Objetivos: O objetivo desse estudo foi comparar a perviedade da artéria torácica interna esquerda (ATIE) dissecada por videotoracoscopia robótica para revascularização minimamente invasiva do ramo interventricular anterior (RIA) com a revascularização do miocárdio convencional. Métodos: De 2007 a 2010, 36 pacientes foram randomizados para revascularização do miocárdio minimamente invasiva (RMMI) ou revascularização do miocárdio convencional (RMC). Pacientes randomizados para o grupo RMMI foram submetidos à dissecção da ATIE por videotoracoscopia auxiliada pelo braço robótico AESOP seguida de uma minitoracotomia anterior esquerda no 4º espaço intercostal para anastomose com o RIA. Pacientes randomizados para o grupo RMC foram submetidos a revascularização do miocárdio convencional com esternotomia mediana completa, dissecção aberta da ATIE e anastomose ao RIA. Fluxometria por tempo de trânsito (FTT) foi utilizada para avaliação da perviedade da ATIE imediata. Após 24 meses uma tomografia multislice foi utilizada para avaliar a perviedade a médio prazo da ATIE. Resultados: O tempo médio de dissecção da ATIE no grupo RMMI foi de 50,1 ± 11,2 vs. 22,7 ± 3,3 min no grupo RMC. Não houve diferença significativa no fluxo médio da ATIE para o RIA entre os grupos estudados (46,17 ± 20,11 vs. 48,61 ± 23,42 mL/min, p=0,86) respectivamente. Não houve diferença significante na incidência de infecção de ferida profunda (0 vs. 2, p=0,48) e necessidade de reoperação por sangramento (0 vs. 1, p=1,00) nos grupos RMMI e RMC respectivamente. A angiotomografia mostrou perviedade da ATIE em 100% dos pacientes do grupo RMMI vs. 94,1% no grupo RMC (p=1,00). Não houve mortalidade nos grupos estudados. Conclusão: A revascularização do miocárdio minimamente invasiva do ramo interventricular anterior com dissecção da artéria torácica interna esquerda por videotoracoscopia robótica foi segura e factível. A perviedade da artéria torácica interna esquerda imediata e a médio prazo foi similar entre ambas as técnicas / Objective: The aim of this study was to compare the patency of left internal mammary artery (LIMA) robotically harvested for left anterior descendent (LAD) artery minimally invasive bypass with conventional LIMA to LAD off-pump bypass. Method: From 2007 to 2010, 36 patients were randomized to either LIMA robotically harvested to LAD artery minimally invasive bypass or standard LIMA to LAD off-pump bypass. Patients assigned to robotic group underwent robotic endoscopic harvesting of LIMA with the AESOP system followed by a small left thoracotomy in the 4th intercostal space for off-pump LAD bypass. Patients assigned to standard group underwent full median sternotomy, open LIMA harvesting followed by off-pump LAD bypass. Transit time flow measurement was used for intraoperative evaluation of LIMA to LAD patency. After a mean 24-month follow-up, Multislice Computed Tomography was used to evaluate LIMA to LAD midterm patency. Results: The mean LIMA harvesting time in robotic group was 50.1 ± 11.2 min vs. 22.7 ± 3.3 min in conventional group. There was no significant difference in intraoperative LIMA to LAD flow between robotic and conventional groups (46.17 ± 20.11 mL/min vs. 48.61 ± 23.42 mL/min, p=0.86). There were no significant differences in incidence of wound infection (0 vs. 2, p=0,48) and reoperation for bleeding (0 vs. 1, p=1.00) between robotic and conventional groups respectively. In robotic group, Multislice CT revealed patent LIMA graft in 100% patients vs. 94.1% patients in conventional group (p=1.00). There was no mortality in the study group. Conclusions: Minimally invasive LAD bypass using LIMA graft robotically harvested was safe and feasible. Early and mid-term LIMA patency was similar between both techniques

INTRODUÇÃO: A Moléstia de Dupuytren (MD) é uma doença crônica progressiva fibroproliferativa caracterizada por contraturas em flexão dos dedos. A origem deste processo está na proliferação de miofibroblastos e na síntese de matriz extracelular. Diversas técnicas já foram descritas no tratamento da MD. A falta de uma técnica capaz de associar altas taxas de sucesso com baixos índices de complicações e recidivas estimulou a procura por novas técnicas. Acredita-se que a propriedade totipotente das células-tronco presentes no tecido adiposo seria capaz de atuar na proliferação e na diferenciação dos fibroblastos em miofibroblastos, interrompendo a formação da fibrose e consequentemente a progressão da deformidade dos dedos. OBJETIVO: O objetivo primário deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito do enxerto de gordura, rico em células-tronco, nos pacientes com MD, submetidos a fasciectomia parcial aberta, por meio de avaliação funcional e goniométrica, e comparar com a técnica convencional (sem adição de enxerto de gordura). MÉTODO: Dois grupos totalizando 45 pacientes (24 pacientes no Grupo Controle e 21 no Grupo com gordura) foram operados pela técnica da fasciectomia parcial aberta. No Grupo controle era realizada apenas a fasciectomia parcial aberta. No Grupo com gordura, era realizada a fasciectomia parcial aberta e injetado, no local da corda ressecada, o enxerto de gordura, após o processamento do lipoaspirado de adipócitos proposto por Coleman (2006). O estudo foi prospectivo, randomizado e terapêutico. Os desfechos foram avaliados pela medida goniométrica do Déficit de Extensão Passiva Total (DEPT) e pelo escore funcional Brief Michigan Hand Questionnaire (BMHQ). As avaliações eram feitas no pré-operatório, com 6 semanas, 6 meses, 1 ano e 2 anos de seguimento. RESULTADOS: Na comparação com 6 semanas de pós-operatório, houve um aumento significativo da dor no Grupo com Gordura [mediana 2 ± 2,82 versus 0 ± 1,86 no grupo Controle (p=0,045)]. Os resultados do DEPT, não mostraram diferença significativa entre os grupos. Observamos piores resultados do escore funcional BMHQ com 6 meses e 1 ano de pós-operatório no Grupo com gordura (p=0,040 e p=0,047, respectivamente). Observamos ainda 9 casos (43%) de complicações no Grupo com gordura e 2 (8%) no Grupo Controle (p=0,019). CONCLUSÃO: O uso do enxerto de gordura associado à fasciectomia parcial aberta promoveu piores resultados funcionais comparado com a fasciectomia parcial aberta convencional, no curto prazo (um ano de seguimento pós-operatório). No entanto, resta a dúvida de qual seriam os resultados a longo prazo e, se as células-tronco, presentes no enxerto de gordura, poderiam interferir na recidiva da doença futuramente / BACKGROUND: Dupuytren\'s disease (DD) is a progressive chronic fibroproliferative disease characterized by flexion contractures of the fingers. The origin of this process is the proliferation of myofibroblasts and extra-cellular matrix synthesis. Several techniques have been described to treat the DD. The lack of a technique capable to associate high success rates with low rates of complications and recurrence stimulated the search for new techniques. It is believed that the totipotent property of the adipose-derived stem cells present in the processed lipoaspirate tissue would be able to inhibit the proliferation and differentiation of fibroblasts in myofibroblasts, interrupting the formation of fibrosis and consequently the progression of finger deformity. The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of adipose-derived stem cells in patients with DD who underwent to open limited fasciectomy and compare with the conventional technique of limited fasciectomy. METHODS: A total of 45 patients were assigned in two groups in a single blind, prospective, randomized, controlled trial. All the patients were treated by the limited fasciectomy technique. In the control group (24 patients), only limited fasciectomy was performed. In the study group (21 patients), after the limited fasciectomy procedure, autologous lipoaspirate was injected at the site of the resected cord. Outcomes were assessed by the Total Passive Extension Deficit (TPED) and by the Brief Michigan Hand Questionnaire (BMHQ) functional score. The evaluations were performed by occupational therapists in the preoperative and at 6 weeks, 6 months, 1 year and 2 years. RESULTS: The study group presented higher rates of pain at 6 weeks postoperative (median 2 ± 2,82 versus 0 ± 1,86 on control group, p=0,045). TPED showed no significant differences between groups. BMHQ score, at 6 months and 1 year after surgery, were significantly inferior in the study group (p=0,040 e p=0,047, respectively). Patients in the study group had higher incidence of complications (9 patients, 43% versus 2, 8% in the control group, p=0,019). CONCLUSIONS: The autologous lipoaspirate associated to limited fasciectomy demonstrates inferior results regarding to functional score and pain compared to conventional limited fasciectomy, in short-term. Further long-term analysis is required to observe the effect of adipose-derived stem cells in the recurrences rates

INTRODUÇÃO: A dependência química engloba alterações comportamentais, cognitivas e fisiológicas. A impulsividade está presente em muitos transtornos psiquiátricos. Sobre a impulsividade na dependência química de cocaína, os estudos existentes são relativamente novos. A Estimulação Magnética Transcraniana de repetição (EMTr) é um método capaz de neuromodular o cérebro. Este estudo avaliou os efeitos da EMTr sobre a impulsividade em dependentes de cocaína. MÉTODOS: Em um estudo randomizado, duplamente encoberto, 25 pacientes diagnosticados pelo DSM-IV-TR foram tratados com EMTr de alta frequência ativa (1250 pulsos/dia) ou EMTr placebo. O tratamento consistiu em 1 mês de aplicação de EMTr seguido de 2 meses em acompanhamento ambulatorial semanal em um grupo de prevenção de recaídas. Os pacientes foram avaliados antes do início do tratamento com EMTr (T0) e após o término das aplicações (T1), através dos instrumentos: The Shorter PROMIS Questionnaire, The Schalling Impulsivity Scale e The Leeds Dependence Questionnaire. RESULTADOS: 25 pacientes foram tratados e a análise dos dados demonstraram redução nos índices de impulsividade em ambos os grupos ao longo do tempo, porém, quando comparados entre si, os valores de interação não se mostraram significativos. CONCLUSÃO: Os efeitos da EMTr não diferiram em eficácia terapêutica na redução da impulsividade em dependentes de cocaína, com o efeito ativo correspondendo com o placebo / INTRODUCTION: Chemical addiction involves behavioral, cognitive and physiological alterations. Impulsivity is present in many psychiatric disorders. Studies about impulsivity and cocaine chemical addiction are relatively new. Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (EMTr) is a method capable of neuromodulation the brain. This study evaluated the effects of EMTr over impulsivity in cocaine addicts. METHODS: This is a randomized doubly covert study with 25 patients diagnosed by the DSM-IV-TR who were treated with active high frequency EMTr (1250 pulses/day) or placebo. Treatment was consisted of one month of application of EMTr followed by 2 months of clinical follow-up in a relapse prevention group. Patients were evaluated before the treatment with EMTr (T0) and after the end of the applications (T1), through the instruments: The Shorter PROMIS Questionnaire, The Schalling Impulsivity Scale and The Leeds Dependence Questionnaire. RESULTS: 25 patients were treated and data analysis showed a reduction in the levels of impulsivity in both groups throughout the time. However, group comparisons did not show statistical differences. CONCLUSION: EMTr\'s effects did not differ in terms of therapeutical efficacy in the reduction of impulsivity in cocaine addicts

Objetivos: O objetivo deste estudo é analisar a perviedade da artéria torácica interna direita (ATID) pediculada, anteroaórtica em anastomose para a região anterior do coração na cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio (RM), em relação à artéria torácica interna esquerda (ATIE). Métodos: No período de dezembro de 2008 a dezembro de 2011, 100 pacientes foram selecionados para serem submetidos a cirurgia de RM sem circulação extracorpórea (CEC), de forma prospectiva. Eles foram agrupados em Grupo 1 (G-1) e Grupo 2 (G-2), cada um com 50 pacientes, com randomização por computador e conhecimento da técnica no início da cirurgia. No G-1, os pacientes receberam ATIE para a região anterior do coração e complementação da RM com a ATID livre para ramos da circunflexa (CX) e outros enxertos arteriais ou venosos para a coronária direita (CD) e/ou ramos. Os pacientes do G-2 receberam ATID pediculada para a região anterior do coração e complementação da RM com ATIE, pediculada, para ramos da CX e outros enxertos arteriais ou venosos para a CD e/ou ramos. A perviedade das artérias torácicas internas direita e esquerda foi avaliada através de angiotomografia coronária multislice, 64 canais, no 6º mês de pós-operatório. Resultados: Os dois grupos eram semelhantes quanto aos dados clínicos de pré-operatório, como exemplo: diabetes mellitus, hipertensão arterial sistêmica, obesidade. Os dois grupos apresentaram predominância do sexo masculino com 75,6% e 88% nos grupos 1 e 2, respectivamente. Cinco pacientes migraram do G-1 para o G-2 em virtude de doença ateromatosa na aorta ascendente e um deles foi excluído por ter que utilizar enxerto composto. A média de anastomoses distais no G-1 foi de 3,48 (DP=0,72), e no G-2 foi de 3,20 (DP=0,76). Não ocorreu mediastinite em nenhum paciente. Uma paciente do G-1 apresentou osteomielite, e necessitou de intervenção cirúrgica. Dois pacientes do G-1 foram submetidos a reoperação por sangramento. Os resultados das angiotomografias coronarianas com 96 pacientes re-estudados mostram que todas as ATIs, fosse a direita ou a esquerda, utilizadas pediculadas para a região anterior do coração encontravam-se sem oclusões ou estenoses, configurando 100% de perviedade. No G-1, um enxerto livre da ATID para ramos da CX apresentava oclusão total, em dois pacientes havia estenose leve, em um deles havia estenose moderada na anastomose proximal na aorta ascendente e outro apresentava diminuição de calibre na sua porção distal. Em três pacientes o enxerto de segmento de veia safena para ramos da CD se encontravam ocluídos. No G-2, dois pacientes apresentavam oclusão total na ATIE pediculada para ramos da CX, e outro apresentava estenose moderada na porção distal da ATIE utilizada sequencial para dois ramos marginais. Em dois pacientes o enxerto de segmento de veia safena para ramos da CD se encontravam ocluídos. Não houve óbitos em nenhum dos grupos. Conclusão: A cirurgia de RM com utilização da ATID pediculada, anterógrada para o RIA, apresenta resultado semelhante ao da ATIE utilizada para essa mesma coronária. / Objective: To analyze the patency of the pedicled, anteroaortic, right internal mammary artery (RIMA) anastomosed to the left anterior descending (LAD) and branches in coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG), in comparison with the left internal mammary artery (LIMA). Methods: From December 2008 to December 2011, 100 patients were selected to undergo a prospective off-pump coronary artery bypass graft surgery and were randomly divided by computer into Group 1 (G-1) and Group 2 (G-2), so that the technique was known at the beginning of the surgery. In each group, with 50 patients, the patency of both right and left internal mammary arteries, which were used pedicled to the LAD, was comparatively studied through coronary computed tomography angiography. G-1 had 50 patients who received the LIMA to the LAD or LAD/diagonal (sequential) and had the CABG complemented with the free RIMA to circumflex branches and other arterial or venous grafts to the right coronary artery (RCA) and/or branches. G-2 had 50 patients who received the pedicled RIMA to the LAD or LAD/diagonal (sequential) and had the CABG complemented with the pedicled LIMA to circumflex branches and other arterial or venous grafts to the RCA and/or branches. Results: Both groups were similar in pre-operative clinical data, such as: diabetes mellitus, systemic arterial hypertension, obesity. Also, there was predominance of males in both groups, with 75,6% and 88% in Groups 1 and 2 respectively. Five patients were switched from G-1 to G-2 owing to atheromatous disease in the ascending aorta, and one of them was dropped for having to use composite graft. The average of distal anastomosis in G-1 was 3,48 (standard deviation (SD=0,72) and in G-2 was 3,20 (SD=0,76). Mediastinitis didn\'t occur in any patient. A patient from G-1 had osteomyelitis that required surgical intervention. Two patients from G-1 underwent reoperation because of bleeding. The 64-slice coronary computed tomography angiography was performed in the 6th postoperative month; 96 patients have been re-studied so far and all pedicled IMAs to the LAD were patent. In G-1 a free RIMA graft to the circumflex branches presented total occlusion, another two had a discreet stenosis and in one moderate at the proximal anastomosis and one more had a string signal at the distal portion. In G-2 two patients had total occlusion of the pedicled LIMA to circumflex artery branches, and another one presented moderate stenosis at its distal portion. In two patients the saphenous vein graft to the RCA branches were occluded. There were no deaths in any of the groups. Conclusion: The CABG surgery using the pedicled, anteroaortic RIMA to the LAD has a similar outcome to that of the LIMA used for this same coronary.

O presente estudo destinou-se a avaliar se os resultados clínicos iniciais da viscossuplementação poderiam ser melhorados com a adição de corticosteróide. As injeções intra-articulares são usadas há muitos anos no tratamento da osteoartrite dos joelhos, principalmente com suspensões cristalinas de corticosteróides. A viscossuplementação é uma intervenção relativamente nova, atualmente recomendada no tratamento da osteoartrite. Trata-se da injeção de ácido hialurônico exógeno em articulações diartrodiais, visando, além de restaurar as propriedades reológicas do líquido sinovial, efeitos modificadores da doença osteoartrite. Revisões sistemáticas mostram que a melhora clínica ocorre em duas a cinco semanas após a viscossuplementação. Comparando-se a viscossuplementação com a injeção intraarticular com corticosteróides, dados recentes sugerem maior eficiência no alívio da dor nas quatro primeiras semanas após a infiltração com corticosteróides, similaridade dos procedimentos ao redor da quarta semana e melhores resultados com a viscossuplementação após a oitava semana. Este inicio de ação mais tardio, associado a relatos de sinovite reacional após a viscossuplementação podem desencorajar médicos e pacientes ao uso desta modalidade de tratamento. No presente estudo foram avaliados 104 pacientes em tratamento para osteoartrite do joelho no grupo de doenças osteometabólicas do Instituto de Ortopedia do Hospital das Clínicas da FMUSP. Os pacientes foram randomizados em dois grupos. Um dos grupos foi denominado VS e recebeu uma única injeção intra-articular de 6ml de Hylan GF-20 (Synvisc One®-Genzyme) no joelho estudado. O segundo grupo foi denominado VS+T e recebeu uma injeção intra-articular de 6ml de Hylan GF-20 (Synvisc One®-Genzyme) mais 1ml (20mg) de Hexacetonido de Triancinolona (Triancil®-Apsen). Foram aplicados a escala visual analógica de dor (EVA) e os questionários de WOMAC e Lequesne uma semana antes da injeção e após uma, quatro, 12 e 24 semanas. Os dois grupos com 52 pacientes cada eram homogêneos. Na primeira semana, o WOMAC e a EVA apresentaram melhores resultados no Grupo VS+T (p < 0,01) em relação ao Grupo VS. Na quarta semana não houve diferença entre os grupos. Ambos apresentaram resultados similares nas semanas 12 e 24. Concluiu-se que a adição de hexacetonido de triancinolona melhorou os resultados clínicos da viscossuplementação no curto prazo, sem interferir nos resultados a longo prazo ou na incidência de efeitos adversos / The present study aims to assess if the initial results of viscosupplementation can be improved by the addition of corticosteroid. Intraarticular injections have been used for many years to treat arthritis and other painful articular disorders, mainly using long-lasting crystalline corticosteroid suspensions. Viscosupplementation is a relatively new intervention that is now widely used and recommended for the treatment of knee osteoarthritis. It is comprised of the injection of exogenous hyaluronic acid in diarthrodial joints, in order to restore the rheological properties of synovial fluid and also to promote osteoarthritis disease-modifying effects. Several placebo-controlled studies reported that clinical improvement began only within two to five weeks after viscosupplementation. When comparing viscosupplementation versus intraarticular injection of corticosteroid, recent data suggest that from baseline to week four, intraarticular steroid were more effective for pain relief. By the fourth week, however, both provided similar relief, but beyond the eighth week, hyaluronic acid provided greater pain reduction. The mechanism of action of hyaluronic acid, with delayed onset of pain/functional improvement, combined with reports of reactional sinovitis may discourage physicians and patients regarding this treatment modality. The present study evaluated 104 patients receiving usual care for knee osteoarthritis at the University of São Paulo Medical Center. Patients were randomized to receive either a single intra-articular injection of 6ml of Hylan GF-20 (Synvisc One®-Genzyme) (Group VS) or a single intra-articular injection of 6ml of Hylan GF-20 (Synvisc One®-Genzyme) plus 1ml (20mg) of Triamcinolone Hexacetonide (Triancil®-Apsen) (Group VS+T). VAS, WOMAC and Lequesne questionnaires were applied one week prior the injection, and after one, four, 12 and 24 weeks. The two groups with 52 patients each were homogeneous. At week one, WOMAC and VAS showed better results for Group VS+T compared to Group VS (p < 0,05). At week four the scores did not show statistically significant differences. The groups showed similar results at weeks 12 and 24. In conclusion, the addition of triamcinolone improved first-week symptom and functional scores of viscosupplementation, but not beyond. It did not seem to alter the likelihood of adverse effects

As complicações biliares mais comuns pós-transplante hepático são as estenoses da anastomose, as estenoses não-anastomóticas e as fístulas biliares e podem ocorrer de diferentes modos, de forma isolada ou associada. A origem do enxerto (doador cadáver ou doador vivo) tem influência na incidência de estenose biliar, bem como na resposta ao tratamento endoscópico. A terapêutica endoscópica utilizando-se esfincterotomia, dilatação balonada da estenose e inserção de próteses biliares através da CPRE é utilizada como método inicial de tratamento dessas complicações. Objetivos: Comparar as diferentes técnicas de tratamento endoscópico das estenoses biliares pós-transplante hepático. Método: Foi realizada uma revisão sistemática da literatura e metanálise sendo a busca conduzida nas bases MEDLINE, EMBASE, Scielo - LILACS e Biblioteca Cochrane até junho de 2015. A metanálise foi executada utilizando-se os softwares Review Manager, 2012 (RevMan) versão 5.2 e OpenMetaAnalyst e os cálculos dos desfechos foram feitos comparando-se os resultados dos estudos incluídos utilizando-se a diferença de risco absoluto e adotando-se um intervalo de confiança (IC) de 95%. Os estudos foram agrupados comparando-se transplantes hepáticos com doador cadáver versus doador vivo; dilatação biliar endoscópica com balão exclusiva versus dilatação biliar endoscópica com balão associada à inserção de próteses plásticas e próteses biliares plásticas comparadas à prótese biliar metálica por endoscopia. Os desfechos clínicos analisados foram incidência da estenose biliar, falha do tratamento endoscópico, resolução da estenose, recorrência da estenose e complicações. Resultados: Foram recuperados 1.110 artigos, sendo motivo de análise dez ensaios clínicos, com apenas um Ensaio Clínico Randomizado e nove Ensaios Clínicos não randomizados, dos quais sete foram incluídos na metanálise. Comparando-se doador cadáver e doador vivo observou-se redução da incidência de estenose biliar (p=0,0001), bem como da falha técnica do tratamento endoscópico (p=0,0009) e da recorrência da estenose biliar (p=0,03) nos transplantes realizados com enxertos provenientes de doador cadáver. Dois estudos compararam o tratamento da estenose da anastomose biliar pós-transplante hepático utilizando dilatação com balão exclusiva versus dilatação com balão associada à inserção próteses plásticas e não foram observadas diferenças estatisticamente significantes em relação aos desfechos falha de tratamento, recorrência da estenose ou complicações. Somente o desfecho clínico complicações teve resultado estatisticamente significante na comparação entre prótese metálica autoexpansível versus prótese plástica no tratamento da estenose da anastomose biliar pós-transplante hepático (p= 0.03). Conclusões: O tratamento da estenose biliar anastomótica pós-transplante hepático com prótese metálica foi igualmente efetivo quando comparado ao uso de prótese plástica, mas associou-se a um menor risco de complicações. A comparação entre dilatação com balão exclusiva e dilatação com balão associada à prótese plástica apresentou resultados semelhantes em relação à falha do tratamento endoscópico, complicações e recorrência da estenose. A utilização de enxerto proveniente de doador cadáver reduziu o risco de estenose biliar pós-transplante hepático e o tratamento endoscópico nesse grupo de pacientes, foi mais efetivo quando comparado com as estenoses biliares após transplante com doador vivo / The most common biliary complications after liver transplantation are anastomotic strictures, non-anastomotic strictures and biliary fistulas and they can occur in different fashions, isolated or in combination. Graft source (cadaveric liver donor or living liver donor) has an influence on the incidence of biliary strictures as well as on the response to endoscopic treatment. The endoscopic treatment using sphincterotomy, balloon dilation and insertion of biliary stents by ERCP (Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography) is used as an initial endoscopic approach to treat these complications. Objectives: To compare different endoscopic techniques to treat post-liver transplantation biliary strictures. Method: It was performed a systematic review of the literature and meta-analysis and the search was carried out on MEDLINE, EMBASE, Scielo-LILACS and Cochrane Library databases until June, 2015. The meta-analysis was made using Review Manager, 2012 (RevMan) version 5.2 and OpenMetaAnalyst software and the calculations of the outcomes were made comparing the results from the included papers by using the difference in absolute risks, adopting a confidence interval of 95%. The studies were grouped comparing cadaveric liver donor versus living liver donor grafts; exclusive balloon dilation versus balloon dilation associated with plastic stents insertion; and plastic stents versus totally covered selfexpandable metal stents. The clinical outcomes were biliary stricture incidence, endoscopic treatment failure, stricture resolution, stricture recurrence and complications. Results: There were retrieved 1,100 articles. Ten clinical trials were analyzed, with just one Randomized Clinical Trial and nine Non-Randomized Clinical Trials, out of which seven were included in the meta-analysis. When comparing cadaveric liver donor transplantation to living liver donor transplantation, it was observed a decrease in the incidence of biliary strictures (p=0.0001), as well as in the technical failure rate of the endoscopic treatment (p=0.0009) and in the biliary stricture recurrence (p=0.03) in the cadaveric liver donor graft group. Two studies have compared the treatment of anastomotic biliary strictures after liver transplantation using balloon dilation exclusive to balloon dilation associated with the insertion of plastic stents, and no statistically significant differences in relation to endoscopic treatment failure, stricture recurrence or complications rates were observed. Only the clinical outcome complications had statistically significant result in a comparison between self-expandable metal stents versus plastic stents in the treatment of post-liver transplantation anastomotic biliary strictures (p=0.03). Conclusions: The treatment of post-liver transplantation anastomotic biliary strictures was equally effective when compared the use of self-expandable metal stents to plastic stents, but the use metallic stents was associated with a lower complication risk. The comparison between exclusive balloon dilation to balloon dilation associated with plastic stents presented similar results in relation to endoscopic treatment failure, complications and stenosis recurrence. The use of graft from cadaveric donor reduced the risk of biliary stenosis after liver transplantation and endoscopic treatment of biliary strictures in these patients were more effective when compared to biliary strictures after living liver donor transplantation

Objective: Dog owners have been shown to walk more per week compared to non-dog owners; however, 60% of dog owners are still not walking their dogs at intensities sufficient to reap optimal health benefits. The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility, acceptability, and efficacy of a 9-week feasibility randomized controlled trial involving a program of six weekly scheduled instructor-led group dog walks supplemented with theory-based strategies to encourage increased dog walking among dog owners in Greater Victoria, BC. Methods: This study was based on the multi-process action control (M-PAC) framework and utilized an open parallel randomized controlled trial design involving experimental and waitlist-control group participants. Quantitative data was collected using pedometers and self-report measures. A program evaluation survey was administered upon the completion of the study. Primary outcomes examined the feasibility and acceptability of the program; secondary outcomes analyzed pedometry and self-report moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) data; and tertiary outcomes observed changes in participants’ perceptions of M-PAC constructs. Percentage calculations were used to obtain primary outcomes, and analysis of covariance (ANCOVA; controlling for baseline) was performed to examine secondary and tertiary outcomes to explore the direction of effects and obtain a first estimate of expected effect sizes. Eligibility: Male and female adults aged 18+ living in Greater Victoria, BC, who owned at least one healthy and friendly dog aged six months and above, who were not meeting recommended guidelines of 150 minutes of MVPA per week, and who were medically cleared to participate. Results: Feasibility outcomes included 74 interested responses, 23% recruitment rate (n = 17), 94% retention rate (n = 16), and 94% adherence rate (n = 15). Program participants were overall (very) satisfied with the program – worksheets (62.5%), program instructor (100%), various program/group dog walks logistics (75% to 100%). Total weekly step counts and average daily step counts, MVPA dog walking, and MVPA with dog increased at the end of the program and at follow-up, resulting in large effect sizes when compared to the waitlist-control group. MVPA dog walking and total MVPA (with and without dog) exceeded recommended guidelines at follow-up. Positive changes across time were observed for dog responsibility and M-PAC constructs of affective judgments, opportunity, planning, identity, and habit, resulting in medium and large effect sizes when compared to the waitlist-control group. Conclusions: This six-week group dog walking program is overall feasible, acceptable, and efficacious in encouraging increased dog walking and MVPA among dog owners. Attendance at weekly scheduled instructor-led group dog walks and exposure to the M-PAC construct worksheets resulted in program participants’ adoption and maintenance of positive behavioral changes at the end of the program and at follow- up. Program participants reported enjoying the program and being (very) satisfied with it. It is recommended for future studies to refine/modify initial recruitment strategies and eligibility criteria, reimburse medical/veterinarian clearance costs to reduce cost-related barriers to participation, offer a variety of options for program delivery (e.g., different locations/schedules/seasons, online programs, multi-site study) to accommodate more participants, and apply the M-PAC framework to a larger sample. / Graduate

L’anémie est fréquente chez les patients pédiatriques en postopératoire de chirurgie cardiaque. Malgré le nombre important de patients transfusés, le taux d’hémoglobine (Hb) pour lequel les bénéfices surpassent les risques est inconnu chez ces patients. Récemment, Lacroix et al. ont démontré qu’une stratégie transfusionnelle restrictive n’était pas inférieure à une stratégie libérale en ce qui concerne le développement ou la progression du syndrome de défaillance multiviscérale (SDMV) et la mortalité chez les patients de soins intensifs pédiatriques (SIP).Devant le manque d’évidence, une analyse de sous-groupes des patients en postopératoire de chirurgie cardiaque de l’étude Transfusion Requirements in Pediatric Intensive Care (TRIPICU) a été réalisée. L’objectif de cette étude était de déterminer l’impact d’une stratégie transfusionnelle restrictive comparée à une stratégie libérale sur l’acquisition ou l’aggravation du syndrome de défaillance multiviscérale (SDMV) chez les enfants en postopératoire de chirurgie cardiaque. Cette étude n’a pas démontré de différences statistiquement, ni cliniquement significatives du nombre de patients ayant acquis ou aggravés un SDMV, ni des issues secondaires entre les stratégies transfusionnelles restrictive et libérale. L’analyse de sous-groupes permet de générer une hypothèse de recherche et les résultats devraient être confirmés par un essai randomisé contrôlé. / Anemia is frequent in pediatric patients following cardiac surgery. Despite frequent transfusions, the optimal hemoglobin threshold where benefits surpass risks is still unknown for these patients. Recently, Lacroix et al. showed that a restrictive transfusion strategy was not inferior to a liberal strategy concerning the development or progression of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) and mortality in pediatric intensive care patients. In the absence of evidence, the aim of this study was to determine the impact of a restrictive versus a liberal transfusion strategy on new or progressive multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) in children following cardiac surgery. We conducted a subgroup analysis of the postoperative cardiac surgery patients of the Transfusion Requirements in Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (TRIPICU) study. Our study showed no statistically and clinically significant differences in the number of patients who acquired or worsened MODS, nor secondary outcomes between a restrictive and a liberal transfusion strategy. This subgroup analysis generates a research hypothesis that should be confirmed by a randomized controlled trial.

Este estudo mostra como o rolamento do pé de pacientes com polineuropatia diabética pode ser melhorado com exercícios para pés e tornozelos, visando a recuperação muscular e articular comprometidos pela doença. Um ensaio clínico randomizado, paralelo, com um braço de crossover, e avaliador cego, foi conduzido. Cinquenta e cinco pacientes com polineuropatia diabética foram randomizados e alocados para o grupo controle (n=29) e grupo intervenção (n=26). A intervenção foi aplicada por 12 semanas, 2 vezes por semana, por 40 a 60 minutos cada sessão. As variáveis primárias foram definidas como as que descrevem o rolamento do pé: pressão plantar em seis regiões plantares de interesse. As variáveis secundárias foram a cinética e cinemática de tornozelo no plano sagital, e as medidas clínicas da função de pés e tornozelo (teste de função muscular manual, testes funcionais), de sinais e sintomas da polineuropatia diabética, exame físico dos pés e teste de confiança e equilíbrio em atividades da marcha. Os efeitos de tempo (baseline e 12 semanas), de grupo (controle e intervenção) e de interação foram calculados por meio de ANOVAs casewise 2 fatores, e para as comparações intragrupo do grupo intervenção (baseline, 12 semanas e 24 semanas) foram usadas ANOVAs para medidas repetidas. As variáveis não paramétricas foram comparadas entre grupos por meio de testes de Mann-Whitney e entre os tempos de intervenção por meio do teste de Wilcoxon. Adotou-se um ? de 5% para diferenças estatísticas e o coeficiente d de Cohen para descrição do tamanho do efeito da intervenção. Após 12 semanas de exercícios, observou-se mudanças positivas no rolamento do pé. Houve uma suavização do contato do calcanhar no apoio inicial, refletido pelo aumento do tempo do pico de pressão e da integral do pico de pressão. O médio-pé aumentou sua participação no rolamento observado pela diminuição da velocidade média do deslocamento do centro de pressão e aumento da integral do pico de pressão. O antepé lateral passou a realizar o apoio no solo antecipadamente em relação ao antepé medial, que previamente à intervenção aconteciam concomitantemente, e esse resultado foi evidenciado pela antecipação do tempo do pico de pressão em antepé lateral após a intervenção. A ação de hálux e dedos também aumentou (aumento de integral do pico de pressão e picos de pressão), em uma patologia marcada pela diminuição do contato do hálux e desenvolvimento de dedos em garra, que diminui o contato dos dedos com o solo. O grupo controle apresentou algumas pioras com relação à função muscular e parâmetros cinéticos e cinemáticos de tornozelo, enquanto que o grupo intervenção mostrou melhora na função de muitos grupos musculares, em testes funcionais e no pico de momento extensor na fase de aplainamento do pé. Apesar do protocolo de intervenção ter sido construído de modo a permitir que o paciente incorpore os exercícios na sua rotina diária, a aderência a este tipo de intervenção deve ser estudada, já que grande parte das variáveis retornaram ao baseline após o período de follow up. Ações preventivas são fundamentais para diminuir as complicações devastadoras da neuropatia diabética / This study shows how the foot rollover process during gait of patients with diabetic polyneuropathy can be improved with exercises for foot and ankle, aiming at the recovery of the muscles and joints affected by the disease. A clinical trial randomized, parallel, one arm of crossover, with blind assessment was conducted. Fifty-five patients with diabetic polineuropathy were randomly allocated to the control group (n = 29) and intervention group (n = 26). The intervention was applied for 12 weeks, twice a week, for 40 to 60 minutes per session. The primary variables were defined as those that describe the foot rollover: plantar pressure in 6 plantar areas of interest. The secondary variables were kinetic and kinematics of the ankle in the sagittal plane were calculated, and the clinical measures of foot and ankle function (manual muscle function testing, functional testing), signs and symptoms of diabetic polyneuropathy, physical examination of the feet and balance and confidence test in gait activities. The time effects (baseline and 12 weeks), group effects (control and intervention groups) and interaction effects were calculated using casewise two factos ANOVAs, and for intragroup comparisons of intervention group (baseline, 12 weeks and 24 weeks) it was used ANOVAs for repeated measures. The nonparametric variables were compared between groups using Mann-Whitney tests and between periods of assessment using Wilcoxon test. We adopted an ? of 5% for statistical differences and the Cohen\'s d coefficient for description of the effect size. After 12 weeks ofexercises, there were positive changes in the foot rollover process. There was a softening of heel contact in initial contact, reflected by the increase in time to peak pressure and the pressure time integral. The midfoot increased its participation observed by the decrease in speed of displacement of the center of pressure and increased pressure time integral. The lateral forefoot contact was earlier relative to the medial forefoot, that occurred at the same time before intervention, observed by the early time to peak pressure of lateral forefoot after the intervention. The participation of the hallux and toes also increased (increase of pressure time integral and peak pressure), in a pathology that is marked by decreased contact of the hallux and development of claw toes, which reduces contact of the toes with the ground. CG showed some worsening in relation to muscle function and kinematic and kinetic parameters of the ankle, while the IG showed improvement in the function of many muscles groups, functional tests and peak extensor moment during the forefoot contact. The intervention protocol was constructed to allow the patient to incorporate exercise into their daily routine, but adherence to treatment should be studied and motivational strategies need to be applied, since most of the variables returned to baseline after the follow up period (12 weeks after the intervention). Preventive actions are critical to reducing the devastating complications of diabetic neuropathy

This thesis explores the entire cycle of education, from initial access to schooling, over degree completion, to returns to education. Despite recent gains in increasing access, an tens of millions of children worldwide are still out of school. Abolishing school fees has increased enrollment rates in several countries where enrollments were low and fees were high. However, such policies may be less effective, or even have negative consequences, when supply-side responses are weak. The first part of the thesis evaluates the impacts of a tuition waiver program in Haiti, which provided public financing to nonpublic schools conditional on not charging tuition. The chapter concludes that school's participation in the program results in more students enrolled, more staff, and slightly higher student-teacher ratios. The program also reduces grade repetition and the share of overage students. While the increase in students does not directly equate to a reduction in the number of children out of school, it does demonstrate strong demand from families for the program and a correspondingly strong supply response from the nonpublic sector.Pertaining degree completion, it is well established that natural disasters can have a negative effect on human capital accumulation. However, a comparison of the differential impacts of distinct disaster classes is missing. Using census data and information from DesInventar and EMDAT, two large disaster databases, the second part of the thesis assesses how geological disasters and climatic shocks affect the upper secondary degree attainment of adolescents. The chapter focuses on Mexico, given its diverse disaster landscape and lack of obligatory upper secondary education over the observed time period. While all disaster types are found to impede attainment, climatic disasters that are not infrastructure-destructive (e.g. droughts) have the strongest negative effect, decreasing educational expansion by over 40%. The effects seem largely driven by demand-side changes such as increases in school dropouts and fertility, especially for young women. The results may also be influenced by deteriorated parental labor market outcomes. Supply-side effects appear to be solely driven by infrastructure-destructive climatic shocks (e.g. floods). These findings thus call for differential public measures according to specific disaster types and an enhanced attention to climatic events given their potentially stronger impact on younger generations.It is also widely appreciated that natural disasters can have negative impacts on local labor market outcomes. However, the study of differential types of negative capital shocks, the underlying labor market mechanisms, and the context of the poorest countries have been neglected. Following testable predictions of economic theory, the third part of the thesis exploits the exogenous variation of destruction of human and physical capital caused by the 2010 Haiti earthquake to disentangle the differential impact on local individual monetary returns to education. Employing individual-level survey data from before and after the earthquake the chapter finds that the returns decreased on average by 37%, especially in equipment-capital intensive industry. Higher educated individuals adjust into low-paying self-employment or agriculture. The returns are particularly shock-sensitive for urban residents, migrants, males, and people over age 25. / Doctorat en Sciences économiques et de gestion / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished