This thesis examines how to improve the exhibition of products within retail for clothes and gift articles. The purpose is to investigate and test how light sources and different directions of light affect how the products are perceived regarding their exhibition. Our question formulations are: To what degree does the level of light in combination with the background of the interior design of a shop affect whether a product is perceived more or less attractive? What can we recommend to make the exhibition of products more attractive?   From our observations shops nowadays have relatively high levels of light when they expose products on vertical areas. We have looked on the recommendation from “Energimyndigheten” in order to see what they think is important when designing retail lightening. This recommendation only considers food stores and there were no recommendations for retails when it comes to exhibition. In this thesis we investigate how the level of light affect the experience of illuminated products and how to improve the knowledge of how to illuminate products so that are experienced more attractive.   The methods we used in this thesis where interviews, experiment and measurements of light. We did the interviews with staff from seven different shops in Jönköping city. This was done in order to understand how shops work with lighting and concepts. In our experiment we built up five different test scenes with four identical objects in each scene but with different lightings. Our informants evaluated how the different objects were experienced by estimating their experiences in a survey. We tested how different sources of light work with different backgrounds and objects. The objects that were used in the experiment were glass, metal, a cube of concrete and textile. The measurements of light were used in order to see connections between the measured values and whether they corresponded with the result from the experiment.   From our results we can see that metal halide has the capacity of bringing out textile and also contribute to creating fresh and light impressions on products. Halogen contributes in creating a calmer and lower impression in a retail environment. With darker backgrounds you bring out clear contrasts from bright and colorful objects . Whiter backgrounds reflect the light better which creates life in glass and metal objects in combination with metal halide. We can conclude that the level of light does not affect how attractive products are experienced, this is rather due to the direction of light, the color temperature, the effect and the capacity of the source of lighting to reproduce color in combination with different backgrounds. / Detta examensarbete undersöker hur man kan förbättra exponeringen av produkter inom detaljhandeln för kläder och presentartiklar. Syftet är att utreda och testa hur ljuskällor och olika ljusriktningar påverkar hur produkter upplevs avseende exponering. Frågeställningarna är: I vilken utsträckning påverkar ljusnivån i kombination med bakgrunden på butiksinredningen om en produkt upplevs mer eller mindre attraktiv? Vad kan vi rekommendera för att göra exponeringen av produkter mer attraktiva? I dagsläget har butikerna utifrån våra iakttagelser relativt höga ljusnivåer när man exponerar produkter på vertikala ytor. Vi har tittat på energimyndighetens rekommendation för att se vad de anser är viktigt när man skall utforma en butiksbelysning. Denna rekommendation behandlar enbart livsmedelsbutiker och det finns inga rekommendationer för detaljhandeln när det gäller exponering.       De metoder vi använt i arbetet är intervju, experiment och ljusmätningar. Intervjuerna gjorde vi med butikspersonal från sju olika butiker i Jönköpings centrum. Detta gjorde vi för att bilda oss en uppfattning om hur butiker arbetar med belysning och butikskoncept. I vårt experiment byggde vi upp fem olika testmiljöer med fyra likadana objekt i varje miljö men med olika ljussättningar. Där fick våra informanter utvärdera hur de olika objekten upplevdes genom att de fick skatta sina upplevelser i en enkät. Här testade vi hur ljus från olika ljuskällor fungerar ihop med olika bakgrunder och objekt. De objekt som användes i experimentet var glas, metall, betong och textil. Ljusmätningarna använde vi för att se samband mellan de uppmätta värdena och om de stämde överens med resultatet från experimentet.     Utifrån våra resultat kan vi se att metallhalogen har förmågan att lyfta fram textil samt att den bidrar till att skapa fräscha och ljusa intryck av produkter. Halogen bidrar till att skapa lugnare och ett mer lågmält intryck i en butiksmiljö. Med mörka bakgrunder får man fram tydliga kontraster till ljusa och färgstarka föremål. Vitare bakgrunder återkastar ljuset bättre vilket gör att man skapar liv i glas och metallföremål i kombination med metallhalogen. Vi kan dra slutsatsen att ljusnivån inte påverkar hur attraktiva produkter upplevs utan att detta beror på ljusriktning, färgtemperatur, effekt och ljuskällans färgåtergivningsförmåga i kombination med olika bakgrunder.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Gadolinium (Gd) is the basis of contrast media most used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Because it is a very toxic metal ion, all Gd-based contrast media present chelating agents in their composition. Gd-based formulations are commercially available in concentrations of 1 and 0.5 mol L-1, which are almost exclusively excreted by the kidneys without producing toxic effects. In 2006, however, two European groups independently suggested a link between the administration of gadolinium chelates and the occurrence of nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF) in patients with renal insufficiency. NSF is a serious disease, which origin is attributed to transmetalation reactions between Gd and endogenous metals. In this work, we used the techniques atomic absorption spectrometry, mass spectrometry with inductively coupled plasma and liquid chromatography with mass detector to investigate metals present as impurities and / or contaminants in five Gd-based contrast formulations and their possible transmetalation reactions. The results showed that several metals are present in the formulations, the rare earth elements (Sc, Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Eu, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er and Tm) and others such as Al, As and Pb, notoriously toxic to humans. To evaluate transmetallation reactions the Gd-DTPA complex (gadopentetate dimeglumine) was used as template model. It was found that practically all elements present as contaminants in the formulation are able to replace Gd in the complex. Even endogenous metals such as Cu and Fe, which do not present any toxicological potential, may cause , due to transmetallation reations, free Gd3 + to be formed. / O gadolínio (Gd) é a base do meio de contraste mais utilizado em ressonância magnética (RM). Por se tratar de um íon metálico muito tóxico, todos os meios de contraste com Gd possuem agentes quelantes em sua composição. As formulações de Gd estão comercialmente disponíveis em concentrações de 0,5 e 1 mol L-1, sendo estas, quase exclusivamente, excretadas por via renal, sem produzir efeitos tóxicos. Porém, em 2006, dois grupos europeus independentes sugeriram uma relação entre a administração de complexos gadolínicos e a ocorrência de fibrose sistêmica nefrogênica (FSN) em pacientes com insuficiência renal. A FSN é uma doença grave, atribuída a reações de transmetalação do Gd de seus complexos por metais endógenos. Neste trabalho, utilizaram-se técnicas de espectrometria de absorção atômica, espectrometria de massa com plasma indutivamente acoplado e cromatografia líquida com detector de massa para investigar metais presentes como impurezas e/ou contaminantes em cinco formulações de contrastes a base de Gd e suas reações de transmetalação. Os resultados encontrados mostraram que outros metais, além do Gd, estão presentes nas formulações, os elementos terras-raras (Sc, Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Eu, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er e Tm) e elementos como Al, As e Pb, sabidamente tóxicos para o ser humano. Para verificar a transmetalação, o complexo Gd-DTPA (Gadopentetato dimeglumina) foi utilizado como modelo e verificou-se que, praticamente, todos os elementos presentes como contaminantes nas formulações substituíram o Gd no complexo, ou seja, mesmo a presença de metais endógenos como Cu e Fe, que não apresentariam potencial toxicológico podem, através da transmetalação, levar à presença de Gd3+ livre.

<div>Global warming is considered to result from excessive emission of CO₂ caused by human activity. The security of long term CO₂ capture and sequestration on the subsurface depends on the integrity of caprocks. Natural and engineered subsurface activities can generate fractures in caprocks that can lead to CO₂ leakage. Reactive fluids that flow through a fracture may seal a fracture through mineral precipitation or open a fracture through dissolution. It is extremely useful to CO₂ storage to understand the behavior of reactive fluids that generates mineral precipitation that can seal a fracture. Experiments on non-reactive and reactive fluid mixing were performed to explore gravity-driven chemical dynamics that control the mixing and spatial distribution of mineral precipitates. Fracture inclination, fracture apertures, fluid pumping rates, and density contrasts between fluids were studied for their effects on fluid mixing. From non-reactive fluid mixing experiments, a less dense fluid was found to be confined to a narrow path (runlet) by the denser fluid under the influence of gravity. Fracture inclination angle affected the shape of the less dense fluid runlet. As the angle of inclination decreased, the area of the less dense runlet increased. Improved mixing and a potentially larger area of precipitation formation will occur during reactive fluid mixing when the fracture plane is perpendicular to gravity. Fracture aperture affected the time evolution of the mixing of the fluids, while pumping rate affected fluid mixing by controlling the relative velocities between the two fluids. The fact that the spatial distribution of the two fluids, instead of the fracture roughness, dominated the fluid mixing sheds light on the potential behaviors of reactive fluids mixing in fractures. The location for the majority of precipitation formation and the transport of precipitates can be accordingly predicted from knowledge of the properties of the two reactive fluids and the orientation of the fracture.</div><div>From a small study on wave propagation across fractures with precipitates, simulation results showed that the impedance difference between the matrix material and the precipitate affects the transmitted signal amplitude. Both the aperture and fraction of aperture filled with precipitates affect signal amplitude.</div><div><br></div>

We measured ventilation, oxygen consumption and blood gases in burrowing owls (Athene cunicularia) breathing moderate and extreme hypoxic gas mixtures to determine their hypoxic ventilatory threshold (HVT) and to assess if they, like other birds and mammals, exhibit a relationship between HVT and hemoglobin O2 affinity (P50) of their blood. An earlier report of an attenuated ventilatory responsiveness of this species to hypoxia was enigmatic given the low O2 affinity (high P50) of burrowing owl hemoglobin. In the current study, burrowing owls breathing 11% and 9% O2 showed a significantly elevated total ventilation. The arterial partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) at which ventilation is elevated above normoxic values in burrowing owls was 58 mm Hg. This threshold value conforms well to expectations based on the high P50 of their hemoglobin and the HVT vs. P50 relationship for birds developed in this study. Correcting for phylogenetic relatedness in the multi-species analysis had no effect on the HVT vs. P50 relationship. Also, because burrowing owls in this study did not show a hypometabolic response at any level of hypoxia (even at 9% O2); HVT described in terms of percent change in oxygen convection requirement is identical to that based on ventilation alone.

There is a lot of talk about the necessity of creating accessibility within cities, but is it created for everyone? A multitude of different disabilities exists and this study focuses on the accessibility for the visually impaired in Stockholm. Persons with visually impairment have it more difficult to participate in the physical and social environment on the same terms as a person with full vision, and it is therefore important to create an environment where they can participate. The group of visually impaired is highly diverse with many kinds of impairments and their own needs, which makes it difficult to create only one solution. In Sweden there are laws and regulations regarding accessibility. The municipality of Stockholm uses the laws as a foundation for their guidelines and work with accessibility adjustments.  The purpose with this thesis is to give an insight to the problems in the urban environment that the visually impaired experience and how they can be solved, and to raise awareness of the deficiencies in the urban environment. To fulfil the purpose a literature study and a case study have been conducted. The case study is composed of observations of the urban environment and its adjustments in design and interviews with four persons with different kinds of visually impairments. The focus during the interviews has been on the everyday experiences and struggles created by the design and what kind of aids they use. An interview with the Traffic Administration Office (Trafikkontoret) regarding their work with accessibility, have been done to complement the case study. The results are showing that the probing cane, guide dog, an accompanying person, GPS and apps are the most commonly used aid tools. The tools are typically used in combination with each other, but are not sufficient enough to let the visually impaired independently move around in new environments. Digital aid which is not dependent on adjustments in the urban environment are being tested, however adjustments in the physical environment will still remain important. The biggest problems in the city are obstacles blocking the walking path and large open spaces. Open spaces can be improved by distinctive guide paths. Contrasts in colour and structure have been a huge aid to discover obstacles and elements such as crossovers and bus stops in the environment. / Det pratas mycket om vikten av att skapa tillgänglighet i städer, men blir det anpassat för alla? Det finns många olika funktionsnedsättningar och den här studien har valt att undersöka hur tillgängligheten är för synskadade i Region Stockholm. Personer med synskador har svårare att delta i den fysiska och sociala miljön på samma villkor som personer med fullt seende och det är därför viktigt att skapa förutsättningar för att de ska kunna delta. Gruppen synskadade är en väldigt heterogen grupp med många olika typer av synnedsättningar som har olika behov och det blir därför svårt att skapa en lösning som fungerar bra för alla. Sverige har olika lagar som sätter en grund för hur tillgänglighet ska arbetas med. Stockholms stad följer dessa och har de som grund till sina riktlinjer för tillgänglighetsanpassningar och arbetet kring det.  Syftet med detta arbete är att få en inblick i vilka problem synskadade personer kan uppleva när de rör sig i stadsmiljön och hur de skulle kunna lösas, och med det öka kunskapen om vilka brister det finns. För att kunna uppfylla syftet har en litteraturstudie samt en fallstudie gjorts. Fallstudien består av platsobservationer för att studera hur stadsmiljön är anpassad för synskadade, och intervjuer med fyra individer med olika synskador. Intervjuerna innehåller framförallt deras vardagliga problem och hinder de möter i utformningen av stadsmiljön, vilka hjälpmedel de använder samt deras önskemål om förbättringar. Fallstudien har även kompletterats med en intervju med Trafikkontoret för att få en inblick i hur de jobbar.  Resultatet visar att de hjälpmedel som finns att användas idag huvudsakligen är teknikkäpp, ledarhund, ledsagare, GPS och appar. Dessa kombineras vanligtvis med varandra, men ingen av de är tillräckligt bra för att en synskadad person ska ta sig fram på egen hand i nya miljöer. Digitala hjälpmedel som inte är beroende av fysiska anpassningar testas och är under utveckling, men anpassningar i stadsmiljön kommer fortsatt vara viktigt. De största problemen i stadsmiljön är att ta sig runt hinder som blockerar vägen och stora öppna ytor. Öppna ytor kan förbättras genom tydliga ledstråk. Kontraster i både färg och struktur är till stor hjälp för att upptäcka hinder och andra inslag i stadsmiljön som övergångsställen och busshållplatser.

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This essay examines anticipation and real outcome structured as two oppositions in Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice. These opposites will be analyzed through Austen’s use of literary devices such as “free indirect speech” and irony. Pride and Prejudice is written in third-person, but the focus is often limited to Elizabeth’s perspective, creating what is termed free indirect speech, a narrative technique that Austen is considered to be one of the first novelists to use. While the omniscient narrator seems all-knowing and gives the illusion of being objective, she is deliberately selective in her choice of what aspects of the story that she wants to emphasize, which makes her subjective. That the narrator is both objective/omniscient and subjective/limited brings out an opposition between the anticipated and real outcome. Austen also uses irony as a literary device, which too can be interpreted as a kind of opposition used to bring out anticipated and real outcome.

Submitted by Claudia Rocha (claudia.rocha@udesc.br) on 2018-02-21T12:40:45Z No. of bitstreams: 1 PGPV15MA182.pdf: 576083 bytes, checksum: 30203f1600225b3bef1ac5a58e2caece (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-02-21T12:40:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PGPV15MA182.pdf: 576083 bytes, checksum: 30203f1600225b3bef1ac5a58e2caece (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-09-30 / Embrapa / To continue moving forward in terms of getting new wheat cultivars, more productive and more stable, it is necessary to increase the genetic variability made available to the breeder and increase the frequency of favorable alleles in new cultivars. As a contribution to these goals it studied the selection of parents possessing combining ability and superior genetic potential. In this sense the work was divided into two chapters. The first objective was to evaluate the performance of the parent wheat using multivariate techniques in order to obtain genotypes that approximate a ideotype. 16 genotypes were sown. Four commercial cultivars (BRS 331, CD 124, BRS Parrudo and Marfim). Six F1 hybrids obtained by artificial crosses between cultivars, forming a complete diallel without reciprocals. Six progenies of these crossings in the F2 generation. The treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Were measured in all plants of the plots, five phenotypic variables: days from emergence to heading, plant height, peduncle length, number of ears per plant and grain yield per plant. Through multivariate contrasts, there were comparisons of interest which were significant. Standardized canonical coefficients were used to determine the importance of each variable on the significance of employed to Mahalanobis distance as dissimilarity measure contrasts. Among the evaluated intersections BRS 331 x CD 124 and BRS Parrudo x Marfim show the greatest genetic variability and Marfim x CD 124 does not have genetic dissimilarity to the set of characters studied. Cross only elite genotypes is not recommended for the provision of genetic variability. In the second chapter the objectives of this study were: i) estimate general and specific combining abilities through diallel analysis in order to identify crossings most likely to generate segregating populations with superior performance; ii) verify the existence of reciprocal effect on the evaluated hibrids. Were evaluated four varieties, Marfim, BRS Parrudo, BRS 331 and CD 124, using the the method 1 (p2 all combinations with reciprocal) of Griffing (1956). Five phenotypic variables were observed. Days from emergence to heading (DEE). Plant height (EST), measured in centimeters from the ground to the top of the ear, without considering the awn. Peduncle length (PED), measured in centimeters, distance from the last internode to the base of the main stem spike. Number of ears per plant (NEP), counting the spikes that formed grains. Grain yield per plant (MGP), measured in grams. They were estimated the general combining ability (GCA), specific combining ability (SCA) and the reciprocol effects (REC) of the traits of interest. The following conclusions were obtained: a) the assessed parents are contrasting and there is genetic variability for the studied characters; b) is greater the importance of the GCC and additive effects in the genetic control of observed variables, c) the effect of CGC's parent Marfim is increased NEP and MGP, the BRS Parrudo is to increase DEE, CD 124 is to decrease DEE, the BRS 331 is to reduce all traits; e) the CD 124 x BRS 331 crossing has reciprocal effect increasing DEE when CD 124 is used as a female / Para continuar avançando em termos de obtenção de novos cultivares de trigo, mais produtivos e mais estáveis, torna-se necessário aumentar a variabilidade genética posta à disposição do melhorista e aumentar a frequência de alelos favoráveis nas novas cultivares. Como forma de contribuir para estes objetivos foi estudada a seleção de genitores que possuam capacidade combinatória e potencial genético superior. Nesse sentido o trabalho foi dividido em dois capítulos. No primeiro o objetivo foi avaliar o desempenho de genitores em trigo através de técnicas multivariadas com o intuito de obter genótipos que se aproximem de um ideotipo. Foram semeados 16 genótipos. Quatro cultivares comerciais (BRS 331, CD 124, BRS Parrudo e Marfim). Seis híbridos F1 obtidos por cruzamentos artificiais entre os cultivares, formando um dialelo completo, sem os recíprocos. Seis progênies destes cruzamentos na geração F2. Os tratamentos foram dispostos em blocos completos casualizados, com três repetições. Foram mensuradas, em todas as plantas das parcelas, cinco variáveis fenotípicas: dias da emergência ao espigamento, estatura da planta, comprimento do pedúnculo, número de espigas por planta e massa de grãos por planta. Através de contrastes multivariados, verificaram-se quais comparações de interesse foram significativas. Foram utilizados coeficientes canônicos padronizados para determinar a importância de cada variável na significância dos contrastes Empregou-se a distância generalizada de mahalanobis como medida de dissimilaridade. Entre os cruzamentos avaliados BRS 331 x CD 124 e BRS Parrudo x Marfim apresentam a maior variabilidade genética e Marfim x CD 124 não apresentam dissimilaridade genética para o conjunto de caracteres estudados. O cruzamento apenas de genótipos elite não é recomendado para a disponibilização de variabilidade genética. No segundo capítulo os objetivos deste trabalho foram: i) estimar capacidades gerais e específicas de combinação através de análise dialélica com o intuito de identificar cruzamentos com maior possibilidade de gerar populações segregantes com desempenho superior; ii) verificar a existência de efeito recíproco nos cruzamentos avaliados. Foram avaliados quatro cultivares, Marfim, BRS Parrudo, BRS 331 e CD 124, utilizando-se o o método 1 (todas as p2 combinações com os recíprocos) de Griffing (1956). Foram observadas cinco variáveis fenotípicas. Dias da emergência ao espigamento (DEE). Estatura da planta (EST), medida em centímetros, do solo até o topo da espiga, sem considerar as aristas. Comprimento do pedúnculo (PED), medido em centímetros, distância do último entrenó até a base da espiga do colmo principal. Número de espigas por planta (NEP), contagem das espigas que formaram grãos. Massa de grãos por planta (MGP), medido em gramas. Foram estimadas a capacidade geral de combinação (CGC), a capacidade específica de combinação (CEC) e o efeito recíproco (REC) dos caracteres de interesse. Foram obtidas as seguintes conclusões: a) os genitores avaliados são contrastantes e existe variabilidade genética para os caracteres estudados; b) é maior a importância da CGC e dos efeitos aditivos no controle genético das variáveis observadas, c) o efeito da CGC do genitor Marfim é de aumento do NEP e MGP, do BRS Parrudo é de aumentar DEE, do CD 124 é de diminuir DEE, do BRS 331 é de diminuir todos os caracteres avaliados; d) o cruzamento CD 124 x BRS 331 apresenta efeito recíproco diminuindo DEE quando CD 124 é utilizado como fêmea

Palatability of 20 meadow plant species was assessed in the slug grazing experiment conducted. Monocots exhibited significantly lower palatability than dicots. Litter decomposition rate was assessed in the field litter-bag test. Linear regression analysis was performed to answer the main question whether species palatability is related to litter decomposition rate and whether it is determined by the carbon or nitrogen content. Phylogenetically independent contrasts were used to eliminate correlated phylogeny effect. Regression trees were used to detect the effect of species traits on species palatability and litter decomposition rate.

The study focuses on the experiences of female cyclists who participate in the cycling club at a tertiary institution in South Africa. By qualitatively exploring these experiences an attempt was made to understand how female cyclists narrate themselves within a specific context. In embarking on this research I have worked from a narrative position that focuses on experiences that people live on a daily basis. The way people tell about these experiences allows them to make sense of their lives. People’s experiences are shaped by history and culture which allows them to tell their narratives differently as context and time differs. The methodology employed is that of narrative analysis which entails attending, telling, transcribing, analysing and reading the text presented by the participants. Themes introduced by the participants were analysed and commented upon by the researcher in the final chapters. / Dissertation (MA (Counselling Psychology))--University of Pretoria, 2008. / Psychology / unrestricted