The first paper examines the value of a statistical life (VSL) for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) victims. We found VSL values to be higher for OHCA victims than for people who die in road traffic accidents and a lower-bound estimate of VSL for OHCA would be in the range of 20 to 30 million Swedish crowns (SEK). The second paper concerns hypothetical bias in contingent valuation (CV) studies. We investigate the link between the determinants and empirical treatment of uncertainty through certainty calibration and find that the higher the confidence of the respondents the more we can trust that stated WTP is correlated to actual WTP. The third paper investigates the performance of two communication aids (a flexible community analogy and an array of dots) in valuing mortality risk reductions for OHCA. The results do not support the prediction of expected utility theory, i.e. that WTP for a mortality risk reduction increases with the amount of risk reduction (weak scope sensitivity), for any of the communication aids. The fourth paper presents a cost-benefit analysis to evaluate the effects of dual dispatch defibrillation by ambulance and fire services in the County of Stockholm. The intervention had positive economic effects, yielding a benefit-cost ratio of 36, a cost per quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) of € 13 000 and the cost per saved life was € 60 000. The fifth paper explores how different response times from OHCA to defibrillation affect patients’ survival rates by using geographic information systems (GIS). The model predicted a baseline survival rate of 3.9% and reducing the ambulance response time by 1 minute increased survival to 4.6%. The sixth paper analyzes demographic determinants of incident experience and risk perception, and the relationship between the two, for eight different risk domains. Males and highly educated respondents perceive their risks lower than what is expected compared to actual incident experience.

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目前臺灣農村面臨許多的問題，設立「生態村」結合農村社區總體營造與生態旅遊，可以同時兼顧農業生產、農村生活、以及生態保育「三生」的功能，為臺灣的農村社區，指引出一條不一樣的發展途徑。南投縣埔里鎮桃米社區在結合觀光服務業與自然生態資源，轉型成為「桃米生態休閒農業村」之後，為該社區居民保有優美、豐富的生態資源並且帶來了更多的經濟收入。 臺灣生態村的類型，可分為(一)著重建築規劃設計、(二)著重社區整體規劃、(三)兼具建築技術與社區規劃，以及(四)既有農村社區轉型而成之類型，目前許多農村地區「生態村」的經營模式，多以休閒農業及發展生態旅遊為規劃方向，因此較著重於生態保育以及社區整體規劃。未來，生態村除了著重於自然環境資源的保育之外，亦可加強生態建築的規劃，營造一個重視保育、循環與低負荷的社區環境。 環境資源所具有的總價值基本上可分為「使用價值」與「非使用價值」兩種，使用價值是實際使用資源所產生的價值，而非使用價值係目前沒有使用資源所具有的價值。通常在評估環境資源的方法有(一)特徵價格法、(二)旅行成本法、(三)條件評估法，三種評估方法，而評估非使用價值目前僅有條件評估法而供使用，當然條件評估法不可避免地存有缺點，但目前國內外實證研究仍多視條件評估法為可行之方法，因此本研究係採用條件評估法探求桃米生態村之非使用價值。 桃米生態村的轉型經驗，可謂兼具天時、地利、人和，在社區居民、專家團體以及政府的共同努力，將農村社區做一、二、三級產業的垂直整合，透過居民參與，凝聚社區向心力與歸屬感，共同致力於桃米社區的發展，不僅創造了社區三級產業的收入，更可達到生態保育的效果，此實例可供許多農村社區做為社區轉型的參考依據。 在建立非使用價值評估步驟之後，依順序逐步完成問卷調查，本研究同時分析單界二元Probit與Logit模型，以及完整決策Tobit模型，最後採Tobit模型的估計結果，受訪者每戶每年願意支付桃米生態村的「存在價值」為363.98元；「選擇價值」為328.63元；而「遺贈價值」則為548.53元。

利用條件評估法 (contingent valuation method) 來評估非市場財貨之市場隱含價值時，雙界二分選擇法 (doubled-bound dichotomous choice method) 為最普遍的詢價方式。近年來，藉由此詢價方式來估計受訪者心目中的願付價值 (willingness to pay) 之研究中，更將此方法推廣至同時估計兩個以上且具有相關性的非市場財貨。只是文獻中的相關探討多半忽略其間的相關性，此外所採用的模型也有可能導致估計的願付價值會有小於零的情形產生。因此，本文引進了衍生版本的Bivariate Generalized Gamma Distribution，來解決這上述兩個問題。我們並採用「竹東及朴子地區心臟血管疾病之危險因子長期追□研究」中，第五循環的「肥胖之願付價格問卷」來作實證分析。在其餘的條件不變的情況下，分析結果顯示，居住在竹東、女性、教育程度愈高、年紀愈小、體重愈重及收入愈高的受訪者會願意支付較高的金額來接受減肥的療程；此外，認為肥胖會影響工作及社交關係的受訪者也會願意支付較高的金額。 / In a contingent valuation survey, it is quite often that subjects were asked to respond to more than one WTP (willingness-to-pay) scenarios. Under such a circumstance, responses provided by a subject are clearly correlated. Although the issue is well recognized in the past, in practice a popular strategy in analyzing this sort of data, however, simply ignore the issue and treat them as if they were totally uncorrelated. Concerning that WTP prices can take only non-negative values along with the issue of possible correlation, we propose an “extend bivariate generalized gamma distribution” that can be used to deal with data collected under a two-scenario situation. Applying it to the CVDFACTS study, where subjects were asked to evaluate a medication-only program as well as a medication-and-exercise program, we found that, other things being equal, female subjects, subjects residing in Chu-Dung County, subjects weigh more, subjects with younger age, higher income, and more years of schooling are willing to pay more. In addition, those who think obesity would affect their social activities would also have higher WTP prices.

This thesis explores the theoretical basis of non-market valuation techniques; discusses in detail, the Contingent Valuation Method (CVM) and the Travel Cost Method (TCM); highlights the advantages and disadvantages of various non-market valuation techniques and their suitability under different conditions; and identifies the Contingent Valuation Method as the most appropriate non-market valuation technique to apply to Pekapeka Swamp, the case study site. The overall objective of the study is to apply the most appropriate non-market valuation technique to estimate the total economic value (TEV) of the restoration and preservation of Pekapeka Swamp and to test Hawke’s Bay Regional Council’s (HBRC) restoration programme for the Pekapeka Swamp using economic efficiency criteria. An appropriate contingent valuation mail survey questionnaire was designed to elicit responses to the dichotomous choice (DC) and open-ended valuation questions, and to collect socio-economic data and information on households’ attitude towards the environment. Responses to the survey questionnaire were analysed (using ordinary least squares regression for the open ended question, and logistic regression, for the DC question) to identify the factors that influence households’ willingness to pay (WTP) for the restoration and preservation of the Pekapeka Swamp and to estimate TEV. A number of functional forms of the logit and open-ended WTP models were fitted from which WTP functions were estimated. Households were asked a DC question followed by an open-ended question regarding the value they placed on the restoration and preservation of Pekapeka Swamp. Out of an initial mail-out of 958 questionnaires, an overall response rate of 46.13% was achieved after two follow-ups. Results from the final usable sample of 231, after removing protests and inconsistent responses, indicate that households in the Hawke’s Bay region would pay, on average, between NZ$30.00 and NZ$76.89 per annum for five years. Unit value ranges between NZ$17,898 and NZ$45,866 per hectare per year; and net present values for the restoration and preservation programme for Pekapeka Swamp based on our ‘best estimates’ range between NZ$5.05 million and NZ$18.20 million depending on the model and discount rate used.

Syftet med studien är att, med hjälp av metoden contingent valuation (CV), undersöka betalningsviljan (willingness to pay, WTP) för en reducerad risk att drabbas av mag- och tarmsjukdomar på grund av förorenat dricksvatten i Skellefteå kommun. Studien undersöker också sambandet mellan WTP och tidigare erfarenheter av förorenat dricksvatten. Respondenterna fick besvara en sluten och en öppen WTP-fråga för ett föreslaget projekt. WTP varierar mellan 39 – 67 kronor per månad utöver den nuvarande avgiften för vatten och avlopp (VA-taxan). De variabler som förklarar individuella skillnader i WTP är budnivån, upplevd dricksvattenkvalitet, huruvida personen blev drabbad vid tidigare utbrottet, om konsumtionsbeteendet har förändrats, ålder, inkomst och hushåll med barn. Resultaten visar att de respondenter som drabbats vid ett tidigare utbrott är mindre benägna att acceptera en högre kostnad. Ett förändrat konsumtionsbeteende visar däremot att respondenter i genomsnitt har en högre WTP för en minskad risk av mag- och tarmsjukdomar. / The purpose of the study is to examine the willingness to pay (WTP) for a reduced risk of gastrointestinal diseases due to contaminated drinking water in the municipality of Skellefteå using the contingent valuation method (CV). The study also examines the relationship between WTP and previous experiences of contaminated drinking water. The respondents answered to a closed and an open WTP question for a proposed project.  WTP varies between SEK 39 – 67 per month in addition to the current fee on water and wastewater. The variables that explain individual differences in WTP are the bid level, experienced drinking water quality, impact of the previous outbreak, changed consumption behavior, age, income and households with children. The results show that respondents affected by the previous outbreak are less likely to accept a higher cost. Respondents who changed their consumption behavior want, on average, pay more for a reduced risk of gastrointestinal diseases.

abstract: In two independent and thematically connected chapters, I investigate consumers' willingness to pay a price premium in response to product development that entails prosocial attributes (PATs), those that allude to the reduction of negative externalities to benefit society, and to an innovative participatory pricing design called 'Pay-What-You-Want' (PWYW) pricing, a mechanism that relinquishes the determination of payments in exchange for private goods to the consumers themselves partly relying on their prosocial preferences to drive positive payments. First, I propose a novel statistical approach built on the choice based contingent valuation technique to estimate incremental willingness to pay (IWTP) for PATs that accounts for consumer heterogeneity, dependence in the decision making processes, and incentive compatibility. I validate the approach by estimating IWTP for a variety of PATs and contrast the theoretical and managerial benefits of using the proposed approach over extant techniques used in the literature for this purpose. Second, I propose a general and flexible statistical modeling framework for estimating PWYW payments that exceed zero. It relies on the joint estimation of three types of consumer decision processes namely, the consumer propensity to default to an explicit price recommendation, the propensity to pay a least legitimate price, and the payment of a freely-chosen non-zero payment. Of particular interest is the model's ability to account for a wide variety of design constraints such as the setting of price bounds, explicit price recommendations, and the provision of a menu of discrete prices to choose from. I validate the approach by estimating PWYW payments for a variety of products such as music licenses, snacks, and sports tickets. I specifically examine and report the differential impact of three managerially controllable variables namely, 'payment anonymity', 'information on payment recipients' and 'information of product value/quality'. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Business Administration 2016

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-08T14:44:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1026635 bytes, checksum: 9f73fc99ed670817798dac77b35bfb11 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-04-30 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The economic valuation of environmental assets has gained relevance as instruments to assist the decision making of managers both public and legislators, as investors and entrepreneurs. Assign an economic value to environmental resources is not yet a widespread practice. The environmental management has been focused mainly on assessment of the impacts generated by the unbalanced exploitation of these resources. Therefore, this work has as overall goal performing economic valuation of Dunes State Park of Natal in Natal/RN, analyzing the Willingness to Pay (WTP) for students and employees of the Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Rio Grande do Norte (IFRN) through Contingent Valuation Method (CVM), considering its natural attractions, and specific objectives, we analyze the socioeconomic profile of students and employees and their concerns about environmental issues, as well we estimate the function WTP for the use of environmental attractions of the park. Finally, we relate the value of the WTP Park socioeconomic characteristics of the students and IFRN servers. As methodology, we used a bibliographic review of the existing literature and a field research, executed at Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Rio Grande do Norte (IFRN), Natal-campus center, where we applied a questionnaire in the open form of elicitation, during September of 2012, among students aged 18 years and servers (administrative staff and teachers) of this educational institution, gathering also socioeconomic information of the individuals. The results demonstrated that through the regression model, analyzed in general, we have evidence for a significance level of 6,8% there is a significant difference between the amount willing to pay for the maintenance of the park with family income and net income, in other words, as the individual has a higher net income and family, value willing to pay for the maintenance of the Dunes state Park tends to be higher. Furthermore, it was detected that there is also significant effect with respect to schooling, where as you increase the educational level of the individual, the average willing to pay for the maintenance of the Dunes state Park also increases. A fact relevant as adjustments in the general model, it is found not to have significant effect on the amount willing to pay for the maintenance of the Dunes state Park with respect to students and servers. / A valoração econômica de ativos ambientais tem ganhado relevância como instrumentos para auxiliar a tomada de decisão tanto de gestores públicos e legisladores, como de investidores e empresários. Atribuir um valor econômico aos recursos ambientais não é, ainda, uma prática difundida. A gestão ambiental tem se preocupado principalmente na avaliação dos impactos gerados pela exploração desequilibrada desses recursos. Logo, este trabalho tem como objetivo geral realizar a valoração econômica do Parque Estadual Dunas de Natal, em Natal/RN, analisando a Disposição a Pagar (DAP) de alunos e servidores do Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Rio Grande do Norte (IFRN) por meio do Método de Valoração Contingente (MVC), considerando seus atrativos naturais; e como objetivos específicos, analisamos o perfil socioeconômico de alunos e servidores e de seus interesses sobre as questões ambientais, bem como estimamos a função DAP pelo uso dos atrativos ambientais do parque. E, por fim, relacionamos o valor da DAP do parque às características socioeconômicos dos discentes e servidores do IFRN. Como metodologia, utilizamos uma revisão bibliográfica da literatura existente e uma pesquisa de campo, realizada no Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Rio Grande do Norte (IFRN), Câmpus Natal-Central, onde aplicamos um questionário na forma aberta de eliciação, durante o mês de setembro de 2012, entre os alunos maiores de 18 anos e servidores (técnicos administrativos e professores) desta instituição de ensino, reunindo também informações socioeconômicas dos indivíduos amostrados. Os resultados demonstraram que, através do modelo de regressão, analisado de forma geral, temos evidências para um nível de significância de 6,8% que existe diferença significativa entre o valor disposto a pagar pela manutenção do parque com renda familiar e renda líquida, ou seja, a medida que o indivíduo possui maior renda líquida e familiar, o valor disposto a pagar pela manutenção do Parque das Dunas tende a ser maior. Além disso, foi detectado que existe efeito significativo também com relação ao grau de escolaridade, onde a medida que aumenta o grau de escolaridade do indívíduo, o valor médio disposto a pagar pela manutenção do Parque das Dunas também aumenta. Um fato relevante visto nos ajustes do modelo geral, trata-se de não ter encontrado efeito significativo no valor disposto a pagar pela manutenção do Parque das Dunas com relação aos estudantes e servidores.

This master's thesis deals with the valuation of cultural institution the Oskar Nedbal Theatre in Tabor and its aim is to estimate the value of this theatre to 30th June 2012 for the purpose of its founder the South Bohemian Region and compare this value with a subsidy paid to the theatre as a contributory organization. The value of the organization is determined by the method of contingent valuation based on the question related to people's willingness to pay for the preservation of the theatre and supplemented by Victor S. Yocco method for measuring three factors of the hypothetical value. The issue of cultural institutions valuation is not yet much explored area and mainly in the Czech Republic has not yet been comprehensively worked out and this thesis offers a practical view on one of the possible methods of valuing cultural goods and organizations.

This master's thesis deals with the valuation of cultural institutions. Its aim is to estimate the value of cultural contributory organization Hussite Museum in Tabor to 30 th June 2012 for the purpose of its founder, which is the Ministry of Culture of the Czech Republic, and then compare this value with a subsidy paid from the state budget. For this purpose the forecast of population of the Czech Republic and the Tabor region and the forecast of attendance of Hussite Museum in 2012 is made. The value of the organization is determined by the method of contingent valuation based on the questions related to WTP and WTA and supplemented by Victor S. Yocco method for measuring three factors of the hypothetical value. The paper aims to describe the issue of cultural institutions valuation as complex as possible, because this issue has not yet been comprehensively worked out and in the Czech environment it is not yet much explored area.