Purpose The purpose of the study is to identify transport related performance measure within construction logistics in order to evaluate construction logistics solution. The aim is also to verify identified transport performance measures by available empirical data from both cases i.e. Case 1 and Case 2. Methodology This study is exploratory case study with qualitative research method. The research approach of this study is both deductive as well as inductive. Data has been collected from literature review, semi structured interview, focus group discussion and empirical data. Research question (RQ) RQ1 aims at identifying transport related performance measures and then classifying them according to terminal, checkpoint and their respective construction sites? The answer to this question lies in Figure 17 and 18. RQ2 refers to what kind of data is needed to measure identified transport performance measures. The answer to this question lies in the analysis of RQ2. RQ3 is related to what empirical data is available at construction logistics end. The answer to this RQ3 is that mostly the” duration of activities” has been found within both cases empirical data which seems to be insufficient to calculate identified performance measures in RQ3. RQ4 the aim of RQ4 is to find the gap between needed and available data. And the answer to this RQ can be found in Table 35. Conclusion Theoretical and practical case discussion of Case 1and Case 2 has given an in -depth view regarding the phenomena of construction logistics solutions. This paper will help in creating awareness among developer and main contractors regarding the benefit of construction logistics solution.

More and more people are living in, or moving to, urban areas than ever before. This attraction to urban areas means that new houses and work places are needed. Building new houses or renovating older housing stock is a natural way for a city to evolve. However, the end products of construction projects are produced at their place of consumption. This means that a multitude of materials and resources need to be delivered to, and removed from, each construction site. This leads to new transport flows being created in urban areas. In urban areas, these transports are subjected to space limitations, environmental demands, accessibility demands and noise restrictions. This has led to a situation where material deliveries to construction sites needs to be coordinated and managed in ways that reduce their impact on the urban transport system and at the same time ensuring efficient construction projects. In essence, construction in urban areas faces two problems; the urban transport problem and the problem of coordinating multiple construction stakeholders. One way to address these problems is through the use of construction logistics solutions such as terminals (e.g. construction logistics centres) and checkpoints. The aim of both types of solutions is to control and coordinate construction transports. In the construction industry, these solutions are however, still a rather new phenomenon. This means that how these solutions are perceived by different stakeholders, and the effect the solutions have on material flows and costs, needs to be explored further. The purpose of this thesis is to explore how construction logistics solutions can be used as a means to coordinate material flows to ensure efficient construction and reduce disturbances on the urban transport system. To achieve this purpose, the following research questions have been addressed: RQ1:   How are different stakeholders in the construction industry affected by construction logistics solutions? RQ2:   How will the use of construction logistics solutions affect material flows and costs in urban construction projects? To answer the research questions two main methodologies have been used; case study research for the empirical studies and literature reviews for the analysis of the case studies as well as for understanding how supply chain management, logistics, and third-party logistics affects the inter-organizational relationships of the construction industry. The main findings of the research are firstly that construction logistics solutions do have a role to play in the coordination of different construction stakeholders. Adding this new node will force construction stakeholders to address coordination issues in order to ensure that material deliveries arrive to construction sites on time. This also implies that new inter-organizational relationships will evolve, where communication is key. However, this may not be an easy task as it will call for an attitude adjustment towards a more open and collaborative environment. Secondly, adding a construction logistics solution can reduce some unnecessary friction between construction stakeholders and third parties. Coordinated material flows can lead to a reduction in the amount of material delivery vehicles that travels to site, thus alleviating some of the congestion in the urban transport system. This will not reduce all friction between construction projects and third parties, but it is a step in the right direction. Thirdly, a construction logistics solution must come with a set of regulations and a governance strategy from the initiator of the solution. This governance strategy must be clearly stated and communicated to the affected stakeholders. To alleviate animosity towards the solution, flexibility and stakeholder involvement is key. If the directly affected stakeholders are consulted on the function, chances are that they will be more accepting of the solution.

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På grund av den ökade befolkningsmängden i Sverige har efterfrågan på bostäder ökat kraftigt. Befolkningen söker sig allt mer mot de större städerna som redan är tätbefolkade och detta reflekteras inom byggindustrin, en industri som präglas av temporära projektbaserade organisationer. Med dessa typer av organisationer kommer ofta svårigheter och utmaningar angående hur projektet ska uppnå hög produktivitet, i synnerhet vid exploateringsprojekt där ett flertal byggherrar bygger på samma område. När flera byggherrar ska bedriva verksamhet på samma område krävs det att samordningen mellan byggherrarna fungerar på ett bra sätt för att upprätthålla hög produktivitet. Det krävs alltså smarta lösningar på samordningsproblem i form ut av bygglogistikslösningar. / <p>Examensarbetet är utfört vid Institutionen för teknik och naturvetenskap (ITN) vid Tekniska fakulteten, Linköpings universitet</p>

The number of Fourth-Party Logistics providers (4PLs) is growing. Researchers have expressed the importance of measuring the performance of a business, but still there are only a few customised performance measurement frameworks developed for logistic service providers. This Master Thesis addresses this issue by performing a multiple case study at two 4PLs that are operating in separate industries, one in reverse logistics and the other in the construction industry. Previous research agrees that performance measurement frameworks have to be comprehensive and at the same time provide the right information in an understandable way. The Balanced Scorecard and the EFQM Business Excellence Model address this issue with different approaches and have been used in further developments of new frameworks. The empirical study found that none of the studied businesses had a well-developed framework for their performance measurement and therefore the alignment between their measurements and their business strategy was affected. Performance measurement frameworks, which have a wide application, do not have a flaw that make them unsuitable to use for a 4PL. Managers in the researched businesses therefore see a need for frameworks that are easily implemented and are customised to their specific situation. Moreover, the study found that no alignment had been developed yet between the customer and the 4PL. The businesses strive to align their KPIs among the partners they are cooperating with, down the supply chain, but are not interested in communicating them to their customers. Offering their customers full transparency might affect the businesses’ processes. Research connected to performance measurement specified to 4PLs and Logistic Service Providers (LSPs) in general is needed since the currently available research leaves space for uncertainties and further discussion.

Kostnaderna för byggnadsprojekt ökar varje år, detta beror på ett flertal faktorer såsom nya standarder, synen på att bygga miljövänligt samt hårdare krav från byggherrar som vill få projekten klara på kortare tid. För att kunna möta kraven måste byggföretagen hitta nya sätt för att bygga mer effektivt och lönsamt. Ett område med potential för utveckling är logistiken runt om och på arbetsplatsen. Arbetet utgår från bygglogistik, mer specifikt materialhantering samt lossning på arbetsplatsen. Studien har utförts på två olika byggarbetsplatser i Linköping för att kunna analysera likheter och skillnader mellan arbetsplatserna då de har olika förutsättningar. Studien undersöker och belyser de mest kritiska momenten på arbetsplatserna, identifierar hur problemen uppstår och möjliga lösningar till dessa. Data som studien bygger på har samlats in genom intervjuer och observationer. Studien visar på att en stor del utav de problemen som observerades hade kopplingar till planeringen i form utav APD-planer, bristfällig kommunikation samt platsbrist på bygget.

Detta kanske kan ses som en grundläggande crash course om berg-byggande. När ett bergutrymme ska byggas, vilka moment ingår lämpligen i samma entreprenadkontrakt som berguttaget och/eller samordnas med detta? Studien har varit ett försök att skapa sig en uppfattning om detta. Studien visade att det finns en rad moment, utöver de som är nödvändiga för själva bergdrivningen, som med fördel tas med i samma entreprenadkontrakt som denna. Exempel på detta är väg/fyllning, mätvallar/dammar, markförlagd kanalisation, borrning för infästningsbultar och portaler, och vissa betongarbeten. Skälen är ofta relaterade till uppfyllande av krav, tidsbesparing och logistik. Det är praktiskt att lägga dessa arbeten under samma samordningsansvar, för att de ska kunna utföras i någon mån parallellt, i syfte att komprimera tidplan, bättre utnyttja både personella resurser och utrustning som ändå är på plats, och kunna nyttja luckor i produktionen som kan uppstå under t.ex. beslutsprocesser vid geologisk osäkerhet. Studien gör inga anspråk på att vara heltäckande utan syftar endast till att ge vägledning av generisk karaktär avseende vilka moment som, beroende på t.ex. objektets karaktär, entreprenörens kompetens och resurser, entreprenadform m.m. kan vara lämpliga att inkludera i samma kontrakt som bergdrivningen. Den inledande litteraturstudien gav mycket lite information om just den huvudsakliga frågeställningen, varför intervjuer istället valdes som metod för besvarandet av studiens huvudsakliga frågeställning. / Perhaps this can be seen as a crash course in the basics of rock construction. When a rock space is to be built, which parts of the work are appropriate to include in the same construction contract as the rock excavation, and/or to have under the same coordinating contractor. The study was an attempt to get an idea of this. The study showed that there are a number of elements, in addition to those necessary for the actual rock excavation, which are advantageously included in the same construction contract as this. Examples of this are road/filling, measuring embankments/dams, underground canalisation, drilling for fixing bolts and portals, and possibly some concrete work. The reasons are often related to fulfilment of requirements, time saving and logistics. It is practical to put these works under the same coordination responsibility, so that they to some extent can be carried out in parallel, in order to compress the schedule, make better use of both human resources and equipment while they are on site, and be able to take advantage of gaps in production that may arise during, for example, decision-making processes in the event of geological uncertainty. The study makes no claims to be comprehensive, but aims only to provide guidance of a generic nature regarding which elements, depending on e.g. the nature of the object, the contractor's competence and resources, form of contract, etc. may be appropriate to include in the same contract as the rock excavation. The initial literature study provided very little information on the main question, which is why interviews were chosen as the investigative method. / <p>2023-06-26</p>

The manufacturing industry has made an extensive journey through the last century when it comes to increasing productivity. Results in the construction industry end up far behind manufacturing and do not show anywhere near the same efficiency increase, improved quality or decreased costs. There are a lot of potential savings in the form of activities that consumes resources without creating value for the end customer, also called waste. Waste in combination with uncertainty and variability in task duration forces the project duration to be longer than necessary. The purpose of this study is to investigate the opportunity to shorten the lead time of a construction project and investigate how construction companies can work continuously towards shorter project lead times. The purpose has been fulfilled through a time study performed at four projects managed by one of the leading construction developers of residential buildings in Scandinavia. Waste and variability were mapped in the interior phase. The measured time for each activity was categorized either as; value adding time (VT), necessary but non-value adding time (NNVT) and non-value adding time (NVT). The results showed that mounting consists of 48 % VT, 28 % NNVT and 24 % NVT, while material handling consists of 0 % VT, 75 % NNVT and 25 % NVT. The results further showed large variability in task duration between the projects. Theory from lean, logistics and scheduling were combined to form three different scenarios for shortening project lead times. The first scenario describes how to work with removing waste from the process. The second scenario describes how to reduce variability and thus be able to reduce buffers in the time plan. The last scenario describes how support processes, for example material handling, can be removed from the critical path, in order to reduce project lead times. A proposal for a general approach for continuously working with decreasing project lead times is also presented. Central aspects for shortening project lead times were concluded to be the takt time, variability and risk. The proposed approach involves a combination of the three scenarios, where their impact on each other is considered. / Tillverkningsindustrin har gjort en omfattande resa under det senaste århundradet när det gäller att öka produktiviteten, medan byggbranschen inte visar i närheten av samma ökning i effektivitet, förbättrad kvalitet eller minskade kostnader. Det finns många potentiella besparingar i form av aktiviteter som förbrukar resurser men som inte skapar något värde för kunden, även kallat slöserier. Slöserier i kombination med osäkerhet och variabilitet i arbetsmomentens varaktighet tvingar projektens ledtider att vara längre än nödvändigt. Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka möjligheten att förkorta byggprojekts ledtider och undersöka hur byggföretag kontinuerligt kan arbeta mot kortare ledtider. Syftet har uppfyllts med hjälp av en tidsstudie utförd på fyra projekt vid en av de ledande projektutvecklarna av bostadshus i Skandinavien. Slöserier och variabilitet i inredningsskedet har kartlagts. Den uppmätta tiden för varje aktivitet är kategoriserad efter; värdeskapande tid (VT), nödvändig men icke-värdeskapande tid (NIVT) och icke-värdeskapande tid (IVT). Resultaten visar att montering består av 48 % VT, 28 % NIVT och 24 % IVT, medan material hantering består av 0 % VT, 75 % NIVT och 25 % IVT. Vidare visar resultaten på stor variabilitet i varaktigheten av aktiviteter mellan projekten. Teori från lean, logistik och schemaläggning kombinerades för att bilda tre olika scenarier som kan användas för att förkorta projektens ledtider. Det första scenariot beskriver hur man kan arbeta med att eliminera slöserier från processen. Det andra beskriver hur man kan minska variabiliteten och därmed kunna minska buffertarna i tidplanen. Det sista scenariot beskriver hur stödprocesser, som t.ex. materialhantering, kan brytas ut från den kritiska linjen, i syfte att minska projektets ledtid. Ettförslag till ett generellt sätt att kontinuerligt arbeta med att minska projektens ledtider är ocksåframtaget och innehåller en kombination av de tre scenarierna. Det framkommer att centrala aspekterför att förkorta projektens ledtider är takttid, variabilitet och risk. Det föreslagna arbetssättetinnefattar en kombination av de tre scenarierna, där hänsyn tagits till deras inverkan på varandra.

Purpose: External logistics coordination was decided after a long procurement process while parts of the project Vallastaden already started construction. The external logistics company creates and implements a logistics solution in a short time. The municipality has no formal connection requirements on developers, but has transferred to the third-party logistics to contract with the developers. The goal is to examine how the implementation of the external solution contract affects residential building and how an external third-party logistics solution works value creation for the building contractor. Method: For data collection observation and interviews have been used as methods of work. Findings: In order to create favourable condition for a builder and/or contractor in the implementation of a centrally decided external third party logistics solution requires:  Early involvement of third-party logistics contractor in the planning stage with the motto "first and last on site" Clear and well-developed conditions for procurement of connectivity requirements, and the possibility of adaptation of the technical solution according to the customer identified needs. Open and continuous dialogue at all levels within the organizational structure. Implications: The complexity of how building projects should plan their logistics allows a handling of the issue at an early stage in the project is crucial. If the potential of the third party logistics for construction projects should be used needs to be early dialogue between the parties involved which the project's conditions have to control how the service should be designed. Limitations: The problem area and the number of actors involved in the external third-partylogistics make it difficult to pinpoint exact events that contributed to the situation has become in Vallastaden. The authors have not found the source of why it has been difficult to implement third-party logistics solution at an early stage in Vallastaden. What emerged during the process is that it needs to be sought answers higher up in the organizational structure of Vallastaden, but there is work boundaries made this a priority away and therefore not addressed in this report. Selected methods aimed solely at Skanska role in Vallastaden. Alternative viewpoints from different developers and construction contractors in Vallastaden has partly been highlighted in logistics meetings. It is important to point out that the work contains only a limited number of viewpoints on centrally approved third party logistics based on the many actors who are part of the project Vallastaden. / Syfte: Extern logistiksamordning beslutades efter en utdragen upphandlingsprocess samtidigt som delar av projektet Vallastaden redan påbörjat byggnation. Det externa logistikföretaget dimensionerar och implementerar en helt fungerande lösning på kort tid. Kommunen har inte formellt anslutningskrav på byggherrarna utan har överlåtit till tredjepartslogistikern att ingå avtal med byggherrarna. Målet är att undersöka hur implementeringen av den externa tredjeparts-logistiklösningenpåverkar entreprenaden Bostadshuset samt hur en extern tredjeparts-logistiklösningarbetar värdeskapande för byggentreprenören.  Metod: För datainsamling har observation samt intervju använts som metoder i arbetet. Resultat: För att skapa goda förutsättning för en byggherre och/eller byggentreprenör vid implementering av en centralt beslutat externt tredjepartslogistiklösning så krävs: Tidig involvering av tredjepartslogistikentreprenören i projekteringsskedet med mottot ”först och sist på plats vid produktion” Tydliga och väl utarbetade förutsättningar vid upphandling med anslutningskrav samt möjligheten till anpassning av den tekniska lösningen utefter kundens identifierade behov. Öppen och kontinuerlig dialog i alla led inom organisationsstrukturen.  Konsekvenser: Komplexiteten kring hur byggprojekt ska planera sin logistik gör att en hantering av frågan i tidigt skede i projekten är avgörande. Om potentialen i tredjepartslogistik för byggprojekt ska nyttjas behöver dialog föras tidigt mellan de inblandade parterna där projektets förutsättningar måste styra hur tjänsten ska utformas. Begränsningar: Författarna har inte hittat källan till varför det har varit svårt att implementera tredjepartslogistiklösningen i ett tidigt skede i Vallastaden. Det som framkommit under arbetets gång är att det behöver sökas svar högre upp i organisationsstrukturen för Vallastaden, men där har arbetets avgränsningar gjort att detta prioriterats bort och behandlas därför inte i denna rapport. Valda metoder riktar sig enbart på Skanskas verksamhet inom Vallastaden. Alternativa synpunkter från olika byggherrar och byggentreprenörer inom Vallastaden har delvis uppmärksammats vid logistikmöten. Det är viktigt att poängtera att arbetet enbart innehåller ett begränsat antal synvinklar på centralt beslutad tredjepartslogistik utifrån de många aktörer som är en del av projektet Vallastaden.

Because of increased domestic construction of taller buildings in Sweden during the lastdecade and more to be planned it is crucial to increase the knowledge in this field and analyzethe problems to find suitable solutions.Due to the nature of taller buildings it is important to focus on key areas that can affect theconstruction in its whole. Such as the logistics during the whole process from start to finishand more important the configurations of the building. This can include fire safety and theload from the wind.Through academic literatures and by interviewing people with key positions during theconstruction of tall buildings in Sweden we have gathered a foundation of information onhow to tackle the problems that occurring when constructing tall buildings.The aim of this degree project is to highlight the problems of the construction of tall buildingsand find suitable solutions of how to effectively minimize or solve the problems.