to assess the best way for attaining positive sustainable livelihoods outcomes. / Geography / Ph. D. (Geography)