Submitted by Celiano Plocharski da Cunha (celianop@hotmail.com) on 2018-04-16T15:19:52Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Celiano Diss. Final 09 04 18.docx: 1183350 bytes, checksum: b0a4ea1334eec5aaef93f77a39ff6897 (MD5) / Rejected by Mayara Costa de Sousa (mayara.sousa@fgv.br), reason: Celiano, O artigo deve ser postado em PDF. Att, Mayara on 2018-04-16T23:06:59Z (GMT) / Submitted by Celiano Plocharski da Cunha (celianop@hotmail.com) on 2018-04-17T01:04:14Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Celiano Diss. Final 09 04 18.pdf: 1633680 bytes, checksum: 83c10d2a4ea626076dbcf25c99455f68 (MD5) / Rejected by Mayara Costa de Sousa (mayara.sousa@fgv.br), reason: Prezado Celiano, boa noite Alguns itens devem ser ajustados de acordo com as normas: 1. O nome GETULIO não tem acento 2. As palavras- chave devem ser separadas por ponto e vírgula 3. A paginação inicia na introdução, mas os elementos pré-textuais devem ser contados. Ex: se são 11 páginas antes da introdução, a introdução inicia no numero 11. Qualquer dúvida estou à disposição. Att, Mayara 3799/3438 on 2018-04-18T21:42:49Z (GMT) / Submitted by Celiano Plocharski da Cunha (celianop@hotmail.com) on 2018-04-19T18:55:22Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Celiano Diss. Final 09 04 18.pdf: 1626818 bytes, checksum: 90a324ad742a1c944feb31f126371e43 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Mayara Costa de Sousa (mayara.sousa@fgv.br) on 2018-04-20T19:14:36Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Celiano Diss. Final 09 04 18.pdf: 1626818 bytes, checksum: 90a324ad742a1c944feb31f126371e43 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Isabele Garcia (isabele.garcia@fgv.br) on 2018-04-20T19:59:36Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Celiano Diss. Final 09 04 18.pdf: 1626818 bytes, checksum: 90a324ad742a1c944feb31f126371e43 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-20T19:59:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Celiano Diss. Final 09 04 18.pdf: 1626818 bytes, checksum: 90a324ad742a1c944feb31f126371e43 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-22 / The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of the possibility of Brazil integrate the main agreements of the Asian region, the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) and the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP). A computable general equilibrium model is employ to simulate scenarios on various agreements, which will make it possible to identify the potential impacts and opportunities for Brazilian agribusiness. The impact on exports, imports and production of the agribusiness segments will have the emphasis, through scenarios to reduce trade barriers between countries participating in the agreements. Faced with difficulties in advancing multilateral agreements, the protectionist position of the United States, and the difficulties of opening up the European market, we must consider taking up the potential space that these countries will leave in trade relations with other nations and economic blocs. The results indicate that Brazilian agribusiness; GDP and Welfare are more benefited through participation in the agreements than to stay away from them. Integrating simultaneously in TPP and RCEP is the scenario that most favours Brazilian agribusiness. Joining the RCEP brings the best effects on welfare The results also indicate that RCEP is the hypothetical scenario most beneficial for GDP. / O presente estudo tem como objetivo examinar os efeitos sobre o Brasil da formação dos principais acordos da região asiática, o Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) e o Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP). Diante das dificuldades no avanço de acordos multilaterais, a posição protecionista dos EUA, e as dificuldades para uma maior abertura do mercado europeu, é preciso considerar ocupar o espaço potencial que estes países deixarão nas relações comerciais com outras nações e blocos econômicos. O modelo de equilíbrio geral computável Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP) foi utilizado para simulação de cenários alternativos, que consideram a formação desses acordos com e sem a participação do Brasil nos mesmos. As simulações permitem identificar os potenciais impactos e oportunidades para a economia brasileira, em especial, para o agronegócio do país. Os cenários são simulados por meio de eliminação de barreiras comerciais tarifárias entre países participantes dos acordos. Os resultados apontam que o agronegócio brasileiro, PIB e Bem-estar serão mais beneficiados através da participação nos acordos do que a permanecer afastado dos mesmos. Integrar-se simultaneamente no TPP e RCEP é o cenário que mais favorece o agronegócio brasileiro. Já associar-se ao RCEP traz os melhores efeitos ao Bem-estar. Os resultados ainda indicam que RCEP é o cenário hipotético mais benéfico para PIB.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-08T14:44:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1758104 bytes, checksum: 44e8e7ad979e645b86ada3465c9bf745 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-03-01 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This study analyses the effects of an increase in investments to energy production, over the emissions of CO2 and the main macroeconomic variables. The data required for their preparation were obtained from the Ministry of Mines and Energy, the IBGE and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. To meet these goals, the energy inputs were divided into two groups: energy "clean" and "dirty"; based on their coefficients of CO2 emissions in 2006. Then, were simulated scenarios with: increases in investment equivalent to 1% of GDP in 2006, for each energy group, as well as scenarios involving an environmental tax of R$ 100.00 per ton of CO2; for a time horizon of ten years, using a sequential Computable General Equilibrium Model. The results of these simulations showed that there was a direct relationship between increased investments in energy and: the process of capital accumulation, the real GDP growth, the evolution of welfare, the evolution of CO2 emissions and changes in the intensity of CO2 pollution. Meanwhile, the results for simulations involving the environmental tax shown that it implied, in general, in: slowdown in capital accumulation, GDP growth below the steady state, a strong reduction of welfare and increasing reductions of emissions and intensity of pollution. Especially, the combination of an increase in investments for clean energy production, with the adoption of the environmental tax, was able to generate, simultaneously: accelerated accumulation of capital (2,70%) and real GDP growth (1,08%), increase of the welfare (R$ 33 billion) and reduction of the emissions (-1,21%) and intensity of pollution (-2,26%). / Este estudo trata dos efeitos de um aumento dos investimentos destinados a produção de energia, sobre as emissões de CO2 e as principais variáveis macroeconômicas. Os dados necessários à sua elaboração foram obtidos junto ao Ministério de Minas e Energia, ao IBGE e o Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Para cumprir com esses objetivos, os insumos energéticos foram divididos em dois grupos: energéticos limpos e sujos ; com base nos seus coeficientes de emissões de CO2 em 2006. Em seguida, foram simulados cenários com: aumentos nos investimentos equivalentes a 1% do PIB em 2006, para cada grupo de energético; bem como cenários envolvendo um imposto ambiental de R$ 100,00 por tonelada de CO2; para um horizonte de tempo de dez anos, utilizando um Modelo de Equilíbrio Geral Computável sequencial. Os resultados dessas simulações mostraram que existiu uma relação direta entre o aumento dos investimentos em energia e: o processo de acumulação de capital, o crescimento do PIB real, a evolução do bem-estar, a evolução das emissões de CO2 e a evolução da intensidade de poluição por CO2. Enquanto isso, os resultados para as simulações envolvendo o imposto ambiental mostraram que o mesmo implicou, de maneira geral, em: desaceleração do processo de acumulação de capital, crescimento do PIB abaixo do estado estacionário, forte redução do bem-estar e redução crescente das emissões e da intensidade da poluição. Especialmente, a combinação de um aumento dos investimentos destinados a produção de energia limpa, com a adoção do imposto ambiental, foi capaz de gerar, simultaneamente: aceleração da acumulação de capital (2,70%) e crescimento do PIB real (1,08%); aumento do bem-estar (R$ 33 bilhões); e redução das emissões (-1,21%) e da intensidade da poluição (-2,26%).

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-08T14:44:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 7649365 bytes, checksum: ee27bd58facf83365ed85471f6231dbf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-11-06 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Although infrastructure investment has a central role in economic development, it declined considerably in Brazil during the 1980 and 1990 decades. At the beginning of the 2000s it amounted to 2.2 \% of GDP, while in China and Chile it amounted to 7.3 \% and 6.5 \% of GDP, respectively. The private investment in infrastructure was not enough to offset the decline in public investment, which occurred because of the government's effort to achieve primary surpluses. Thus, the government faces a dilemma between balancing the budget and increasing the investment. In order to achieve the two goals, the investment must be financed. The aim of this work is to evaluate the impact of an increase in the infrastructure investment and its financing in the Brazilian economy. To do it, a dynamic computable general equilibrium model is used. It is simulated an increase in the investment for two years, equal to 1 \% of the GDP. The results show that, in the first three years, the increase in the GDP growth rate is higher when the investment is financed by reducing the government consumption (0.73 \%), it is moderate when the financing is done through the tax on production (0.33 \%) or foreign savings (0.34 \%), and it is lower when the financing is done by increasing the income tax (0.28 \%). Construction was the fastest growing sector (2.39 \% on average in the first 3 years). The contribution of this work was to obtain clear and useful results for policy making, enhance the understanding of the effects of infrastructure investment financing in the Brazilian economy, and analyze the sectorial impacts of this investment. / Embora o investimento em infraestrutura tenha um papel central no desenvolvimento econômico, ele reduziu-se muito no Brasil nas décadas 1980 e 1990. No início da década de 2000 equivalia a 2,2%do PIB, enquanto que na China e no Chile correspondia a 7,3% e 6,5%do PIB, respectivamente. O investimento privado em infraestrutura, não foi suficiente para compensar a redução do investimento público, que ocorreu por causa do esforço do governo para obter superávits primários. Assim, o governo enfrenta um dilema entre obter o equilíbrio orçamentário ou aumentar o investimento público. Para que os dois objetivos sejam alcançados é preciso que o investimento seja financiado. O objetivo desse trabalho é avaliar o impacto do aumento do investimento em infraestrutura e de seu financiamento na economia brasileira. Para isso, utiliza-se um modelo de equilíbrio geral computável dinâmico. E simulado o aumento do investimento durante 2 anos, equivalente a 1 % do PIB. Os resultados mostram que, nos três primeiros anos, o aumento da taxa de crescimento do PIB é maior quando o investimento é financiado pela redução do consumo do governo (0,73 %), é moderada quando o financiamento é feito através do imposto sobre a produção (0,33 %) ou da poupança externa (0,34 %) e é menor quando o financiamento é feito através do aumento do imposto de renda (0,28 %). O setor que mais cresceu foi o de construção (2,39% em média nos 3 primeiros anos). A contribuição desse trabalho foi obter resultados claros e úteis para a tomada de decisões políticas, ampliar a compreensão dos efeitos do financiamento do investimento em infraestrutura na economia brasileira e analisar os impactos setoriais de tal investimento.

Depuis quelques années, investir dans le secteur agricole est devenu un des objectifs prioritaires des politiques économiques de lutte contre la pauvreté en Afrique Subsaharienne. Or, dans la perspective des Objectifs du Millénaire pour le Développement, les pays doivent également faire face à la nécessité croissante d’orienter leurs ressources budgétaires limitées vers le financement de leurs dépenses sociales. Dans ce contexte, en prenant appui sur le cas spécifique de l’Ouganda, l’objectif de cette thèse est de savoir dans quelle mesure il est possible de concilier simultanément ces impératifs sociaux et économiques en exploitant les effets de croissance de certaines dépenses sociales dans la sphère agricole. La santé des ménages agricoles joue alors le rôle de variable stratégique de l’analyse parce qu’elle est à la fois une dimension du bien être dont sont privés les plus pauvres et parce qu’elle détermine également leur niveau de productivité. Dans un premier temps, les facteurs socioéconomiques qui influencent la dépense en santé des Ougandais ont été identifiés. Ils révèlent la complexité de ce processus de dépense, ses relations avec la morbidité et le choix du type de fournisseurs de soins ou les interdépendances entre les différentes catégories de dépenses en soins. Dans un deuxième temps, l’analyse porte une seconde composante essentielle de la santé : la diversité alimentaire. Elle révèle une hétérogénéité inobservée a priori entre les ménages ougandais ainsi que les principaux déterminants socio-économiques de leur demande de diversité alimentaire. Dans un troisième temps, l’accent est mis sur la nature et l’intensité du lien entre les différentes catégories de dépense en santé et la productivité des agriculteurs ougandais. Enfin, une partie de ces résultats micro-économétriques est replacée dans un cadre d’Equilibre Général pour simuler les impacts macroéconomiques et microéconomiques d’une subvention publique du prix des produits de santé non marchands en Ouganda. Les résultats obtenus montrent alors qu’il semble possible de mener dans ce pays des politiques répondant simultanément aux besoins sociaux de court terme de la population et aux impératifs économiques de plus long terme de croissance pro-pauvres, et d’en maximiser les effets à moindre coût en ciblant certains types de ménages et/ou certains types de services de santé. / In recent years, investment in agriculture has become one of the priority objectives of economic policies to fight against poverty in Sub-Saharan Africa. However, from the perspective of Millennium Development Goals, African countries must also deal with the increasing need to focus their scarce budgetary resources towards social spending. In this context, taking the specific case of Uganda, the objective of this thesis is to understand how it is possible to simultaneously achieve these social and economic goals by exploiting the growth effects of some social spending in the agricultural sector. Farmers ‘health plays a critical role of the analysis because it is both a dimension of well-being which are denied to the poor and a determinant of their productivity. At first, socio-economic factors that influence health spending of Ugandans have been identified. They reveal the complexity of this expenditure process, its relationship with morbidity and the choice of healthcare providers, or the interdependencies between the different types of healthcare expenditures. Next, the analysis focuses on a second essential component of health: food diversity. It reveals an a priori unobserved heterogeneity between Ugandan households and the main socio-economic determinants of their demand for food diversity. In a third step, emphasis is placed on the nature and intensity of the link between the different categories of health expenditure and the productivity of Ugandan farmers. Lastly, some of these previous micro-econometric results are replaced in a general equilibrium framework to simulate the macroeconomic and microeconomic impacts of government subsidies on health in Uganda. Results show that it seems possible to design policy in this country which meets simultaneously the short-term social needs of population and the longer-term economic imperatives of pro-poor growth. They also show that it is possible to maximize the effects of these policies at lower cost by targeting certain types of households and / or certain types of health services.

Submitted by Geandra Rodrigues (geandrar@gmail.com) on 2018-01-24T17:15:33Z No. of bitstreams: 1 viniciusdealmeidavale.pdf: 2963209 bytes, checksum: 9056e257d48e1221adeedef0fddb506a (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2018-01-25T10:39:34Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 viniciusdealmeidavale.pdf: 2963209 bytes, checksum: 9056e257d48e1221adeedef0fddb506a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-01-25T10:39:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 viniciusdealmeidavale.pdf: 2963209 bytes, checksum: 9056e257d48e1221adeedef0fddb506a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-01-17 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O objetivo principal desta Tese é avaliar os efeitos da integração comercial do Brasil com a União Europeia e com os Estados Unidos. Com o intuito de complementar estudos semelhantes, este trabalho propõe avaliar, além dos efeitos sobre indicadores macroeconômicos e setoriais, os efeitos sobre a estrutura de renda de dez famílias representativas brasileiras. Além disso, tendo em vista a discussão voltada para o potencial das atividades agrícolas e afins, tem-se como objetivos específicos: discutir o papel da agricultura para o processo de desenvolvimento econômico e apresentar o panorama recente do setor e sua inserção no comércio internacional. Para análise empírica, utiliza-se um modelo global-nacional integrado de Equilíbrio Geral Computável (EGC), o modelo BR-TAM (Brazilian Trade Analysis Model). Esse modelo é calibrado a partir da utilização e integração de dois outros modelos de EGC, o modelo global GTAP (Global Trade Analysis Project) e o nacional ORANIG-BR (Single-Country Computable General Equilibrium Model of the Brazilian Economy). O modelo BR-TAM considera tanto as relações de comércio entre as regiões quanto os encadeamentos produtivos setoriais da economia brasileira. Além disso, o mesmo mapeia a geração e apropriação da renda, bem como o seu uso, por meio da extensão no módulo nacional que incorpora as múltiplas famílias e fluxos de renda da Matriz de Contabilidade Social (MCS) estimada nesta Tese a partir de dados preliminares da Matriz de Insumo-Produto (MIP) do Brasil para 2011 do Núcleo de Economia Regional e Urbana da Universidade de São Paulo (NEREUS), das Contas Econômicas Integradas (CEI) e da Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares (POF) do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE). Os efeitos dos dois cenários de integração, embora apresentem algumas semelhanças, apontam, em geral, para diferentes trade-offs em relação ao nível de atividade, emprego e produção setorial. Diferentes atividades são potencializadas em cada um deles. Além disso, pressões distintas são exercidas sobre a estrutura de renda e, consequentemente, sobre a desigualdade e concentração de renda no Brasil. Dessa maneira, este trabalho contribui para a literatura e agenda de comércio por trazer um estudo prospectivo capaz de orientar as estratégias de integração de curto e médio prazo, tendo em vista a discussão dos potenciais efeitos sobre variáveis macroeconômicas, setoriais e estrutura de renda das famílias heterogêneas no Brasil. / The main objective of this Thesis is to evaluate the effects of Brazil's trade integration with the European Union and the United States. In order to complement similar studies, this research proposes, besides to the effects on macroeconomic and sectoral indicators, an evaluation of the effects on the income structure of ten representative households in Brazil. In addition, considering the focus on agricultural and related activities potential, this study has as specific objectives discussing the role of agriculture in economic development and presenting the recent overview of the sector and its insertion in international trade. For empirical analysis, we use a global-national integrated Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) model, the BR-TAM (Brazilian Trade Analysis Model). This model is calibrated based on the use and integration of two other CGE models, the global model – GTAP (Global Trade Analysis Project) and the national one – ORANIG-BR (Computable General Equilibrium Model of a Single Country of the Brazilian Economy). The BR-TAM model considers the trade relations among the regions and the sectoral linkages of the Brazilian economy. In addition, it maps the generation and appropriation of income, as well as its use, by the extension in the national module that incorporates multiple households and income flows from the Social Accounting Matrix (MCS) estimated based on preliminary data from the Input-Output Matrix (MIP) for 2011 of The University of Sao Paulo Regional and Urban Economics Lab (NEREUS), from the Integrated Economic Accounts (CEI) and from the Household Budgets Survey (POF) of Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE). The effects of the two integration scenarios, although presenting some similarities, generally point to diverse trade-offs in relation to activity level, employment, and sectoral production. Different activities are potentiated in each of them. Moreover, different pressures are exerted on the income structure and, consequently, on Brazilian income inequality and concentration. In this way, this study contributes to the literature and trade agenda through a prospective study able to orient a short and medium-term integration strategy, since it brings some potential effects on macroeconomic and sectoral variables, and on income structure of heterogeneous household in Brazil.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2017-05-25T19:30:14Z No. of bitstreams: 1 marciliozanellipereira.pdf: 2774067 bytes, checksum: fb7bfb9e35ac73406eceef3f7a0801e3 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-05-26T13:09:29Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 marciliozanellipereira.pdf: 2774067 bytes, checksum: fb7bfb9e35ac73406eceef3f7a0801e3 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-26T13:09:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 marciliozanellipereira.pdf: 2774067 bytes, checksum: fb7bfb9e35ac73406eceef3f7a0801e3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-23 / Tem-se observado na economia mundial mudanças demográficas que estão afetando direta e∕ou indiretamente toda a economia. No Brasil, conforme dados da ONU (2015), a população com mais de 65 anos representa, em 2015, 7,8% da população total e a previsão é que em 2030 este valor chegue a 13,5%. Além desse fato, outra questão pertinente refere-se ao aumento de trabalhadores estrangeiros no Brasil. Conforme dados da Coordenação Geral de Imigração (2015) houve um crescimento de 280% das autorizações de trabalho dadas aos estrangeiros na década de 2010. Com esse crescimento de imigrantes no país, o acréscimo relativo da população idosa e queda da população jovem, a hipótese levantada é a de que ocorram efeitos no mercado de trabalho. Para captar essas mudanças na economia, utilizou de um modelo de equilíbrio geral computável, o qual pôde captar os impactos setoriais que as alterações demográficas e inserção de estrangeiros causaram no mercado de trabalho brasileiro. Para isso, o primeiro passo consistiu em subdividir o fator trabalho em 3 níveis de qualificação (baixa, média e alta) e quatro faixas etárias (jovem, adulto, maduro e idoso) com o intuito de calcular a elasticidade de substituição dos trabalhadores brasileiros em 62 setores utilizando a metodologia econométrica proposta por Das (2003). Como primeiro resultado pôde perceber que os trabalhadores apresentam graus diferentes de substituição, para os diferentes setores, escolaridade e faixa etária. De uma forma geral, observou-se que os trabalhadores jovens possuem a menor elasticidade de substituição, enquanto os maduros obtiveram as maiores elasticidades. Esses resultados mostram a maior vulnerabilidade dos trabalhadores da faixa etária maduro de serem substituídos por outras faixas etárias. Além disso, o resultado ressalta que há uma substitubilidade imperfeita entre os trabalhadores e que a transição demográfica tende a aprofundar esse efeito com o decorrer dos anos. Após o modelo MID-BR (Mercado de Trabalho Imigração-Demografia-Brasil) estar calibrado, foi possível realizar simulações com o intuito de captar os efeitos que a transição demográfica e a inserção de imigrantes provocam na economia nacional. Como principais resultados das simulações, foi observado que o incremento de trabalhadores brasileiros com maior escolaridade têm maior capacidade de afetar positivamente o produto nacional e que o setor de Fabricação de Automóveis, caminhões etc é o mais dinâmico da economia. A entrada de estrangeiros no país impacta positivamente o PIB real brasileiro, porém os nativos de maior escolaridade apresentaram quedas salariais. Usando dados das previsões da população economicamente ativa da ILO Labour Statistics databases (LABORSTA, 2011), foi feita uma simulação para captar o efeito da transição demográfica da década de 2010. Foi observado efeito negativo no PIB real devido à nova estrutura etária dos trabalhadores e que as faixas etárias jovens e adultos obtiveram ganhos salariais, enquanto os maduros e idosos registraram quedas. / Demographic changes are affecting direct and/or indirectly the world economy. In Brazil, according to the United Nations (2015) data, the population over 65 years old represented 7.8% of the total population in 2015, and the forecast is that by the year 2030 this frame will reach 13.5%. Besides, another question to consider refers to the increase of foreign workers in Brazil. According to the General Coordination of Immigration (Coordenação Geral de Imigração, 2015), in 2010 decade there were an increase of 280% in work permits to foreign. With this growth of immigrants in the country, in addition to the relative increase in the elderly population and fall of the young population, the hypothesis is that an impact occur in the labor market. To capture these changes in the economy, a computable general equilibrium model will be used, which will allow us to capture the sectoral impacts that demographic changes and increase of immigrants causes in the Brazilian labor market. To do so, the first step was to divide the work force in three skill levels (low, medium and high) and four age groups (young, adult, mature and old) in order to calculate the elasticity of substitution of workers in 62 sectors of the Brazilian economy using the econometric methodology proposed by Das (2003). The first results indicate that workers have varying degrees of substitution, according to different sectors, education and age. In general, the lowest values of the elasticity of substitution belonged to the younger workers while the highest values belonged to the mature ones. This result indicate that mature workers are more replaceable by other age groups. Furthermore, the results indicate imperfect substitutability between workers and that the demographic transition tend to deepen this effect over the years to come. After the calibration of MID-BR (Labour market- Immigration-Demography- Brazil) model, it was possible to simulate the effects of the demographic transition and the entrance of immigrants in the national economy. As simulations’ main results, the increase of more educated workers affects more positively the national product and the sector of Manufacture of automobiles, trucks etc is the most dynamic in the Brazilian economy. The entrance of foreigners in the country positively affects the Brazilian real GDP, however, it decreases the wages of the more educated natives. Using data of the predicted economically active population from ILO Labour Statistics databases (LABORSTA, 2011), a simulation was made to capture the effects of the demographic transition on the 2010 decade. There was a negative effect on real GDP caused by workers new age structure, additionally young and adult age groups had higher wages while mature and elderly presented lower ones.

Submitted by Geandra Rodrigues (geandrar@gmail.com) on 2018-03-23T11:39:53Z No. of bitstreams: 1 marianarezendeesilva.pdf: 2448635 bytes, checksum: 7a91fde9d65f686013a08919648c2f64 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2018-03-23T12:17:35Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 marianarezendeesilva.pdf: 2448635 bytes, checksum: 7a91fde9d65f686013a08919648c2f64 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-03-23T12:17:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 marianarezendeesilva.pdf: 2448635 bytes, checksum: 7a91fde9d65f686013a08919648c2f64 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-12-18 / O agravamento dos efeitos do aquecimento global, a volatilidade do preço do petróleo e a preocupação com a segurança energética são questões que contribuem para o aumento dos incentivos para a produção de biocombustíveis e o desenvolvimento de políticas relacionadas. A partir dos anos 2000 regiões como dos Estados Unidos e União Europeia lançaram os mandatos de biocombustíveis, políticas que estabelecem metas de consumo e produção de combustíveis renováveis até o ano de 2020. O crescimento da demanda interna não é acompanhado de um crescimento na oferta interna, precisando assim, importar etanol ou biodiesel. É nesse cenário que surge o Brasil como possível provedor de etanol para essas regiões por conta da disponibilidade de terras para a expansão do cultivo da cana-de-açúcar, a alta produtividade dessa commodity e o conhecimento da tecnologia de produção. O principal objetivo dessa dissertação é analisar o papel do Brasil no mercado mundial de biocombustíveis e identificar as implicações causadas pelas políticas de combustíveis renováveis de regiões como Estados Unidos e União Europeia. Para esse fim, foi construído um modelo de Equilíbrio Geral Computável a partir do Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP), denominado GTAP-BIOBR. Nesse modelo estão desagregados os setores de biocombustíveis o que favorece a análise do comércio de etanol da cana, que tem como principal produtor o Brasil. A estratégia de análise empregada foi de simular três cenários com choques nas exportações brasileiras de etanol para os Estados Unidos e União Europeia no ano de 2020. Os resultados revelam que a produção de etanol no Brasil cresceria em todas as situações, acompanhado do crescimento do nível de atividade econômica. Por outro lado, o preço do etanol da cana sofreria uma queda e ocorreria perda de bem-estar econômico no país em consequência da piora dos termos de troca. / The worsening effects of global warming, the volatility of oil prices and the concern about energy security are issues that contribute to increasing incentives for the production of biofuels and the development of related policies. Since the 2000’s, regions such as the United States and the European Union have launched the biofuel mandates, policies that set targets for consumption and production of renewable fuels by the year 2020. The growth of domestic demand is not accompanied by a growth in domestic supply, thus needing to import ethanol or biodiesel. It is in this scenario that Brazil emerges as a possible supplier of ethanol to these regions because of the availability of land for the expansion of sugar cane cultivation the high productivity of this commodity and the knowledge of production technology. The main objective of this dissertation is to analyze the role of Brazil in the world biofuels market and to identify the implications caused by the renewable fuel policies of regions such as the United States and the European Union. For this purpose, a Computable General Equilibrium model was constructed from the Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP) called GTAP-BIOBR. In this model, the biofuels sectors are disaggregated, which favors the analysis of the sugarcane ethanol trade, whose main producer is Brazil. The analysis strategy employed was to simulate three scenarios with shocks in Brazilian ethanol exports to the United States and the European Union in the year 2020. The results show that ethanol production in Brazil would increase in all situations, accompanied by the growth of the level of economic activity. On the other hand, the price of sugarcane ethanol would suffer a fall and there would be a loss of economic welfare in the country as a result of the worsening terms of trade.

Le Burkina Faso, avec plus de 20% de la population souffrant de sous-alimentation (FAO) est confronté à une forte insécurité alimentaire à l'instar d'autres pays d'Afrique subsaharienne. Ce pays a mis en place, depuis son accession à l'indépendance en 1960, des politiques contrastées, d'abord interventionnistes au lendemain de l'indépendance, puis libérales depuis les années 90 dans le cadre des programmes d'ajustement structurels avec le Fonds Monétaire International (FMI) et la Banque Mondiale. Différentes stratégies de lutte contre la pauvreté ont été mises en place depuis les années 2000 : des Cadres Stratégiques de Lutte Contre la Pauvreté entre 2000 et 2010 (CSLP) ont précédé à une Stratégie de Croissance Accélérée et de Développement Durable (SCADD) depuis 2011. Mais les résultats sont restés très mitigés en termes de réduction de la pauvreté et de l'insécurité alimentaire. Cette thèse tente d'analyser les dynamiques à l'œuvre expliquant la faiblesse des progrès au niveau des indicateurs sociaux, notamment la pauvreté et la sécurité en dépit des performances macroéconomiques enregistrées depuis quelques décennies. Un modèle d'Équilibre Général Calculable (EGC) est utilisé et calibré sur les grandes tendances de l'économie burkinabè. Il sert ainsi, d'une part, à analyser les mécanismes explicatifs à l'œuvre, et d'autre part, à tester deux types de scénarios, le premier supposant une dégradation de la productivité agricole qui découlerait d'une dégradation des ressources naturelles et du changement climatique, mis en évidence dans la littérature. Le second teste un vaste programme d'investissement public dans l'agriculture. Les résultats montrent que la dynamique actuelle est conforme aux analyses en termes de trappe à pauvreté : les contraintes naturelles (faible dotation en ressources naturelles) et la forte croissance démographique, renforcées par la faiblesse des biens publics se traduisent par une faible productivité du travail et donc des revenus et une épargne faibles impliquant peu d'investissement à l'origine de la faiblesse de la productivité du travail. La dégradation de la productivité agricole augmente considérablement l'insécurité alimentaire des pauvres et diminue fortement la croissance économique globale tandis que des investissements publics efficaces dans l'agriculture peuvent permettre des progrès importants et rapides et résoudre le dilemme de la politique agricole : ils sont bénéfiques aux ruraux et encore plus aux urbains pauvres. / Burkina Faso, with more than 20% of the population suffering from undernourishment (FAO), is facing severe food insecurity like other sub-Saharan African countries (FAO). This country has implemented, since its independence in 1960, contrasting policies, initially interventionist policies in the aftermath of independence, and then liberal policies since the 90s as part of structural adjustment programs with the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank. Different strategies against poverty have been implemented since the 2000s: Poverty Reduction Strategy Plans (PRSP), from 2000 to 2010, preceded a Strategy for Accelerated Growth and Sustainable Development (SAGSD) since 2011. But the results remained much mitigated in terms of poverty and food insecurity reduction. This thesis attempts to analyze the dynamics at work behind the weak progress in social indicators, including poverty and food security, despite macroeconomic performance recorded in recent decades. A Computable General Equilibrium Model (CGE) is used and calibrated on the major trends of Burkina Faso economy. It serves thus, on the one hand, to analyze explanatory mechanisms at work, and on the other hand to test two types of scenarios, the first assuming a decline in agricultural productivity that would result from a degradation of natural resources and climate change as highlighted in the literature. The second tests a large program of public investment in agriculture. The results show that the current dynamics can be analyzed in terms of poverty trap: natural constraints (poor endowment in natural resources) and high population growth, reinforced by weak public goods result in low labor productivity causing low revenue, low savings and then low investments behind the low labor productivity. A degradation of agricultural productivity significantly increases food insecurity of the poor and greatly reduces overall economic growth, while efficient public investment in agriculture can provide significant and rapid progress and solve the dilemma of agricultural policy: they are beneficial to rural and much more to urban poor populations.

Dans le présent travail de recherche, nous proposons d’analyser principalement l’effet direct et indirect du changement climatique sur la production agricole et la croissance économique. Pour ce faire, la voie méthodologique retenue dans cette thèse est une voie empirique, s’appuyant à la fois sur l’économétrie spatiale, la technique de cointégration sur données de panel ainsi que le modèle d’équilibre général dynamique multisectoriel / The aim of this research is to analysis both direct and indirect effect of the climate change on the agricultural production and the economic growth. This PhD research we will be based on an empirical methodology, through applying a spacial econometrics and the cointegration technique of a panel data as well as a multisectoral general equilibrium growth model. The first part is devoted to find the effect of the climate change on the agricultural production in a macro spatial level during the period 1980-2012. The main gaol of this first chapter of this PhD is to determine the direct and indirect effect of the weather forecast and the temperature changes in one region compared to the neighbouring regions. The originality of this spacial modelisation is to give an effective spacial effect. The second part of this research is aimed to use a micro spacial analysis to find out the effect of the climate change on the agricultural production in the long term way and for each region rather then all of them together as in the first chapter. In the last part of this PhD research we developed a general and dynamic equilibrium model for the Tunisian economy taking in a count eventual climate change forcast from 2015 to 2030. Aiming to calculate the effect of this change on the agricultural production and the economic aggregate in Tunisa. The resulats show that the climate change forecast in the futur will affect the agricultural production in Tunisia in both the short run and the long term and this is because of the irrigated and non irrigated plantations. The decrease of the production will affect the food industry which will decrease the level of the investment, the employment in this sector as well as the consumption.

<p>This dissertation examines the impact of the expansion of renewable technology at both national and local level, through distinct essays. At the national level, the first paper analyzes the effects of economic and distributional impacts of climate mitigation policy, in the context of a developing country, to understand the interactions between the energy system and the macroeconomic environment. In the case of the local level, the second paper uses synthetic control method, to estimate the effect at the county level of utility scale wind in the development indicators for two counties in the U.S. </p> <p>The first paper assesses the economic and distributional impacts of Nicaragua’s commitments to limit future greenhouse gas emissions in the context of the Paris Agreement, known as the Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs). The analysis relies on two distinct models. The first is a top-down approach based on a single-country computable general equilibrium (CGE) model, known as the Mitigation, Adaptation and New Technologies Applied General Equilibrium (MANAGE) Model. The second is a bottom-up approach based on the Open-Source energy Modeling System (OSeMOSYS), which is technology rich energy model. The combined model is calibrated to an updated social accounting matrix for Nicaragua, which disaggregates households into 20 representative types: 10 rural and 10 urban households. For the household disaggregation we have used information from the 2014 Living Standards Measurement Study (LSMS) for Nicaragua. Our analysis focuses on the distributional impacts of meeting the NDCs as well as additional scenarios—in a dynamic framework as the MANAGE model is a (recursive) dynamic model. The results show that a carbon tax has greatest potential for reduction in emissions, with modest impact in macro variables. An expansion of the renewable sources in the electricity matrix also leads to significant reduction in emissions. Only a carbon tax achieves a reduction in emissions consistent with keeping global warming below 2°C. Nicaragua’s NDC alone would not achieve the target and mitigation instruments are needed. An expansion of generation from renewable sources, does not lead to a scenario consistent with a 2°C pathway. </p> <p>The second paper measures the impact of wind generation on county level outcomes through the use of the Synthetic Control Method (SCM). SCM avoids the pitfalls of other methods such as input-output models and project level case studies that do not provide county level estimates. We find that the local per capita income effect of utility wind scale is 6 percent (translate into an increase of $1,511 in per capita income for 2019) for Benton County and 8 percent for White county in Indiana (an increase of $2,100 in per capita income for 2019). The per capita income effect measures the average impact, which includes the gains in rents from capital, land, and labor from wind power in these counties. Moreover, we find that most of the rents from wind power accrue to the owners of capital and labor. Even assuming the lowest projections of electricity prices and the highest reasonable cost we still find a 10 percent minimum rate of return to capital for both Benton and White counties’ wind power generators. Furthermore, we find that there are excess rents that could be taxed and redistributed at the county, state, or federal level without disincentivizing investment in wind power.</p>