This study investigated teachers' perceptions of classroom assessment in mathematics and their current classroom assessments practices. Specifically, the study sought to gain an understanding of the extent to which teachers use different classroom assessment methods and tools to understand and to support both the learning and teaching processes. The following three questions guided the study: 1) How do primary school teachers perceive classroom assessment in mathematics? 2) What kinds of assessment methods and tools do teachers use to assess their students in mathematics? 3) What is the influence of teachers' perceptions of classroom assessment on their classroom assessment practices? The study used a questionnaire to establish the teachers' perceptions of classroom assessment in mathematics, a lesson observation protocol, and pre-lesson and post-lesson observation interview protocols as main sources of data collection. The data collected through observations and interviews helped to map out patterns between perceptions of classroom assessment and the teachers' classroom assessment practices. Document analysis was used to triangulate the information collected through observations and interviews. In addition, document analysis provided first hand information on the kind of written feedback students get and the nature of activities they do. A total of six teachers (three male and three female) were drawn from two primary schools in Malawi. The data suggest that teachers perceive classroom assessment as tests that teachers give to their students at specified time intervals. What teachers said about their teaching was not reflected during their teaching. Since teachers perceived classroom assessment as tests, they showed limited ability to use different methods and tools to assess their students while teaching. The teachers' perceptions of classroom assessment have influence on their classroom assessment practices. Five of the six teachers perceived assessment as testing, and classroom assessment practices were not clearly embedded in their teaching. Teacher experience and teacher education program did not seem to contribute much to teachers' perceptions of classroom assessment; however, teacher's academic qualification seemed to influence teachers' flexibility to accept new ideas. / Ph. D.

Architecture possesses the ability to evoke wonder in the everyday. This thesis and project mark the beginning of the study of an architecture that reveals this poetic dimension of the everyday. In an increasingly standardized world, how can architecture maintain, heighten or instill sense of place? How can the architect make the program architectural? How can architecture truly re-present rather than degrade everyday life? / Master of Architecture

In Lesotho, there are no formal opportunities for professional training of teacher educators. Consequently, the majority of teacher educators have not received a training that could equip them with professional knowledge base that is foundational to any profession. Therefore the question: what are the sources and application of professional knowledge among teacher educators appeared justifiable. Arguably, the teacher educators’ professional knowledge is intricately linked to education practice. Teacher educators have to address the discrepancy between education policy and practice through the training of student teachers who, in turn, have to contribute to the quality of the Lesotho education system. An interpretivist approach was followed in undertaking this study. Data was collected through: narratives, observations of teacher educators and analysis of the curriculum and assessment documents. The unit of analysis was eight teacher educators who are based at the National University of Lesotho’s Faculty of Education. Verification of the extent to which the topic was researchable was through undertaking a pilot study with six teacher educators who were based in the department of Educational Foundations in the same faculty. The analysis of the data revealed an immersion in the teacher educators’ professional landscape provides them ample opportunities to learn from an array of experiences. They accumulated experienced-based professional knowledge relevant to their world of work as they learn to teach, construct, apply and model it in the context that is uniquely teacher education. They have learned to teach teachers mainly from existing education practices which perpetuate what already exists. They face numerous challenges; their teaching is biased towards conventional teaching techniques of a transmissive nature and to a less extent interactive techniques; construction of professional knowledge remains a complex and challenging undertaking. Opportunities to construct own teaching research-based knowledge and supervision of student research are limited. In practice teacher educators have to rethink their pedagogy. Engaging in research adopting a “self-study” approach is unavoidable. Research will enhance their professional development and the quality of the student teachers. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2011. / Humanities Education / unrestricted

Bakgrund och problem: Bostadsmarknaden är en viktig del av samhället där ökad bebyggelse är en förutsättning för att säkerställa framtida bostäder. Dessvärre tenderar befolkningstillväxten att öka i en snabbare takt gentemot antalet bostäder som byggs. Vidare är det inte alltid enkelt att motivera ett byggprojekt då det sträcker sig över en lång tid, kräver stort kapital och således innebär risker. Kapitalkrävande projekt kräver därför eftertänksamhet då det kan påverka kassaflödet negativt. Då studier saknas på hur kapitalbehovet och kassaflödet förhåller sig till affärsprocessen för byggföretag och hustillverkare vill vi tillsammans med vårt fallföretag titta närmare på detta. Ett stabilt kassaflöde är viktigt för framtida överlevnad och därmed också för framtida bebyggelse. Syfte: Syftet med detta arbete är att kartlägga vårt fallföretags affärsprocess och kartlägga kapitalbehovet genom hela affärsprocessen. Vidare syftar studien till att utifrån kartläggningen ge förslag på hur företaget kan styra och effektivisera kassaflödet genom affärsprocessen. Studien syftar också till att bidra med kunskap om hur hustillverkare och byggföretag kan styra och effektivisera sina kassaflöden genom hela affärsprocessen. Metod: Under denna studie har fallstudien som metod legat till grund för den forskning som bedrivits. Det empiriska underlaget har inhämtats med hjälp av ostrukturerade och semistrukturerade intervjuer. Vidare har även observationer och dokument utgjort delar av det empiriska underlaget.<img src="file:///page3image13768" /> Slutsats: Att planera för när projekt antas är viktigt att beakta för att styra kassaflödet mellan olika årscykler. En god planering kan således påverka vilken produktmix företaget kan klara av samtidigt som en god planering kan resultera i vägval för när projekt ska antas. Vidare är det viktigt att granska genomloppstiden genom företagets processer, detta då en snabbare genomloppstid kan resultera i lägre kapitalbindning men också i snabbare inbetalningar. Genom en detaljerad processkartläggning kan företaget också visualisera kapitalbehovet genom affärsprocessen, vilket således kan agera som verktyg för att påverka betalningsströmmarna men också för hur och när fakturor ska skickas samt betalas. / Background: The housing market is an important part of society, where increased housing is a prerequisite for ensuring future housing. Unfortunately, population growth tends to increase at a faster pace compared to the number of homes being built. Furthermore, it is not always easy to justify a construction project as it extends over a long time, requires large capital and thus involves risks. Capital intensive projects therefore require thoughtfulness as it may tend to affect cash flow negatively. As studies are lacking in how the capital requirements and cash flow relate to the business process for construction companies and house manufacturers, we want to look closer with our business case. A stable cash flow is important for future survival and therefore also for future housing. Purpose: The purpose of this work is to map the business process of our business case and map the capital requirement throughout the business process. Furthermore, the purpose of this study is to provide on the basis of the survey, suggestions on how the company can control and streamline the cash flow through the business process. This study also aims to provide knowledge about how house manufacturers and construction companies can control and streamline their cash flows throughout the business process. Method: During this study, case study has been the basis of the research conducted as a method. The empirical basis has been obtained through unstructured and semi- structured interviews. Furthermore, observations and documents have also been part of the empirical basis.<img src="file:///page5image16360" /> Conclusion: Planning for when projects are assumed is important to take into consideration for managing cash flow between different annual cycles. Good planning can thus affect which product mix the company can handle and at the same time good planning can also result in the choice of when projects are to be assumed. Furthermore, it is important to review the throughput through the company's processes, as a faster throughput can result in less capital tied up but also faster payments. Through a detailed process mapping, the company can also visualize capital needs through the business process, thus acting as a tool for affecting payment flows, but also for how and when invoices are to be sent and paid.

In an effort to assist self-guided artists in constructing meaning and creativity through the technique of printmaking, the author has compiled a curriculum to engage these artist/students in thoughtful research, discussion, art-making, and critique. In this qualitative case study there are eight participants from age 14 to 79, with varying educational and art experience, who enrolled in a relief print workshop with no recompense other than participation. The particular benefits of learning relief printing are described. The author's goal is exploration of student responses to a curriculum centered around constructing meaning and engaging in introspective and informed discussion. In fostering open inquiry and analysis, the author was able to cultivate a place of personal discovery in a community class and gain insights into teaching, learning, and curriculum design.

This dissertation brings together aspects of writing-in-the-disciplines research, reader-response theory, and empirical reading research in an investigation of literary scholars reading poems and constructing arguments. I begin with a review of literary criticism published over the past 70 years on Donne's "The Flea," Milton's "Song: On May Morning," Hopkins' "God's Grandeur," and Eliot's "Conversation Galante." This review suggests that certain New Critical interpretive conventions persist in scholarship. In particular, literary scholars continue to read lyrics as dramatic utterances and as organic wholes. I then present findings from a think-aloud study in which English professors read the aforementioned poems and planned a hypothetical conference talk about them for the MLA conference. Reader-response theorists have argued that readers activate certain text-making conventions in order to read literature as literature. In my study, participants' disciplinary reading conventions were so deeply ingrained that their initial processing of the four poems mirrored the interpretive patterns in published criticism of those poems. Next I analyze the think-aloud data and follow-up interviews from the perspective of writing-in-the-disciplines research. Previous researchers found that scholarly literary argument relies on a limited set of special topoi and is not always directed toward the accumulation of new knowledge. The scholars in my study relied more heavily on some topoi during initial interpretation of the poems, while other topoi were used more often during argument planning. The picture of literary argument that emerges is a hybrid of ceremonial rhetoric and communal knowledge building. Finally, I analyze the think-aloud data from the vantage-point of expert/novice research in cognitive psychology. Previous researchers have used the term "generic expertise" to describe expert knowledge that all members of an academic discipline possess. Despite the belief of some within literary studies that their discipline lacks a core, participants in my study demonstrated generic expertise both in their interpretations of poems and in their argument planning. I conclude by arguing that previous descriptions of scholarly literary argument need to be revised. Literary scholars relate to their objects of study in a unique way that ensures the distinctness of literary argument. / text

Šio magistrinio darbo pavadinimas „Kolektyvinės tapatybės formavimas SSRS ir ES: ekonominio veiksnio įtaka“. Istorinės ribos apima laikotarpį nuo SSRS susikūrimo iki šių dienų aktualijų, žodis "formavimas" nurodo analizuojamo proceso t��stinumą. Pagrindinė darbo analizės ašis – kolektyvinė tapatybė. Darbo pagrindinis tikslas yra įvertinti ES kolektyvinio tapatumo formavimo perspektyvumą, remiantis Sovietų Sąjungos patirtimi ir nustatyti ekonominio veiksnio ryšį su kolektyvinio tapatumo formavimo procesu. Siekiant užsibrėžtų tikslų, reikia atlikti šiuos išsikeltus uždavinius: visų pirma, reikia išsiaiškinti kaip yra konstruojamas kolektyvinis tapatumas, kokie veiksniai tai lemia ir kokia yra ekonominio veiksnio reikšmė kolektyvinio tapatumo formavimui; antra, reikia išanalizuoti SSRS kolektyvinio tapatumo formavimo trūkumus; trečia, reikia išanalizuoti ES kolektyvinio tapatumo formavimo ypatumus bei į perspektyvą nukreiptą formavimo politiką, įvertinant ekonominio veiksnio svarbą; ketvirtą, reikia palyginti ES ir Sovietų Sąjungos kolektyvinio tapatumo formavimo specifiką, remiantis gautais duomenimis, padaryti išvadas. Darbe yra keliamos šios hipotezės: 1. ekonominis veiksnys yra svarbus kolektyvinio tapatumo formavimo procese; 2. kolektyvinio tapatumo formavimo specifika SSRS ir ES turi sąryšio taškų, tai yra - juos įtakoja tie patys veiksniai; 3. ES turi daugiau perspektyvų suformuoti kolektyvinį tapatumą nei SSRS. Darbe taikomi tyrimo metodai: analitinis – aprašomasis... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The title of this master thesis is “Formation of Collective Identity in USSR and EU: Impact of Economic Factor“. It defines historical period from USSR foundation till nowadays. The main aspect according to which these multinational blocks are analyzed is collective identity. Special efforts are given to analyze factors which have impact to collective identity formation, but the biggest attention is paid to analyze importance of economic factor. Identity – the sense of dependence. This concept at one time contains as the connective as also separative elements. This is a result of identification process which helps to define human or group exceptional indications. As individual or collective identity formation problems are widely discussed in today’s society discourses. Its importance is comprehensible as to the individual as also to the communities behavior motivation. The perception of identity allows to know better your historical or cultural roots, and also to know yourself and others better. But the concept of identity is so wide and variant, that it leaves a lot of place to the following discussions. This work appoints a lot of attention to collective identity forming and it’s specific. Actuality of the topic remains also in today’s political discourses undisputed – if we clear, how to construct common identity it would emerge a possibility to evaluate, what main mistakes in it forming maid USSR and what perspectives in common identity constructing has EU. This... [to full text]

Abstract des Vortrages: Beim Fügen unterschiedlicher Werkstoffe im Mischbau spielt das mechanische Fügen eine große Rolle. Das Tragverhalten der Fügeverbindung steht dabei im direkten Zusammenhang zur Korrosionsbeständigkeit. Die schwerpunktmäßig in diesem geplanten Vorhaben zu betrachtenden mechanischen Fügeelemente erhalten zur Verbesserung des Korrosionsschutzes metallische Überzüge. Beim Einsatz von metallischen Überzügen auf Basis von Aluminium und Zink unterschiedlicher Ausprägung und unter Berücksichtigung unterschiedlich wirksamer Passivierungen auf Verbindungselementen bestehen jedoch aus Sicht der Anwender noch viele Unsicherheiten. Diese Unsicherheiten basieren auf: - Den unterschiedlichen elektrochemischen Eigenschaften der Fügeteilwerkstoffe, Schichtsysteme und Halbzeuge und den daraus resultierenden unterschiedlichen elektrochemischen Potentialen. - Den Schichteigenschaften bezogen auf Härte, Verformungsvermögen und Haftfestigkeit, die für den Fügeprozess relevant sind. - Dem Verhalten moderner Schichtsysteme unter kombiniert mechanischmedialen Belastungsbedingungen im Labor. - Dem Verhalten der Verbindung im Realbauteil unter Berücksichtigung vorhandener Beschichtungen (Trockenschmiermittel) und nachfolgender Beschichtungen (KTL- bzw. wasserverdünnbare Beschichtungen) hinsichtlich Haftfestigkeit, Reibungsverhalten, Permeationsverhalten im Vergleich zu Ergebnissen nach Freibewitterung. - Der Auswahl geeigneter bzw. wirksamer Schichtsysteme. Ein Teil der offenen Fragen wurden im vorliegenden Teilprojekt „Teilprojekt A3: Qualifikation von Belastungs- und Prüfverfahren für die Verwendung in kombinierten Ermüdungsalgorithmen“ bearbeitet, das in dem Clusterprojekt „Kombinierte mechanisch-mediale Alterung von Nietverbindungen in Mischbauweise (KOMMA)“ mit insgesamt 5 Forschungsstellen eingebunden war. Das Hauptziel dieses Teilprojektes bestand darin, vergleichbare Korrosionsphänomene an Nietverbindungen nach relativ kurzzeitiger Laborbelastung im Vergleich zur einjährigen Freibewitterung zu erzeugen. Der Neuheitsgrad des Clusterprojekts bestand darin, die korrosive Belastung im Labor mit einer mechanischen Belastung (Schwingbelastung) zu überlagern. Dabei war ferner festzustellen, ob bei mechanischmedialer Alterung (überlagert) im Vergleich zur seriellen Belastung mit nacheinander durchgeführten korrosiven und mechanischen Belastungen unterschiedliche Korrosionsvorgänge an den Nietverbindungen ablaufen.

Submitted by Cássia Santos (cassia.bcufg@gmail.com) on 2016-12-15T15:01:25Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Davi José dos Santos - 2016.pdf: 5567090 bytes, checksum: 5606aa47f640cc5cd4495d2694f38cda (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Jaqueline Silva (jtas29@gmail.com) on 2016-12-15T17:28:21Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Davi José dos Santos - 2016.pdf: 5567090 bytes, checksum: 5606aa47f640cc5cd4495d2694f38cda (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-15T17:28:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Davi José dos Santos - 2016.pdf: 5567090 bytes, checksum: 5606aa47f640cc5cd4495d2694f38cda (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-08-30 / This research with theoretical approach seeks to investigate inmathematics, octonions,which is a non-associative extension of the quaternions. Its algebra division 8-dimensional formed on the real numbers is more extensive than can be obtained by constructing Cayley-Dickson. In this perspective we have as main goal to answer the following question: "What number systems allow arithmetic operations addition, subtraction, multiplication and division? " In the genesis of octonions is the Irish mathematician William Rowan Hamilton, motivated by a deep belief that quaternions could revolutionize mathematics and physics, was the pioneer of a new theory that transformed the modern world. Today, it is confirmed that the complexs/quaternions/octonions and its applications are manifested in different branches of science such as mechanics, geometry, mathematical physics, with great relevance in 3D animation and robotics. In order to investigate the importance of this issue and make a small contribution, we make an introduction to the theme from the numbers complex and present the rationale and motivations of Hamilton in the discovery of quaternions/octonions. Wemake a presentation of the algebraic structure and its fundamental properties. Then discoremos about constructing Cayley-Dickson algebras that produces a sequence over the field of real numbers, each with twice the previous size. Algebras produced by this process are known as Cayley-Dickson algebras; since they are an extension of complex numbers, that is, hypercomplex numbers. All these concepts have norm, algebra and conjugate. The general idea is that the multiplication of an element and its conjugate should be the square of its norm. The surprise is that, in addition to larger, the following algebra loses some specific algebraic property. Finally, we describe and analyze certain symmetry groups with multiple representations through matrixes and applications to show that This content has a value in the evolution of technology. / Esta pesquisa com abordagem teórica busca investigar na matemática, os octônios, que é uma extensão não-associativa dos quatérnios. Sua álgebra com divisão formada de 8 dimensões sobre os números reais é a mais extensa que pode ser obtida através da construção de Cayley-Dickson. Nessa perspectiva temos comometa principal responder a seguinte questão: "Que sistemas numéricos permitemas operações aritméticas de adição, subtração, multiplicação e divisão?" Na gênese dos octônios está o matemático irlandêsWilliam Rowan Hamilton que, motivado por uma profunda convicção de que os quatérnios poderiam revolucionar a Matemática e a Física, foi o pioneiro de uma nova teoria que transformou o mundo moderno. Hoje, confirma-se que os complexos/quatérnios/octônios e suas aplicações se manifestam em diferentes ramos da ciências tais como a mecânica, a geometria, a física matemática, com grande relevância na animação 3D e na robótica. Com o propósito de investigar a importância deste tema e dar uma pequena contribuição, fazemos uma introdução ao tema desde os números complexos e apresentamos o raciocínio e motivações de Hamilton na descoberta dos quatérnios/octônios. Fazemos uma apresentação da estrutura algébrica, bem como as suas propriedades fundamentais. Emseguida discoremos sobre a construção de Cayley-Dickson que produz uma sequência de álgebras sobre o campo de números reais, cada uma com o dobro do tamanho anterior. Álgebras produzidas por este processo são conhecidas como álgebras Cayley-Dickson; uma vez que elas são uma extensão dos números complexos, isto é, os números hipercomplexos. Todos esses conceitos têm norma, álgebra e conjugado. A idéia geral é que o produto de um elemento e seu conjugado deve ser o quadrado de sua norma. A surpresa é que, além de maior dimensão, a álgebra seguinte perde alguma propriedade álgebrica específica. Por fim, descrevemos e analisamos alguns grupos de simetria, com várias representações através de matrizes e aplicações que demonstram que este conteúdo tem uma utilidade na evolução da tecnologia.

The purpose of this study was to investigate how the goal in the curriculum that concerns construction can be realized in pre-school activities. The curriculum for the pre-school states that pre-school shall strive towards making sure each child develops the ability to build, create and construct with the use of different techniques, materials and tools (Skolverket, 2016a). The issue of this study is: how do pre-school staff interpret the goal of the curriculum and which preconditions do pre-school staff think they offer children to enable the development of the abilities defined by the goal? These questions have been answered by interviewing one child minder and four pre-school teachers from different pre-schools. The result shows that the pre-school staff interprets the goal rather literally. The participating pre-schools work accordingly to what can clearly be read in the wording of the curriculum goal. They build, create and construct and explore different tools, materials and techniques. The results also shows that according to the pre-school staff themselves children are offered the following preconditions: offer of material, the children’s interests and capabilities as a starting point, rules and routines to relate to and personnel. / Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka hur läroplansmålet som behandlar bygg och konstruktion kan realiseras i förskolans verksamhet. Det som står skrivet i förskolans läroplan är att verksamheten ska sträva efter att varje barn ”utvecklar sin förmåga att bygga, skapa och konstruera med hjälp av olika tekniker, material och redskap” (Skolverket, 2016a, s. 10). För att uppfylla syftet har följande frågeställning utgåtts ifrån: hur tolkas läroplansmålet av pedagogerna och vilka förutsättningar anser sig pedagogerna erbjuda barnen för att de ska utveckla de förmågor som målet anger? Frågeställningen har besvarats med hjälp av intervjuer som genomförts med en barnskötare och fyra förskollärare från olika förskolor. Resultatet visar att pedagogerna främst tolkar läroplansmålet relativt ordagrant. Det som görs på de deltagande förskolorna är det som tydligt går att utläsa i läroplansmålet. Det byggs, skapas och konstrueras samtidigt som olika material, redskap och tekniker utforskas.  Resultatet visar också att pedagogerna anser sig erbjuda barnen förutsättningar i form av fyra huvudsakliga teman: erbjudande av material, barnens intressen och förmågor som utgångspunkt, regler och rutiner att förhålla sig till samt personal.