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Even though many states have ratified the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child and sworn to protect human rights, viloations occur every day both in developed and developing countries. United Nations gave Sweden critique for not implementing the Convention conrerning article 11, which raises the question how respected the Convention is amongst other states? Does democracy contribute to a higher level of implementation?

Hur samverkar de nationella folkhälsomålen med fysisk planering, och på vilket sätt kan folkhälsomålen beaktas för att förbättra förutsättningarna för ökad fysisk aktivitet hos barn? Denna studie är en fallstudie i Hjo kommun. Studien tar utgångspunkt i kommunens folkhälsoproblematik som visar att det finns en hög förekomst av övervikt hos barn. Intentionen är att undersöka vilka organisatoriska processer som kan underbygga det kommunala arbetet med folkhälsomålen, liksom att ta reda på vilka faktorer i den fysiska miljön som skapar förutsättningar för barns fysiska aktivitet. Avsikten med studien har varit att skapa ett underlag för Hjo kommuns översiktliga planering. Resultatet av studien tydliggör vilka strukturella processer som påverkar arbetet med folkhälsa, men även hur utformningen av folkhälsomålen kan påverka den fysiska planeringens beaktande av folkhälsan. Resultatet åskådliggör även faktorer i den fysiska miljön som påverkar barns förutsättningar till fysisk aktivitet, liksom vikten av beaktandet av barnkonventionen. ABSTRACT How does national public health objectives cooperate with spatial planning, and in which way can public health objectives be considered in order to improve the conditions for increasing physical activity in children? This study is a case study in the municipality of Hjo. The starting point of the study is the municipal public health problem which indicates that there is a high prevalence of obesity in children. The intention is to examine the organizational processes that can underpin the municipal work of public health objectives, as well as to find out which factors in the built environment that can establish the conditions for children's physical activity. The purpose of this study was to provide a basis for the conceptual planning for the municipality of Hjo. Results of the study illustrates the structural processes that affect the work of public health, but also how the design of public health objectives may influence on the physical planning considerations of public health. The result also illustrates factors in the built environment that affect children's opportunities for physical activity, but also the importance of taking into account of the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC).

Masters in Public Administration - MPA / Whilst policy formulation has been extensively studied and theorised in the literature, far less attention has been paid until fairly recently to the issue of policy implementation. For a long time it was more or less assumed that once policy was formulated, implementation was a relatively straightforward administrative matter. In the past twenty or thirty years, however, public administration scholars (such as Pressman and Wildavsky and, in the South African context, Brynard and de Coning) have devoted more attention to unravelling the complexities of policy implementation. The current study intends to apply these more theoretical approaches to an analysis of the implementation of the 1997 White Paper for Social Welfare with particular respect to children in conflict with the law, focusing specifically on the One Stop Child Justice Centre in Mangaung, Bloemfontein. Welfare Service in South Africa before 1994 had a racial bias with services mostly unavailable to the majority of the citizens of the country. The 1997 White Paper for Social Welfare, based on a developmental approach to social welfare, was designed to take the country in a new and inclusive direction. In line with South Africa’s 1996 ratification of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, as well as other international instruments, Section 4 of Chapter 8 of the White Paper focuses on crime prevention through development and restorative justice, and recommends diversion wherever possible in the case of juveniles. With respect to Juvenile justice, this section of the White Paper makes provision for the establishment of One Stop Child Justice Centres, where a variety of services, from Social Development, the Department of Justice, the South African Police Services, Correctional Services, and the NPA, would be available to clients under one roof. All of these role players, it was envisaged, would operate as a multi-disciplinary team to achieve the objectives of the White Paper with respect to developmental and restorative forms of justice. The Centre at Mangaung is one of only a few centres to have been established as yet in South Africa. Although focusing in particular on the implementation of the 1997 White Paper, the study is also informed by other policy and legislative measures with respect to juvenile justice, in particular the Child Justice Bill of 2002 (now the Child Justice Act of 2008) and the Probation Services Amendment Act of 2002. It is generally accepted by the Government and its critics alike that the policy scene in South Africa in the period since 1994 has been characterized by good policies but poor execution. This is, however, a relatively untested hypothesis and needs further investigation. In the light of this, it is anticipated, that the present study will make a contribution to the literature on policy implementation in South Africa, as well as providing useful insights and lessons that can inform general government policy in this regard, and policy with respect to juvenile justice in particular. Within the general context of the 1997 White Paper for Social Welfare and the Department of Social Development’s Integrated Service Delivery Model, and the specific context of the Mangaung One Stop Child Justice Centre, the overall purpose of the study is to scrutinize the apparent discontinuity between policy design on the one hand and policy implementation on the other. More specifically, though, the objectives of the study are: (i) to examine the content of the 1997 White Paper for Social Welfare in general and more specifically the section on children in conflict with the law, (ii) to provide a historical overview of the delivery of services to youth in conflict with the law prior to the first democratic elections (1994) in South Africa, (iii) to examine what the concept of ‘integrated service delivery’ means to the different role-players at the One Stop Child Justice Centre, (iv) to examine the existing resources (human, financial and other) for successful implementation of the policy,(v) to examine whether there are procedures in place to encourage co-operation among stakeholders at the One Stop Child Justice Centre, (vi) to examine the successes, challenges and opportunities presented by the implementation of this policy at the One Stop Child Justice Centre and, (vii) to identify gaps between policy and implementation and make recommendations towards more successful implementation. Detailed semi-structured interviews were conducted with the Centre Manager and senior representatives of all the services involved (Social Development, the SAPS, Magistrates, the Probation Service, and Prosecutors). The interview questions focus mainly on implementation issues and challenges, but also gather information on the knowledge of the interviewees on the content of the policy. In addition, in order to validate and compare the data collected from these respondents, semi-structured interviews were held with six parents/guardians of children in conflict with the law who had been serviced by the centre. Official documents of the centre, such as annual reports, were also consulted for purposes of triangulation. Detailed transcripts will be made of all the interviews. In analysing the data, use was made in particular of the 5C Protocol advocated by Brynard and De Coning (2006) in their study of policy implementation in South Africa. The five C’s include the Content of the policy, the Context in which the policy is implemented, Commitment from those implementing the policy, the role of Clients and Coalitions, and the Capacity of those tasked with implementing the policy. In addition other C’s which have an impact on policy implementation (such as communication, co-ordination, and change management) will also be considered. Confidentiality of data gathered and anonymity of respondents were ensured by not requiring any personal details from the survey instruments. The sole purpose of using the data gathered for research was communicated to the respondents on the front page of the survey instruments. The choice of also not answering questions raised was respected.

Syftet med den här studien är att bidra till en bredare kunskapsbas för hur barns rättigheter beaktas i den fysiska planeringen. Forskningsmålet har uppnåtts genom granskning av Barnkonventionen i fysisk planering och stadsutveckling. Rapporten behandlar de hinder och utmaningar som Sveriges myndigheter och kommuner möter vid tillämpning av barnperspektiv i fysisk planering. Med hänsyn för tillgänglighet, presenterar denna studie en övergripande beskrivning av etablerade samhällsfaktorer som påverkar Sveriges myndigheters och kommuners arbete med stadsutveckling. Studien tillämpar en kvalitativ innehållsanalys, i syfte att synliggöra bakomliggande budskap i den granskade rapporten. Innehållsanalysen består av fyra delprocesser; insamling av data, kodning, tematisering, samt verifiering av analysens slutsats. Genom Boverkets rapport synliggör innehållsanalysen hur och vilka utmaningar som påverkar barnkonventionens beaktning i fysisk planering. Resultatet bidrar till ökad förståelse för aktuella utmaningar som berör samhällsplaneringens aktörer. Majoriteten av de textstycken som analyserades, visade att behov och vägledning är centrala faktorer för det omställningsarbete som ska genomföras inom svensk samhällsbyggnad. Boverkets rapport lyfter behov av vidare utredning och framtida vägledning i inkorporeringen av barnkonventionen. Kortsiktigt kan resurs- och kompetensbehov i mindre kommuner lindras genom centralisering av barnrättsarbeten, med Boverket som huvudansvarig myndighet. En del av syftet med centraliseringen är att arbetsmetoder och strategier kan standardiseras, vilket kan bidra till en konsekvent och rättvis tillämpning av barnkonventionen nationellt. / The purpose of this study is to contribute to the knowledge base of childrens rights application in urban planning. The research goal has been achieved by examining the Convention on the Rights of the Child in spatial planning and urban development. The report addresses obstacles and challenges that Swedish authorities and municipalities encounter during application of child perspective's in urban planning. With regard to accessibility, this study presents an overall description of established societal factors that affect the Swedish authorities' and municipalities' work with urban development. The study uses a qualitative content analysis in order to highlight underlying messages in the reviewed report. The content analysis consists of four sub-processes; data collection, coding, thematization, and verification of the analysis’ conclusion. Through Boverket’s report, the content analysis highlights challenges that affect the application of the Convention on the Rights of the Child in physical planning. The result contributes to an increased understanding of current challenges that affect participants in the process of urban planning. The majority of the analyzed text shows that needs and guidance are central factors for the coming adjustments in Swedish spatial planning. Boverket’s report highlights the need for further investigation and future guidance in the incorporation of the Convention on the Rights of the Child. In short term, the requirements associated with lack of resources and competence in smaller municipalities can be alleviated by centralizing Boverket as the main responsible authority for child rights work. Part of the purpose of centralization is that methods and strategies can be standardized, which can contribute to a consistent and fair application of the Convention on the Rights of the Child on national scale.

"It is the responsibility of every government to protect the fundamental rights and freedoms of its citizenry and to ensure that the rule of law and justice prevails at all times. Hovewer, children accused of committing crimes are more susceptible to human rights abuses and violations of their legal rights while in detention, either in police cells, prisons or authorised detention centres. They mostly suffer from both the agents of the state as well as from inmates. These violations often take place [behind] closed doors, and society being primarily concerned with keeping offenders locked up rather than about their conditions and human rights being respected, the cries of these children to be treated with dignity and worth go unnoticed despite the constitutional and international guarantee of their rights. The problem therefore is first to examine what rights do children in trouble with the law have under international law in general and specifically within the African human rights sytem with special emphasiis on the rights of children deprived of their liberty. Secondly, to examine how these international instruments are given effect domestically and whether there are challenges encountered in realising these rights. These are the main issues that this research intends to grapple with using South Africa and the Gambia as case studies with a view to making recommendations for better protection of the rights of this category of children. ... This research consist of four chapters. The first chapter is the introduction. It will give the basis and structure of the research which will include a general overview of the problem in the two countries under study. In the second chapter, it will explore the relevant international and African normative framework that protects the rights of children in trouble with the law and the obligations of states towards these children. However, the main focus will be the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) and the African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child (ACRWC), because they are the two main human rights instruments providing specific protection for children's rights in all spheres. The third chapter will be a comparative analysis of the rights of children deprived of their liberty as provided in the municipal laws of South African and the Gambia vis a vis the minimum standards set [out] in the CRC and ACRWC. It will discuss the following issues, namely: defintion of a child, age of criminal responsibility, the best interest, detention as a last resort and for the shortest possible time, separation from adult detainees, role of parents, establishment of separate criminal procedures, right to legal respresentation and assistance, and sentencing options. It will also examine the problems and challenges for implementation. The fourth chapter will conclude and make recommendations on how best to implement the laws and who should be the role players in ensuring that the rights of these children are well protected." -- Introduction. / Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa)) -- University of Pretoria, 2005. / Prepared under the supervision of Professor Gilles Cistac at the Faculty of Law, Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, Maputo, Mocambique / http://www.chr.up.ac.za/academic_pro/llm1/dissertations.html / Centre for Human Rights / LLM

The aim of this thesis is to examine to what extent the Convention on the Rights of the Child may be regarded as an effective instrument for a state’s aim to abolish child trafficking. An underlying aim is to examine what factors make a convention effective in general. The study is conducted through a doctrinal method with a legal sociological perspective, examining the normative aspects of law. In this sense, Ghana’s implementation of Article 35 of the CRC is evaluated, in order to reach the objective of the study. Thus, the Ghanaian legal system constitutes the base upon which the analysis is made. Hereby, the effectiveness of the CRC is measured by the extent to which the commitments made by Ghana, have led to the adoption of concrete measures to improve the rights of children as it pertains to child trafficking, since the ratification of the CRC. An underlying aim is to discover what factors may affect the effectiveness of a convention, such as inadequate legal framework, its application of it or other cultural factors.  In order to measure the effectiveness of the CRC, a normative model is applied, explaining both the notions of compliance versus effectiveness. Herein, it is clarified that: in order to measure the effectiveness of a convention in this matter, one first needs to examine if the national legal framework complies to the convention in question. Thus, in the first part, it is concluded that Ghana has successfully incorporated the CRC in its legal framework. In the second part, it is shown how, despite of the effective incorporation of the CRC, there remains a gap between what is prescribed by law and the manifestation in practice.                                                     Different factors have been concluded to influence the effectiveness of the Convention. In order for a state to implement measures to deal with an issue, there must be a clear standard set out in the convention in the first place. In this regard, it has been noted that the lack of clarity and ambiguity of the wording in Article 35 of the CRC may have affected the effectiveness of the convention. Moreover, it is noted that the nature of the issue: the phenomenon of child trafficking, in itself, is a complex issue with certain elements that makes it more challenging to regulate than “normal” human rights violations. Not least, it is proven how the socio-cultural norms of Ghana have a noticeable effect on the implementation of the Convention. At last, it is demonstrated how the process of norm-internalization in a state may affect the effectiveness of a Convention: it has been shown how Ghana’s policy-making system has not been effective in practice. Nevertheless, the conclusion remains: the effectiveness of a convention depends on the function it serves in the first place. As for the case of the CRC, it remains an effectivetool to abolish child trafficking as long as the States Parties take united responsibility to make it so. / Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka i vilken utsträckning barnkonventionen (CRC) kan utgöra ett effektivt instrument för en stats ändamål att avskaffa barnhandel. Ett bakomliggande syfte med studien är att utreda vilka faktorer som gör en konvention effektiv generellt sett. Studien baseras på en rättsdogmatisk metod i ljuset av ett rättsociologiskt perspektiv där de normativa aspekterna av lagen undersöks. I detta avseende utvärderas Ghanas implementering av artikel 35 i CRC för att uppnå syftet med studien. Således vilar den rättsliga analysen på det ghananska rättssystemet som grund. I sammanhanget granskas barnkonventionens effektivitet med avstamp i hur de åtaganden som gjorts av Ghana har lett till vidtagande av konkreta åtgärder för att förbättra barns situation vad gäller barnhandel. En normativ modell tillämpas för att förstå vad begreppen effektivitetoch efterlevnadinnebär i sammanhanget. Här klargörs att, för att mäta effektiviteten av en konvention, måste det först undersökas huruvida det nationella regelverket uppfyller de reglerade skyldigheterna i den ifrågavarande konventionen. I den första delen dras slutsatsen att Ghana har införlivat barnkonventionen på ett tillfredsställande sätt.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                I den andra delen redovisas det hur det kvarstår en diskrepans mellan vad som föreskrivs i lag och hur lagen manifesteras i praktiken, trots det effektiva införlivandet av barnkonventionen. Det påvisas hur olika faktorer påverkar en konventions effektivitet. I detta avseende noteras det att (bristen på) tydlighet och klarhet i ordalydelsen av artikel 35, kan påverka konventionens effektivitet. För att en stat ens ska kunna genomföra åtgärder för att hantera en viss fråga måste det finnas en tydlig standard i konventionen i första hand. Vidare noteras det att problemets natur: fenomenet barnhandel i sig, är en komplex fråga med vissa element som gör det mer utmanande att reglera fenomenet än ”normala” kränkningar av mänskliga rättigheter. Inte minst anmärks det hur de sociokulturella normerna i Ghana har en märkbar effekt på tillämpningen av barnkonventionen.                                                                                                       Slutligen redogörs det för hur olika norminternaliserande faktorer i en stat kan påverka effektiviteten av en konvention: det redovisas hur Ghana brister i författandet av effektiva ”policies” för att åtgärda problematiken. Slutsatsen påvisar hur effektiviteten av en konvention beror på den funktion som konventionen har i första hand. Vad gäller barnkonventionen, utgör den ett effektivt verktyg i kampen mot barnhandel, så länge som medlemsstaterna faktiskt tar enat ansvar i att säkerställa dess effektivitet. / Minor Fields Studies, SIDA

As of January 1st, 2020, the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child was incorporated as a law in Sweden. This raises some questions about how it would influence and implicate the Swedish way of executing youth sports. Several media and experts in children's and youth sports have argued that using selective methods such as ranking or topping the team might not be in accordance with the convention. What the legislation entails and how the convention is taken into account in practice, however, seems to be largely dependent on how this is interpreted by those who are expected to implement it. The purpose of this study is therefore to gain insight into how children and youth coaches interpret the convention and its new status as a Swedish law. We also aim to understand how the coaches reflect on these selective methods from a children's rights perspective. The examination uses a phenomenological approach with qualitative semi structured interviews. The study's theoretical framework consists of three theories. We adopt the perspective of social constructionism to understand how coaches create meaning of the convention, institutional theory to understand how institutionalized logics and values can influence reflections and the theory of deviant conformity to understand how deviations from normative ideas and behaviors are understood and what they are based on. Some of the insights gained from the analysis were as follows: None of the coaches has experienced any change as a result of the convention being incorporated as a law. The convention is perceived as difficult to interpret by most of the coaches and the legitimacy of selective methods is considered to be in a gray zone. Several coaches ́ descriptions indicate that the structure of the Swedish sports movement largely influences their way of reflecting and assenting to the convention. The most frequently occurring problematic aspect regarding practical activities is perceived to be the children's parents. / Vid årsskiftet till 2020 blev de Förenta Nationernas barnkonvention inkorporerad i svensk lagstiftning. Detta väckte en del frågeställningar om hur svensk barn-och ungdomsidrott skulle komma att påverkas. Flera medier och experter inom barnidrott har argumenterat för att selektering och toppning av barn inte är i linje med konventionen och att det därför inte längre, legitimt kan bedrivas. Vad lagstiftningen innebär och hur konventionen beaktas i praktiken tycks dock till stor del vara beroende av hur detta tolkas av de som förväntas implementera den. Syftet med denna studie är därför att skapa insikt i hur barn- och ungdomstränare tolkar barnkonventionen och dess nya status som svensk lag. Studien avser även att skapa förståelse för hur tränarna reflekterar kring just selektering och toppning för barn utifrån ett barnrättsperspektiv. Undersökningen använder en fenomenologisk ansats och kvalitativa semistrukturerade intervjuer för att förstå dessa fenomen från tränarnas egna perspektiv. Studiens teoretiska referensram utgörs av tre teorier. Vi antar ett socialkonstruktionistiskt perspektiv för att förstå hur tränarna skapar mening av konventionen, nyinstitutionell teori för att förstå hur institutionaliserade logiker och värderingar kan influera reflektioner samt teorin om avvikande konformitet för att förstå hur avvikelser från normativa idéer och beteenden förstås och vad de baseras på. Ur analys av insamlat material har studien lett till bland andra följande insikter: Samtliga tränare upplever att deras verksamhet inte förändrats till följd av att konventionen blev lag. Konventionen uppfattas svårtolkad av de flesta tränarna. Selektering och toppnings legitimitet upplevs utgöra i en gråzon i relation till konventionen. Flera av tränarnas beskrivningar indikerar att den svenska idrottsrörelsens struktur till stor del influerar verksamheternas förhållningssätt gentemot barnkonventionen. Den mest återkommande problematiska aspekten i relation till praktisk implementering upplevs vara barnens föräldrar.

This thesis titled Amendment to the social-legal protection of children from the perspective of employees of social-legal protection deals with the social-legal protection of children in the Czech Republic, where in connection with the adoption of the amendment to the social-legal protection of children effective from 1st January 2013 saw a number of changes in the activities of the social-legal protection of children and the exercise of social-legal protection of children in general. In this thesis describes the most important changes that the Law on the social-legal protection of children and bring briefly outlined in this work also changes from 1st January 2014 will bring an amendment to the Civil Code, the issue of social-legal protection of children is closely related. The empirical part of the thesis interprets the opinion of respondents - professionals in the adopted amendments, interprets their needs and opinions of management on the governing bodies and the good social-legal protection abroad. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)