The green transition does not only bring positive effects, but it can also have a negative impact on groups that are in vital need of a reverse of the climate crisis to the extent that they actively oppose a sustainable initiative. This is the case in the land-use conflict between the Sámi and the wind power industry. The purpose of this study is to critically analyze the representation of indigenous perspectives in the policy document "National Strategy for Sustainable Wind Power Expansion" to investigate how the climate crisis reinforces colonial effects on the Sámi people. To achieve this, Carol Bacchi's critical discourse analysis "What’s the Problem Represented to Be?" (WPR) has been adapted in combination with the concept of green colonialism to implement a critical review of indigenous representation in the government-produced "National Strategy for Sustainable Wind Power Expansion." Conflicting land-use interests constitute an identified problem, which is intended to be resolved through coexistence—a complex issue to address for many reasons. Sámi influence is presented as both a priority and a problem in the"National Strategy for Sustainable Wind Power Expansion." This representation can be explained by colonial structures that underpin the formulation of this representation, thereby contributing to the further reproduction of colonial power structures.

This study explores the world of human conflict in the workplace, the workplace (in this case) being a South African university. Using the academic tools of ethnography and autoethnography, I investigate the dimensions of human conflict management, which include intrapersonal, interpersonal and intra-group conflict management, from a psychological perspective. In this thesis I refer, in particular, to examples and extractions taken from case studies that focus on conflicts between employees. In doing so I used an eclectic, psychodynamic theoretical frame of reference. The data was collected and processed over a period of fourteen years. Another focus of this thesis is my reflections on my personal development as a counselling psychologist specialising in intrapersonal, interpersonal and intra-group conflict management within an institutional organisation. The participants‟ stories revealed intense emotional experiences and I have put forward suggestions on how these experiences could be explored and dealt with by means of psychologically orientated techniques and interventions within the boundaries of the ethical codes and values of counselling psychology. My eclectic choice of brief psychotherapy, strengths-based counselling, and psychodynamic-based intrapersonal, interpersonal and intra-group interventions are included in my personal narrative. This study serves only as a guideline to other counselling psychologists who deal with human conflicts in similar situations. I have not tried to present a generalised theory. In this study, I argue strongly that there is indeed a place for counselling psychologists and the application of psychological knowledge in the world of human resources departments in organisations. I believe that counselling psychologists can operate, alternatively, as individual counselling psychologists, workshop facilitators and co-facilitators, as consultants, and as members of multidisciplinary teams to address, among other, conflict management in a tertiary institution. / Psychology / D. Litt. et Phil. (Psychology)

This study explores the world of human conflict in the workplace, the workplace (in this case) being a South African university. Using the academic tools of ethnography and autoethnography, I investigate the dimensions of human conflict management, which include intrapersonal, interpersonal and intra-group conflict management, from a psychological perspective. In this thesis I refer, in particular, to examples and extractions taken from case studies that focus on conflicts between employees. In doing so I used an eclectic, psychodynamic theoretical frame of reference. The data was collected and processed over a period of fourteen years. Another focus of this thesis is my reflections on my personal development as a counselling psychologist specialising in intrapersonal, interpersonal and intra-group conflict management within an institutional organisation. The participants‟ stories revealed intense emotional experiences and I have put forward suggestions on how these experiences could be explored and dealt with by means of psychologically orientated techniques and interventions within the boundaries of the ethical codes and values of counselling psychology. My eclectic choice of brief psychotherapy, strengths-based counselling, and psychodynamic-based intrapersonal, interpersonal and intra-group interventions are included in my personal narrative. This study serves only as a guideline to other counselling psychologists who deal with human conflicts in similar situations. I have not tried to present a generalised theory. In this study, I argue strongly that there is indeed a place for counselling psychologists and the application of psychological knowledge in the world of human resources departments in organisations. I believe that counselling psychologists can operate, alternatively, as individual counselling psychologists, workshop facilitators and co-facilitators, as consultants, and as members of multidisciplinary teams to address, among other, conflict management in a tertiary institution. / Psychology / D. Litt. et Phil. (Psychology)

This thesis explores the use of domicilium as a criterion in choice of law and jurisdiction in South African law with special reference to private-law status. In this area of the law adherence to the status theory has, in the recent past, resulted in the use of domicile as an exclusive ratio jurisdictionis. This has impacted negatively on choice of law issues in status matters: since domicile constituted the sole jurisdictional criterion, little attention was devoted to choice of law. Even though the lex domicilii was, in actual fact, applied to choice of law issues concerning private-law status, it happened only as a result of the assumption of jurisdiction by the forum domicilii. With the emergence of alternative jurisdictional criteria, such as ordinary residence, choice of law issues will have to be addressed from a conflict of laws perspective, since the jurisdictional criteria will no longer ensure the application of the appropriate lex causae. In this regard recognition of the functional diversification of jurisdictional and conflicts connecting factors is crucial: different principles and policies underlie the fields of jurisdiction and choice of law and this must be borne in mind when a connecting factor is selected. In view of the prominence of domicilium as a connecting factor, problem areas in regard to the interpretation and ascertainment of domicile, especially the domicile of choice, is investigated within the context of the Domicile Act 3 of 1992 and with a view to future reform. It is submitted that the subjective animus requirement for the acquisition of a domicile of choice remains uncertain and undefined. Since domicile constitutes such an important connecting factor in issues pertaining to private-law status, as well as other non-status matters, it is essential that it should be readily and easily ascertainable. In this regard certain concrete proposals for future reform are advanced. Ultimately the domicile of an individual should indicate the community to which he/she truly belongs: only then will domicile constitute a conflicts connecting factor which satisfies the demands of conflicts justice. / Private Law / LL. D. (Law)

Jouant un rôle crucial pour l’efficience des marchés, la banque d’investissement contemporaine se caractérise par l’exercice d’une grande diversité d’activités aussi complexes qu’hétérogènes sous un même toit. Agissant tantôt auprès d’une clientèle de particuliers, d’entreprises, d’institutions financières, de fonds d’investissement ou de gouvernements, et tantôt pour son propre compte, elle compose avec une multitude d’intérêts divergents, ce qui soulève un certain questionnement quant à la portée de l’obligation de loyauté dont elle peut être tributaire envers ses clients. Les implications répétées des banques d’affaires dans la vague de récents scandales financiers ont inévitablement affecté la confiance que les épargnants témoignent envers l’intégrité de cette institution et des marchés financiers en général. Elles ont de plus contribué significativement à relancer le débat concernant la pertinence de contrôler, et même d’éliminer les conflits d’intérêts, un phénomène largement répandu au sein de la banque d’investissement. À titre de mécanismes préventifs, les solutions de marchés et l’autodiscipline des intermédiaires financiers sont imparfaits. La réglementation des conflits d’intérêts se justifie alors afin de pallier les défaillances du marché et de l’autorégulation. Pour autant qu’il maintienne sa réglementation dans un rapport efficience-équité acceptable, l’État est appelé à concevoir des normes de contrôle aux objectifs variés, allant de la réforme structurelle du secteur financier à l’élaboration de principes généraux devant servir de balises à la conduite des intermédiaires financiers. Ainsi, dans une industrie caractérisée par une forte conglomération, la réponse des législateurs semble s’articuler autour du traitement adéquat des conflits d’intérêts, traitement qui s’opère par divers mécanismes, dont la muraille Chine, la divulgation et le refus d’agir. / Playing a key role in market efficiency, the modern investment bank offers a wide variety of services that are as complex as they are different, all under one roof. Acting sometimes in the interest of individuals, businesses, financial institutions, investment funds or governments and sometimes in its own interest, an investment bank must contend with a multitude of diverging interests, which raises certain questions as to the extent of any duty for loyalty it may owe to its clients. Repeated involvement by investment banks in the wave of recent financial scandals has inevitably affected investors’ confidence with respect to the integrity of these institutions and financial markets in general. This factor has significantly contributed to renewing the debate concerning the relevance of controlling, or even eliminating, conflicts of interest, which are a wide-spread phenomenon in the investment banking industry. In terms of preventive measures, market-related solutions and self-discipline by financial intermediaries are inherently flawed. Therefore, in order to offset such deficiencies, it becomes justifiable to regulate conflict of interest situations. Numerous possibilities exist and, as long as regulation is maintained at an acceptable effectiveness/fairness ratio, the State is called upon to establish monitoring standards for various objectives, ranging from a structural reform of the financial sector to developing general principles to serve as guidelines for the conduct of financial intermediaries. Thus, in an industry characterized by a strong tendency for conglomeration, the response from regulators seems to hinge on adequate handling of conflicts of interest, which includes various mechanisms such as the Chinese wall, disclosure and a refusal to act.

Au 20è siècle, l’Internet a commencé à se développer. En matière de propriété littéraire et artistique, l’incidence des nouvelles technologies sur la création fut réelle et parfois positive. Cependant, les nouvelles technologies causent des conséquences négatives sur la création elle-même. C’est le phénomène du piratage des œuvres sur l’Internet. Les prérogatives d’auteur sont alors menacées, car tous les citoyens peuvent être des consommateurs des œuvres sans difficulté, ni rémunération pour l’auteur. Alors que la législation vietnamienne dans cette matière est encore silencieuse, aucune étude pertinente et approfondie n’existe pour l’instant au Vietnam. Cette thèse vise à apprécier l’efficacité de la protection et de l’exploitation du droit d’auteur dans le cyberespace au Vietnam tant en théorie qu’en pratique.La première partie se consacre à l’étude des enjeux de l’application du droit d’auteur dans le cyberespace. L’analyse porte au premier rang sur les influences de l’Internet sur les droits d’auteur. Il s’agit donc d’étudier les caractères ainsi que les attributs des prérogatives morales et patrimoniales de l’auteur afin d’analyser pourquoi et comment l’Internet peut les influencer. Le développement de ce travail aborde ensuite l’exploitation du droit d’auteur dans cet environnement. La pertinence de l’étude de cette question se trouve dans l’idée selon laquelle sans l’exploitation, les prérogatives de l’auteur sont dépourvues de valeur.La deuxième partie porte sur les mesures de protection du droit d’auteur ainsi que les aspects de droit international privé. À ce titre, deux types de mesures de protection des droit d’auteur sur l’Internet sont envisagés, à savoir d’une part, l’engagement de la responsabilité des acteurs relatifs à l’exploitation des œuvres sur l’Internet, et d’autre part, le renforcement des sanctions civiles, administratives tant que pénales. En outre, pour une meilleure protection du droit d’auteur sur l’Internet, les conflits de juridictions ainsi que les conflits de lois pour des litiges ayant des éléments d’extranéité provoqués par l’espace sans frontière comme Internet doivent être résolus. En effet, est retenu en général pour la détermination du tribunal compétent, un principe selon lequel le tribunal du domicile du défendeur est compétent de juger ainsi que le tribunal du lieu du délit. Quant à la loi applicable, d’après un principe posé par la Convention de Berne, dit lex loci protectionis, l’étendue et les moyens de recours garantis à l’auteur pour sauvegarder ses droits sont réglés exclusivement par la législation du pays où la protection est réclamée. / In the 20th century, the Internet began to develop. In terms of literary and artistic property, the impact of new technologies on the creation was real and sometimes positive. However, new technologies are causing a negative impact on the creation itself. This is a piracy phenomenon on the Internet. The prerogatives of author are so threatened because all persons can become consumers of the works without difficulty, or compensation for the author. While the Vietnamese law in this area is still quiet, the relevant study is currently rare in Vietnam. This thesis aims to assess the effectiveness of the protection and of the exploitation of copyright in cyberspace in Vietnam both in theory and practice.The first part is devoted to study of issues in the application of copyright in cyberspace. In this part, the influences of the Internet on copyright are firstly mentioned. It is therefore to study the characteristics and the attributes of prerogatives of the author to analyze why and how the Internet can influence them. The development of this work addresses the exploitation of copyright in this environment. The relevance of the study of this question lies in the idea that without the operation, the prerogatives of the author have no value.The second part focuses on copyright protection measures and aspects of private international law concerning copyright. As such, two types of measures to protect copyright on the Internet are considered, namely the one hand, the commitment of the responsibility of actors of the Internet for the exploitation of works in cyberspace, and the other hand, the strengthening of civil remedies as well as administrative and criminal penalties. In addition, for better protection of copyright on the Internet, conflicts of jurisdiction and conflicts of law in disputes with foreign elements caused by the border-free area such as the Internet must be resolved. In fact, is usually chosen for the determination of the competent court, a principle that the court of the place of the defendant is competent to judge and the court of the place of the offence. For the applicable law, according to principle laid down by the Berne Convention, said lex loci protectionis, the extent and the remedies afforded to the author to protect his rights shall be settled exclusively by the law of the country where the protection is claimed.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T16:44:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Sarlene Moreira da Silva.pdf: 1894710 bytes, checksum: 9ffb47c5423bda2fe2b52ed0444b6005 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-04-20 / Fundação Carlos Chagas / The research aimed to analyze the conflicts for the ownership of the land between Indians and settlers in the Indian Region Surumu Raposa Serra do Sol in Brazilian State of Roraima and the reasons that determined this conflict. To verify the processes arising from the occupation by non-Indians in the region and the repercussions for the indigenous community, as well as analyzing the results of conflicts in the economic, social and environmental implications for the community. We started from the hypothesis that the entry of squatters on Indian reserve, as was the small farmers that generated conflict and violence in indigenous communities. The research was conducted in the Surumu region being conducted interviews and life stories with leaders and professors. The survey results allowed us to verify that the entry of settlers changed the social, economic and cultural development of indigenous communities living in the Raposa Serra do Sol conflicts caused violence and the death of many indigenous and environmental degradation. This picture has been modified by the intervention of the religious organizations that supported the struggle for the demarcation of indigenous lands in Roraima State and the Brazilian federal government that guaranteed the landmark. The process of inoccupation of the land was long, demanding the intervention of the Brazilian Supreme Court actually to occur remove the invaders / A pesquisa teve como objetivo analisar os conflitos pela posse da terra entre índios e posseiros na região Surumu Terra Indígena Raposa Serra do Sol Roraima e os motivos que os determinaram. Verificar os processos decorrentes da ocupação pelos não índios na região e a repercussão para a comunidade indígena, bem como analisar os resultados dos conflitos nos aspectos econômicos, sociais e ambientais e suas implicações. Partiu-se da hipótese de que a entrada de posseiros na terra indígena, como pequenos criadores foi o que gerou conflitos e violência nas comunidades indígenas. A pesquisa foi realizada na região Surumu sendo realizadas entrevistas e historia de vida com lideranças e professores da comunidade. Os resultados da pesquisa permitiram verificar que a entrada dos posseiros mudou a vida social, econômica e cultural das comunidades indígenas que vivem na Terra Indígena Raposa Serra do Sol. Os conflitos ocasionaram violência e morte de indígenas, além da degradação ambiental. Esse quadro foi modificado pela intervenção da igreja que apoiou a luta pela demarcação das terras indígenas em Roraima e do governo federal que garantiu a demarcação. O processo de desocupação da terra foi longo, exigindo a intervenção do Supremo Tribunal Federal para que de fato ocorresse a desintrusão dos posseiros

Aquesta tesi aborda un dels temes més emergents de l'educació física actual; els conflictes motors. L'estudi pren com a marc teòric de referència la praxiologia motriu i les principals aportacions teòriques sobre els conflictes motors. Des d'aquesta perspectiva es pot justificar que l'educació física origina diferents escenaris de relació motriu que poden desencadenar possibles conflictes motors entre els seus protagonistes. La present tesi doctoral té com a objecte d'estudi l'observació dels conflictes sorgits en les classes d'educació física en un centre d'Educació Primària. Es tracta d'un estudi de cas únic ramificat multisubjecte on van participar 43 alumnes (21 nens / 22 nenes) de cicle mitjà (3r i 4t) i cicle superior (5è i 6è) al llarg d'un curs escolar. L'investigador va adoptar el rol d'observador participant (visió emic.). Va utilitzar notes de camp per identificar els trets distintius dels conflictes motors observats. Les dades quantitatives es van analitzar a través de l'anàlisi descriptiva i inferencial. Aquestes proves es van complementar amb l'anàlisi de contingut dels registres narratius. Entre els resultats més destacats es va observar una presència de conflictes motors diferent en cada un dels dominis d'acció motriu: 52.2% en tasques psicomotrius, 54.7% en tasques de cooperació, 59.4% en tasques d'oposició i un 75.9% tasques de cooperació-oposició. Les conclusions més rellevants són: a) la caracterització del conflicte motor està directament relacionada amb el domini d'acció motriu al qual pertany el joc motor; b) existeix una correspondència directa entre els trets distintius de la lògica interna del joc motor i la naturalesa i intensitat del conflicte (conflictes psicomotors i conflictes sociomotors de cooperació, oposició o cooperació-oposició en un medi estable); c) l'optimització de qualsevol transformació pedagògica dels conflictes hauria de considerar variables derivades de la lògica interna (propietats) dels jocs motors i també de la lògica externa (característiques de l'alumnat: edat, gènere, nivell sociocultural, antecedents fisicoesportius; així com tipus de conductes motrius (agents) que l'originen, reaccions, i tipus d'intervenció). / Esta tesis aborda un los temas más emergentes de la educación física actual; los conflictos motores. El estudio toma como marco teórico de referencia a la praxiología motriz y las principales aportaciones teóricas sobre los conflictos motores. Desde esta perspectiva se puede justificar que la educación física origina diferentes escenarios de relación motriz que pueden desencadenar posibles conflictos motores entre sus protagonistas. La presente tesis doctoral tiene como objeto de estudio la observación de los conflictos surgidos en las clases de educación física en un centro de Educación Primaria. Se trata de un estudio de caso único ramificado multisujeto donde participaron 43 alumnos (21 niños / 22 niñas) de ciclo medio (3º y 4º) y ciclo superior (5º y 6º) a lo largo de un curso escolar. El investigador adoptó el rol de observador participante (visión emic.). Utilizó notas de campo para identificar los rasgos distintivos de los conflictos motores observados. Los datos cuantitativos se analizaron a través del análisis descriptivo e inferencial. Estas pruebas se complementaron con el análisis de contenido de los registros narrativos. Entre los resultados más destacados se observó una presencia de conflictos motores distinta en cada uno de los dominios de acción motriz: 52.2% en tareas psicomotrices, 54.7% en tareas de cooperación, 59.4% en tareas de oposición y un 75.9% tareas de cooperación-oposición. Las conclusiones más relevantes son: a) la caracterización del conflicto motor está directamente relacionada con el dominio de acción motriz al que pertenece el juego motor; b) existe una correspondencia directa entre los rasgos distintivos de la lógica interna del juego motor y la naturaleza e intensidad del conflicto (conflictos psicomotores y conflictos sociomotores de cooperación, oposición o cooperación-oposición en un medio estable); c) la optimización de cualquier transformación pedagógica de los conflictos debería considerar variables derivadas de la lógica interna (propiedades) de los juegos motores y también de la lógica externa (características del alumnado: edad, género, nivel sociocultural, antecedentes físico-deportivos; así como tipos de conductas motrices (agentes) que lo originan, reacciones, y tipo de intervención). / This “PhD Thesis” targets at one of the most emerging questions in present day physical education, that is the dealing of physical conflicts. The study bases its theoretical framework on Motor Praxiology and focuses on its contribution to physical conflicts. From this perspective we can justify that Physical Education induces different scenarios in motor relationships that can develop some physical conflicts between players. The main object of study of this “PhD Thesis” is the observation of conflicts in physical education classes in a primary school. It is a multisubject branched single case study in which 43 students (21 boys/22 girls) from third level until sixth level participated during a school year. The researcher was a participant observer who worked with field notes to identify the characteristic traits of observed physical conflicts. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential analysis. These tests were supported by content analysis of narrative registers. One of the most important results was the presence of different conflicts in terms of motor action domain: 52.2% in psychomotor games, 54.7% in cooperation games, 59.4% in opposition games and 75.9% in cooperation- opposition games. The most relevant conclusions are: a) The characterization of physical conflict is directly related to the motor action domain to which the game belongs to; b) There is a direct correspondence between the hallmarks of the internal logic of games and the kind and intensity of conflicts (psychomotor conflicts and sociomotor conflicts of cooperation, opposition and cooperationopposition in a stable context). C) The optimization of any pedagogical transformation of conflicts should consider variables derived from the internal logic (properties) of games and the external logic (student characteristics: age, gender, cultural, physical activity background as well as types of motor behaviour (agents) that originate the conflict, reactions, and kind of intervention). / Cette thèse aborde un sujet très émergent en Éducation Physiques: les conflits moteurs. En partant d’un cadre théorique construit par la Praxéologie Motrice et les principales théories des conflits, on peut justifier que les taches de l'éducation physiques peuvent déclencher des conflits moteurs entre les joueurs. Cette thèse vise à étudier l'observation des conflits dans les classes d'éducation physique dans les écoles primaires. Il s'agit d'une étude de cas unique ramifiée multi sujet où 43 élèves (21 garçons / 22 filles) de cycle moyen (3º et 4º) et supérieur (5º et 6º) sur une année scolaire. Le chercheur a adopté le rôle d'observateur participant (vue emic)... Les notes de terrain ont été utilisées pour identifier les caractéristiques distinctives des conflits moteurs observés. Les données quantitatives ont été étudiées en utilisant une analyse descriptive et inférentielle. Ces données sont complétés par l'analyse du contenu des registres narratifs. Parmi les résultats les plus significatifs souligner la présence de conflits moteurs différents dans chacun des domaines d'action motrice: 52,2% aux tâches psychomotrices, 54,7% aux tâches de coopération, 59,4% à l'opposition et une coopération 75,9% de travail opposition. Les conclusions les plus importants sont: a) le conflit moteur est directement lié à la domaine d'action motrice du jeu, b) il existe une correspondance directe entre les caractéristiques de la logique interne du jeu et de la nature et l'intensité des conflits (conflits psychomoteur et sociomoteurs dans un environnement stable), c) la transformation pédagogique des conflits devrait envisager les variables de la logique interne et aussi la logique externe (caractéristiques des élèves: âge, sexe, culture, biographie sportive, les types de comportement moteur (agents) : les réactions, et le type d'intervention). / Tesi honek gaur egungo gorputz heziketan pil-pilean dagoen gai bat aztertzen du; gatazka motorrak. Ikerketa honek praxiologia motorra eta gatazka motorren inguruko ekarpen teoriko garrantzitsuenak hartu ditu erreferentziako marko teoriko moduan. Ikuspegi honetatik abiatuta, gorputz heziketak erlazio motorren eskenatoki ezberdinak sortzen dituela eta hauek protagonisten artean gerta daitezkeen gatazka motorrak sor ditzaketela justifika daiteke. Doktorego-tesi honen ikerketa-helburua Lehen Hezkuntzako ikastetxe bateko gorputz heziketako eskoletan gertatutako gatazkak behatzea da. Kasu bakarreko adarkatutako partehartzaile anitzeko azterketa da. Bertan, ikasturte bereko ziklo ertaineko (3. eta 4. mailak) eta goi zikloko (5. eta 6. mailak) 43 ikaslek parte hartu zuen (21 mutil/22 neska). Ikertzaileak behatzaile partehartzaile papera hartu zuen (emic. ikuspegia). Behatutako gatazka motorren ezaugarri bereizleak identifikatzeko landa-oharrak erabili zituen. Datu kuantitatiboak azterketa deskribatzailea eta inferentzialaren bidez aztertu ziren. Proba hauek narrazioerregistroen edukien analisiarekin osatu ziren. Emaitza garrantzitsuenei dagokionez, akzio motorraren domeinu bakoitzean gatazka motor ezberdinak behatu ziren: zeregin edo ataza psikomotorretan %52.2, kooperazio atazetan %54.7, oposizio atazetan %59.4 eta kooperazio-oposizio atazetan %75.9. Ondorio adierazgarrienak ondorengoak dira: a) gatazka motorraren ezaugarritzea joko-jolas motorra kokatua dagoen akzio motorraren domeinuarekin zuzenki erlazionatua dago; b) lotura zuzena dago joko-jolas motorraren barne logikaren ezaugarri bereizleen eta gatazkaren izaera eta intentsitatearen artean (gatazka psikomotorrak eta gatazka soziomotorrak, kooperazioa, oposizioa eta kooperazio-oposizioa, ingurune egonkorrean); c) gatazken edozein eraldatze pedagogikoren hobekuntzak, joko-jolas motorren barne logikatik (propietateak) eta kanpo logikatik (ikasleen ezaugarriak: adina, generoa, maila soziokulturala, aurrekari fisikoak-kirolekoak; baita sortzen duten jokabide-motor motak (eragileak) ere, erreakzioak, eta eskuhartze mota) eratorritako aldagaiak hartu behar lituzke kontuan.

Jouant un rôle crucial pour l’efficience des marchés, la banque d’investissement contemporaine se caractérise par l’exercice d’une grande diversité d’activités aussi complexes qu’hétérogènes sous un même toit. Agissant tantôt auprès d’une clientèle de particuliers, d’entreprises, d’institutions financières, de fonds d’investissement ou de gouvernements, et tantôt pour son propre compte, elle compose avec une multitude d’intérêts divergents, ce qui soulève un certain questionnement quant à la portée de l’obligation de loyauté dont elle peut être tributaire envers ses clients. Les implications répétées des banques d’affaires dans la vague de récents scandales financiers ont inévitablement affecté la confiance que les épargnants témoignent envers l’intégrité de cette institution et des marchés financiers en général. Elles ont de plus contribué significativement à relancer le débat concernant la pertinence de contrôler, et même d’éliminer les conflits d’intérêts, un phénomène largement répandu au sein de la banque d’investissement. À titre de mécanismes préventifs, les solutions de marchés et l’autodiscipline des intermédiaires financiers sont imparfaits. La réglementation des conflits d’intérêts se justifie alors afin de pallier les défaillances du marché et de l’autorégulation. Pour autant qu’il maintienne sa réglementation dans un rapport efficience-équité acceptable, l’État est appelé à concevoir des normes de contrôle aux objectifs variés, allant de la réforme structurelle du secteur financier à l’élaboration de principes généraux devant servir de balises à la conduite des intermédiaires financiers. Ainsi, dans une industrie caractérisée par une forte conglomération, la réponse des législateurs semble s’articuler autour du traitement adéquat des conflits d’intérêts, traitement qui s’opère par divers mécanismes, dont la muraille Chine, la divulgation et le refus d’agir. / Playing a key role in market efficiency, the modern investment bank offers a wide variety of services that are as complex as they are different, all under one roof. Acting sometimes in the interest of individuals, businesses, financial institutions, investment funds or governments and sometimes in its own interest, an investment bank must contend with a multitude of diverging interests, which raises certain questions as to the extent of any duty for loyalty it may owe to its clients. Repeated involvement by investment banks in the wave of recent financial scandals has inevitably affected investors’ confidence with respect to the integrity of these institutions and financial markets in general. This factor has significantly contributed to renewing the debate concerning the relevance of controlling, or even eliminating, conflicts of interest, which are a wide-spread phenomenon in the investment banking industry. In terms of preventive measures, market-related solutions and self-discipline by financial intermediaries are inherently flawed. Therefore, in order to offset such deficiencies, it becomes justifiable to regulate conflict of interest situations. Numerous possibilities exist and, as long as regulation is maintained at an acceptable effectiveness/fairness ratio, the State is called upon to establish monitoring standards for various objectives, ranging from a structural reform of the financial sector to developing general principles to serve as guidelines for the conduct of financial intermediaries. Thus, in an industry characterized by a strong tendency for conglomeration, the response from regulators seems to hinge on adequate handling of conflicts of interest, which includes various mechanisms such as the Chinese wall, disclosure and a refusal to act.

This thesis explores the use of domicilium as a criterion in choice of law and jurisdiction in South African law with special reference to private-law status. In this area of the law adherence to the status theory has, in the recent past, resulted in the use of domicile as an exclusive ratio jurisdictionis. This has impacted negatively on choice of law issues in status matters: since domicile constituted the sole jurisdictional criterion, little attention was devoted to choice of law. Even though the lex domicilii was, in actual fact, applied to choice of law issues concerning private-law status, it happened only as a result of the assumption of jurisdiction by the forum domicilii. With the emergence of alternative jurisdictional criteria, such as ordinary residence, choice of law issues will have to be addressed from a conflict of laws perspective, since the jurisdictional criteria will no longer ensure the application of the appropriate lex causae. In this regard recognition of the functional diversification of jurisdictional and conflicts connecting factors is crucial: different principles and policies underlie the fields of jurisdiction and choice of law and this must be borne in mind when a connecting factor is selected. In view of the prominence of domicilium as a connecting factor, problem areas in regard to the interpretation and ascertainment of domicile, especially the domicile of choice, is investigated within the context of the Domicile Act 3 of 1992 and with a view to future reform. It is submitted that the subjective animus requirement for the acquisition of a domicile of choice remains uncertain and undefined. Since domicile constitutes such an important connecting factor in issues pertaining to private-law status, as well as other non-status matters, it is essential that it should be readily and easily ascertainable. In this regard certain concrete proposals for future reform are advanced. Ultimately the domicile of an individual should indicate the community to which he/she truly belongs: only then will domicile constitute a conflicts connecting factor which satisfies the demands of conflicts justice. / Private Law / LL. D. (Law)