The production of raw materials through mining projects is nowadays very challenging, mainly due to the rapid progress in the industrial and technological fields. On the one hand, they have to fulfill industries' requirements in their demand for materials while making a profit based on the current technologies. On the other hand, they should consider all other limitations, primarily environmental and social challenges that are confronting. The transportation system in any mining project is one of the most significant parts, especially in the technical and economic issues. It must transfer the planned volume of ore/waste that the whole stream of the mining process would not be interrupted and, it can cover the technical challenges and the costs imposed on the project. Additionally, it should be designed and selected to have the lowest environmental impact and the highest safety during the operation. Accordingly, a transportation system selection process that considers all these factors is one of the challenging issues in any mining project. Although the Truck-Shovel system is known as the conventional transportation in open-pit mines, which is preferable because of the low capital cost and high flexibility, it still imposes a high rate of operating costs, safety issues as well as environmental footprints. In-Pit Crushing and Conveying (IPCC) systems are the alternative transportation systems for the Truck-Shovel systems, in which the material is crushed inside the mine’s pit limit and transferred into the outside through conveyor belts. Although these systems are not new, they are mostly neglected as a transportation option basically due to the high capital cost and low flexibility. On the contrary, they can offer more environmentally friendly and safer working areas and a lower operating cost. According to these facts, each transportation system is preferable in a couple of technical, economic, environmental, safety, and social issues. Accordingly, in each circumstance, one or more of these systems can be used in the mining project. However, there is not yet a way or tool that investigates the transportation system selection along with the mine life that takes into account all of these factors. To fill this gap, this project aims to define a model to introduce all these elements while it is interactively connected throughout the mine life. For this and as the first step, the system dynamics modeling is defined and used to build the model for all the technical, economic, environmental, safety, and social factors. As an output of this step, software entitled “TEcESaS Indexes” is designed and produced through Venapp that makes working with the model comfortable. As the second step, a selection method based on the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) is performed that the transportation system selection regarding all the mentioned factors can be made. As the output in this step, the “Sustainability Index” software programmed in the Java language is developed. Considering a hypothetical copper open-pit mine as the case study and implementing the designed software, the results show although the Truck-Shovel system should be used in the first two years of the project (2016 and 2017) in the single expert and deterministic mode, the Fully Mobile In-Pit Crushing and Conveying (FMIPCC) system shows the highest sustainability index among other transportation systems from 2018 until the end of the mine life. While in the group decision making and deterministic simulation, the Truck-Shovel system should be utilized from 2016 to 2020. Additionally, in the group decision making and stochastic mode, the FMIPCC is the selected transportation system with the highest sustainability index probability.

Durch die Entwicklung der vorgestellten modularen Bauweise ist es möglich, Maschinengestelle aus Holzfurnierlagenverbundwerkstoff (WVC) einfach herzustellen und technisch sinnvoll einzusetzen. Die modulare Bauweise kann sowohl für statische als auch dynamische Beanspruchungen im Allge-meinen Maschinenbau angewendet werden. In einem Baukastensystem werden Maschinenteile aus WVC durch geeignete Verbindungsmittel lösbar zusammengesetzt. Damit ist es möglich, eine hohe Flexibilität in der späteren Nutzung mit einer hohen Variantenvielfalt des Aufbaus durch entsprechend verschiedene Bauteile zu kombinieren. Im Vortrag werden die verschiedenen Belastungen des Holzverbundes im Maschinenaufbau charakte-risiert und auf Probleme bei der Konstruktion eingegangen. Abschließend werden Ergebnisse zu Dau-eruntersuchungen der Verbindungstechnik und des gesamten Maschinenaufbaus vorgestellt und diskutiert. / The development of the presented modular construction allows to manufacture wood veneer compos-ite (WVC) machine racks easily in a technical reasonable way. The modular construction can be used for both static and dynamic loading conditions in mechanical engineering. In the modular construction system the WVC machine components are connected detachable with adequate fasteners. This leads to high flexibility during the construction and assembly process of machine components. In the current presentation the different loading conditions of WVC profiles are characterized and the problems during construction described. Finally the results of the long term testing of the connection technique are presented and the complete machine system is discussed.

In der technischen Logistik bieten Bauweisen aus Holzverbundwerkstoffen, speziell aus schichtförmigen aufgebauten Halbzeugen (WVC – Wood-Veneer- Composites), eine Alternative zu Konstruktionen aus Metallwerkstoffen, vor allem aufgrund ihrer guten spezifischen mechanischen Eigenschaften sowie ihrer günstigen Korrosionseigenschaften. Benötigte Verbindungsmittel entstammen dabei dem Bau- oder Möbelsektor und sind vorrangig statischen Belastungen angepasst. Der Vortrag gibt einen kurzen Einblick in Bauweisen mit WVC und stellt dabei Forschungsergebnisse zu statischen und dynamischen Untersuchungen an prinzipiell geeigneten Verbindungselementen in den Vordergrund. Dabei wird vor allem auf holztypische Problemstellungen im Zusammenhang mit dynamischen Belastungen eingegangen. An Funktionsmustern werden mögliche Anwendungen in der Fördertechnik, speziell für den Stückguttransport, dargestellt.

Aufbauend auf historischen Anwendungen von Holzwerkstoffen in der Technik werden Vor- und Nachteile aus der Sicht des Maschinenbaus dargestellt sowie eine aktuelle Eignung dahingehend diskutiert. Besondere Aufmerksamkeit erfährt der integrative Leichtbau mit Holzfurnierlagenverbundwerkstoffen (Wood Veneer Composite, WVC). Durch deren modifizierbares Eigenschaftsprofil, in Verbindung mit einer an den Anwendungsfall angepassten Bauweise, ist eine zusätzliche Funktionsintegration möglich. Das Potenzial der Holzwerkstoffe wird an verschiedenen Konstruktionsbeispielen erläutert. Ergänzend werden Biege-Ersatz Emodul und Bauteilverformung eines Strukturelementes sowie Ergebnisse aus Ermüdungsversuchen der Verbindungstechnik dargestellt. Abschließend werden Probleme beider Umsetzung verschiedener Prototypen beschrieben und deren Lösung aufgezeigt. / Based on several historical applications of Wood Veneer Composites (WVC) the advantages and disadvantages of wood materials in today`s mechanical and plant engineering are discussed. Integrated WVC lightweight structures are especially taken into account. The highly modifiable mechanical properties of WVC’s allow application-adapted integration of further technical functions. The capabilities of integrated lightweight structures based on wood materials are demonstrated on several technical applications. Furthermore results of flexural tests, precisely the retrieved substitutet bending modulus and the maximal deflection as well as results of fatigue testing of the connecting components are given. Finally problems occurring during realization of WVC lightweight prototypes and their potential solutions are shown.

Syftet med den här studien är att få en djupare inblick i hur några få svenska folkmusiker resonerar kring begreppen bevarande, förankring och interpretation i den svenska folkmusikaliska traditionen – i det egna musicerandet såväl som i den egna undervisningen. Definitioner av och resonemang kring traditionsbegreppet i relation till begreppen bevarande, förankring och interpretation utgör studiens teoretiska utgångspunkter. För att få svar på mina forskningsfrågor har jag intervjuat fyra av Sveriges, i olika mån erfarna och framträdande musiker och lärare inom den folkmusikaliska genren, med kvalitativ intervju som metod. Genom att analysera resonemang kring dessa begrepp är avsikten att presentera en sammanställning av vad som är av störst betydelse i det egna musicerandet samt i den egna undervisningen för dessa personer.  Samtliga informanter värderar interpretation mycket högt såväl i det egna musicerandet som i den egna undervisningen. Vidare fann jag vissa skillnader i hur informanterna uttryckte sig om värdet av bevarandet och förankringen i den folkmusikaliska traditionen. Samtliga informanter var dock överens om att förankringen i någon mån finns med såväl i det egna musicerandet som i den egna undervisningen. Tankarna som berör traditionsbevarande presenteras och i studien går att få en bild av ett visst avståndstagande från begreppet. Informanterna talar hellre om förankring, förmedling och förvaltande än bevarande av musiken. / The goal with this study is to illuminate the thoughts of a selected number of Swedish folk musicians and teachers regarding conservation, anchoring and interpretation in the Swedish folk music tradition – in their own music making as well as in their own teaching. Definitions of and reasoning around the terms of traditions in relation to the concepts mentioned above, is the basic theoretical principles of the study. In order to get answers to my research questions I have interviewed four Swedish folk musicians and teachers with different experience, with qualitative interview as my method. The intention of analyzing the informants’ thoughts related to these concepts is to present a compilation of what is most significant in their own music making and in their own teaching.  All informants value interpretation very high in their own music making and teaching. Further, I also found certain differences in how the informants express themselves regarding the value of conservation and anchoring in the folk musical tradition. Nevertheless, all informants agreed upon that the anchoring is included in their own music making and their own teaching to some extent. When questions concerning the concept of conserving traditional music is presented to the informants in the study, a certain amount of distancing towards the concept itself is clear; the informants rather talk about anchoring, conveying and preservation of the music.

Dans le contexte du développement d’une agriculture durable, il est nécessaire d’optimiser le coût énergétique des opérations agricoles tout en garantissant des temps de travaux courts ainsi que la qualité des opérations réalisées. Cette question concerne en particulier l’opération du semis qui est déterminante pour la qualité de la future récolte. Les semoirs de grande capacité et à haute productivité conçus aujourd’hui se doivent d’être compatibles avec cet ensemble de contraintes. L’enjeu essentiel de cette thèse est donc d’élaborer une méthodologie innovante et utilisant des outils de modélisation dans le but de réduire la consommation énergétique des matériels de semis. En suivant cette logique, nous avons étudié quatre aspects clef de la conception des semoirs pneumatiques : la manœuvrabilité des semoirs poly-articulés, l’établissement des conditions du transport pneumatique des semences et des engrais, l’optimisation des systèmes de répartition des semences ou des engrais, et enfin les aspects énergétiques du mode d’introduction des semences dans le circuit pneumatique. Chaque modélisation a été précédée par une phase expérimentale de détermination des phénomènes majoritaires influençant le processus étudié. Ensuite une modélisation du processus étudié, basée sur la simulation des effets du phénomène majoritaire identifié a pu être mise en œuvre et des conclusions, appuyées par des essais expérimentaux, proposées quant à la conception des semoirs pneumatiques. L’étude de la manœuvrabilité des ensembles poly articulés a démontré qu’il était possible de proposer et de tester un modèle explicatif de prédiction de trajectoires adapté aux engins agricoles. Cette approche ouvre la voie à l’optimisation et à de nouvelles méthodes d’automatisation de manœuvres complexes, notamment des demi-tours en bout de champ. Il est par ailleurs possible de démontrer qu’une trémie en position arrière permet de réaligner plus rapidement la barre de semis après une manœuvre. L’étude des conditions du transport pneumatique a montré notamment que l’établissement de conditions de transport correctes au niveau des sorties de la tête de distribution conditionne l’ensemble de la conception du circuit de distribution de la matière. L’étude des systèmes de répartition des semences a permis d’expliquer l’origine des principaux défauts de répartition observés et notamment l’importance de l’adéquation entre le coude et la conduite verticale qui précède la tête de répartition des semences. Ces résultats ont ouvert la voie à l’étude de la mise en place de systèmes d’anticipation et de correction de ces défauts. Enfin l’étude comparée de deux systèmes d’introduction de la matière dans un circuit pneumatique a montré que du point de vue énergétique les systèmes pressurisés sont plus intéressants que les systèmes injecteurs. / In the context of sustainable farming, the optimization of the energy costs of agricultural operations allows shorter working times and high quality of the agricultural operations. This question relates particularly to the seeding. This operation one is decisive for the quality of the future harvest. The modern high capacity seed drills must be compatible with all the constraints. The main goal of this PhD thesis is thus to develop an innovative methodology, integrating the modeling tools, in order to reduce the energy consumption of the heavy seeding equipment. Thus, we explored four key aspects concerning air seed drill design: maneuverability of poly-articulated seed drills; establishment of the pneumatic conveying conditions of seeds and fertilizers; seed distribution accuracy optimization, and finally the energy aspects of the air stream loading systems. Each modeling was preceded by a preliminary experimental phase, defying the majority phenomena influencing the studied process. The modeling of the studied process and the conclusions (supported by experimental trials) have been proposed for the design of air seed drills. The study of maneuverability of poly-articulated agricultural machines showed that it was possible to get and test an explanatory model of trajectory prediction adapted for agricultural machines. This approach opens the way for optimization and automation of complex operations, including U-turns on headlands. We showed that a towed behind storage hopper (air-cart) allows faster realignment of the coulter bar after maneuvers. The study of pneumatic conveying conditions showed that the establishment of the correct conveying conditions in the outlets after the dispensing head defines the entire design of the distribution system. The study of seed distribution systems explains that the origin of the low distribution accuracy is caused in particular by the elbow and the vertical pipe before the dispensing head. These results open the way for the development of anticipation systems and correction of these defects. Finally the comparative study of two air-stream loading systems has showed that from the energy point of view the pressurized systems are more interesting than the injectors systems. / В рамках концепции устойчивого развития, необходимо учитывать энергетический аспект, сохраняя при этом эффективность использования рабочего времени и качества выполнения сельскохозяйственных операций. Особенно, это касается операции посева, определяющей в наибольшей степени будущий урожай. Современные широкозахватные зерновые сеялки и посевные комплексы вписываются в рамки устойчивого сельского хозяйства. Главной целью данной диссертации является разработка действенной методики проектирования пневматических сеялок, применяя методы моделирования и оптимизации, с целью уменьшения энергопотребления. Таким образом, мы использовали причинно-следственный подход для энергетической оптимизации четырех определяющих параметров: маневренность многозвеньевых посевных машин, обоснования необходимых условий пневмотранспорта, оптимизация распределения посевного материала, и ввода материала в магистральный трубопровод. В дополнение, снижение энергопотребления не должно сказываться на качестве выполнения технологического процесса посева. Моделирование каждого процесса, является следствием длительной экспериментальной фазы, посвященной определению наиболее значимых факторов, для каждого отдельного явления. В результате моделирований, симуляций и анализа, были составлены практические рекомендации, для конструкторов пневматических сеялок. Изучение маневренных характеристик многозвеньевых агрегатов позволило предложить и испытать физическую модель, позволяющую предопределить траекторию движение каждого звена машинно-тракторного агрегата. Такой подход позволяет автоматизировать выполнение наиболее сложных маневров (например, разворотов в конце гона). Кроме всего было показано, что заднеприцепные бункера позволяют более быстрое выравнивание агрегата после разворота. Изучение условий пневмотранспорта, позволило установить оптимальные, с точки зрения энергосбережения, параметры пневмотранспорта на выходе из распределительной головки, что послужило исходными данными для расчета характеристик пневмотранспорта в целом. Исследование процесса распределения семян в распределительной головке вертикального типа, позволило определить причины неравномерного распределения семян между выходными трубопроводами, в частности влияние отвода и вертикального трубопровода. На основании полученных данных, было предложена система устройств, позволяющих избежать возникновения завалов в системе, при минимальных энергопотерях. Сравнительные исследования двух систем ввода материала в магистральный трубопровод, позволили заключить, что питатели с наддувом являются менее энергоемкими по сравнению с питателями эжекторного типа.

In power plants using large utility coal-fired boilers for generation of electricity the coal is pulverised in coal mills and then it has to be pneumatically transported and distributed to a larger number of burners (e.g. 30-40) circumferentially arranged in several rows around the burning chamber of the boiler. Besides the large pipework flow splitting devices are necessary for distribution of an equal amount of pulverised fuel (PF) to each of the burners. So called trifurcators (without inner fittings or guiding vanes) and ''riffle'' type bifurcators are commonly used to split the gas-coal particle flow into two or three pipes/channels with an equal amount of PF mass flow rate in each outflow cross section of the flow splitting device. These PF flow splitting devices are subject of a number of problems. First of all an uneven distribution of PF over the burners of a large utility boiler leads to operational and maintenance problems, increased level of unburned carbon and higher rates of NOX emissions. Maldistribution of fuel between burners caused by non uniform concentration of the PF (particle roping) in pipe and channel bends prior to flow splitting devices leads to uncontrolled differences in the fuel to air ratio between burners. This results in localised regions in the furnace which are fuel rich, where insufficient air causes incomplete combustion of the fuel. Other regions in the furnace become fuel lean, forming high local concentrations of NOX due to the high local concentrations of O2. Otherwise PF maldistribution can impact on power plant maintenance in terms of uneven wear on PF pipework, flow splitters as well as the effects on boiler panels (PF deposition, corrosion, slagging). In order to address these problems in establishing uniform PF distribution over the outlet cross sections of flow splitting devices in the pipework of coal-fired power plants the present paper deals with numerical prediction and analysis of the complex gas and coal particle (PF) flow through trifurcators and ''riffle'' type bifurcators. The numerical investigation is based on a 3-dimensional Eulerian- Lagrangian approach (MISTRAL/PartFlow-3D) developed by Frank et al. The numerical method is capable to predict isothermal, incompressible, steady gas- particle flows in 3-dimensional, geometrically complex flow geometries using boundary fitted, block-structured, numerical grids. Due to the very high numerical effort of the investigated gas-particle flows the numerical approach has been developed with special emphasis on efficient parallel computing on clusters of workstations or other high performance computing architectures. Besides the aerodynamically interaction between the carrier fluid phase and the PF particles the gas-particle flow is mainly influenced by particle-wall interactions with the outer wall boundaries and the inner fittings and guiding vanes of the investigated flow splitting devices. In order to allow accurate quantitative prediction of the motion of the disperse phase the numerical model requires detailed information about the particle-wall collision process. In commonly used physical models of the particle-wall interaction this is the knowledge or experimental prediction of the restitution coefficients (dynamic friction coefficient, coefficient of restitution) for the used combination of particle and wall material, e.g. PF particles on steel. In the present investigation these parameters of the particle-wall interaction model have been obtained from special experiments in two test facilities. Basic experiments to clarify the details of the particle-wall interaction process were made in a test facility with a spherical disk accelerator. This test facility furthermore provides the opportunity to investigate the bouncing process under normal pressure as well as under vacuum conditions, thus excluding aerodynamically influences on the motion of small particles in the near vicinity of solid wall surfaces (especially under small angles of attack). In this experiments spherical glass beads were used as particle material. In a second test facility we have investigated the real impact of non-spherical pulverised fuel particles on a steel/ceramic target. In this experiments PF particles were accelerated by an injector using inert gas like e.g. CO2 or N2 as the carrier phase in order to avoid dust explosion hazards. The obtained data for the particle-wall collision models were compared to those obtained for glass spheres, where bouncing models are proofed to be valid. Furthermore the second test facility was used to obtain particle erosion rates for PF particles on steel targets as a function of impact angles and velocities. The results of experimental investigations has been incorporated into the numerical model. Hereafter the numerical approach MISTRAL/PartFlow-3D has been applied to the PF flow through a ''riffle'' type bifurcator. Using ICEM/CFD-Hexa as grid generator a numerical mesh with approximately 4 million grid cells has been designed for approximation of the complex geometry of the flow splitting device with all its interior fittings and guiding vanes. Based on a predicted gas flow field a large number of PF particles are tracked throughout the flow geometry of the flow-splitter. Besides mean quantities of the particle flow field like e.g. local particle concentrations, mean particle velocities, distribution of mean particle diameter, etc. it is now possible to obtain information about particle erosion on riffle plates and guiding vanes of the flow splitting device. Furthermore the influence of different roping patterns in front of the flow splitter on the uniformness of PF mass flow rate splitting after the bifurcator has been investigated numerically. Results show the efficient operation of the investigated bifurcator in absence of particle roping, this means under conditions of an uniform PF particle concentration distribution in the inflow cross section of the bifurcator. If particle roping occurs and particle concentration differs over the pipe cross section in front of the bifurcator the equal PF particle mass flow rate splitting can be strongly deteriorated in dependence on the location and intensity of the particle rope or particle concentration irregularities. The presented results show the importance of further development of efficient rope splitting devices for applications in coal-fired power plants. Numerical analysis can be used as an efficient tool for their investigation and further optimisation under various operating and flow conditions.

Vibrationsförderer sind Stetigförderer, welche Fördergüter durch periodische Schwingbewegungen in gerichtete Bewegungen versetzen. Vibrationsförderer sind in der Handhabungstechnik, der Zuführung von Mikrobauteilen und feinen Pulvern, sowie in der Schüttgut verarbeitenden Schwerindustrie weit verbreitet. In dieser Arbeit erfolgt nach der Betrachtung des Stands der Technik von Vibrationsförderern und den Interpretationsmöglichkeiten der Förderorganbewegung, die Vorstellung und Diskussion weiterer analytischer Berechnungsansätze. Anschließend werden Störprozesse, die während des Guttransportes auf Vibrationsförderern immer wieder beobachtet werden, erstmals klassifiziert und mathematisch beschrieben. Um die DEM-Simulation von Vibrationswendelförderern und linearen Vibrationsförderern unter Verwendung des Gleit-, Wurf- und Haft-Gleitförderprinzips in der Software LIGGGHTS zu ermöglichen, wurde eine Softwareerweiterung entwickelt. Diese Erweiterung umfasst zwei Module, welche die Bewegungen von importierten CAD-Geometrien auf Basis von als Fourierreihen definierten harmonischen Schwingungen höherer Ordnung ermöglichen. Das Befehlsmodul viblin ermöglicht die Definition von translatorischen Schwingungen. Das Modul vibrot ermöglicht die Definition von Rotationsschwingungen um eine raumfeste Achse. Beide Bewegungsmodule ermöglichen die Definition von komplexen Schwingungszuständen der CAD-Geometrien. Untersuchungen der Mikroprozesse innerhalb einer Arbeitsperiode zeigen, für die Förderarten Wurf und Gleiten, alle notwendigen Abschnitte der Kraft- und Geschwindigkeitsverläufe am Fördergut. Die durchgeführten Validierungen stellen die Verwendung der DEM als Simulationswerkzeug in der Vibrationsfördertechnik sicher. Auf der Basis der abschließend durchgeführten Parameterstudien können in Zukunft Kalibrierungsmethoden bezüglich des Verhaltens von Partikeln auf vibrierenden Unterlagen entwickelt werden. / Vibratory conveyors are continuous conveyors which move the materials to be conveyed by periodic vibrations of the conveyor chute. Vibrating conveyors are used in handling technology, the supply of micro components and fine powders, as well as in bulk material processing heavy industry. Within this work the state of the art of vibratory conveyors and alternative interpretations of the conveyor movement are introduced. Afterwards further analytical approaches are discussed. Subsequently, interfering processes, which occur during the transport of the materials on vibratory conveyors are classified and mathematically described. To simulate vibrating spiral conveyors and linear vibration conveyors using the sliding, throwing or sticking-glide conveyor principle in the software LIGGGHTS, a software extension was developed. This extension includes two software modules, to define the movements of imported CAD geometries on the basis of as Fourier series defined harmonic oscillations. The viblin command module allows the definition of translatory vibrations. The module vibrot allows the definition of rotational vibrations around a fixed axis. Both motion modules allow the definition of complex vibrational states of the CAD geometries. Investigations of the micro processes within a working period showed all necessary sections of the force and speed progression on the conveyed particles for the conveyor principles of micro throw and slide. The validations constitute the basic function of the DEM as a simulation tool in the vibratory conveyor technology. The final parameter studies can be used to develop calibration methods to describe the motion of particles on vibrating plates

In power plants using large utility coal-fired boilers for generation of electricity the coal is pulverised in coal mills and then it has to be pneumatically transported and distributed to a larger number of burners (e.g. 30-40) circumferentially arranged in several rows around the burning chamber of the boiler. Besides the large pipework flow splitting devices are necessary for distribution of an equal amount of pulverised fuel (PF) to each of the burners. So called trifurcators (without inner fittings or guiding vanes) and ''riffle'' type bifurcators are commonly used to split the gas-coal particle flow into two or three pipes/channels with an equal amount of PF mass flow rate in each outflow cross section of the flow splitting device. These PF flow splitting devices are subject of a number of problems. First of all an uneven distribution of PF over the burners of a large utility boiler leads to operational and maintenance problems, increased level of unburned carbon and higher rates of NOX emissions. Maldistribution of fuel between burners caused by non uniform concentration of the PF (particle roping) in pipe and channel bends prior to flow splitting devices leads to uncontrolled differences in the fuel to air ratio between burners. This results in localised regions in the furnace which are fuel rich, where insufficient air causes incomplete combustion of the fuel. Other regions in the furnace become fuel lean, forming high local concentrations of NOX due to the high local concentrations of O2. Otherwise PF maldistribution can impact on power plant maintenance in terms of uneven wear on PF pipework, flow splitters as well as the effects on boiler panels (PF deposition, corrosion, slagging). In order to address these problems in establishing uniform PF distribution over the outlet cross sections of flow splitting devices in the pipework of coal-fired power plants the present paper deals with numerical prediction and analysis of the complex gas and coal particle (PF) flow through trifurcators and ''riffle'' type bifurcators. The numerical investigation is based on a 3-dimensional Eulerian- Lagrangian approach (MISTRAL/PartFlow-3D) developed by Frank et al. The numerical method is capable to predict isothermal, incompressible, steady gas- particle flows in 3-dimensional, geometrically complex flow geometries using boundary fitted, block-structured, numerical grids. Due to the very high numerical effort of the investigated gas-particle flows the numerical approach has been developed with special emphasis on efficient parallel computing on clusters of workstations or other high performance computing architectures. Besides the aerodynamically interaction between the carrier fluid phase and the PF particles the gas-particle flow is mainly influenced by particle-wall interactions with the outer wall boundaries and the inner fittings and guiding vanes of the investigated flow splitting devices. In order to allow accurate quantitative prediction of the motion of the disperse phase the numerical model requires detailed information about the particle-wall collision process. In commonly used physical models of the particle-wall interaction this is the knowledge or experimental prediction of the restitution coefficients (dynamic friction coefficient, coefficient of restitution) for the used combination of particle and wall material, e.g. PF particles on steel. In the present investigation these parameters of the particle-wall interaction model have been obtained from special experiments in two test facilities. Basic experiments to clarify the details of the particle-wall interaction process were made in a test facility with a spherical disk accelerator. This test facility furthermore provides the opportunity to investigate the bouncing process under normal pressure as well as under vacuum conditions, thus excluding aerodynamically influences on the motion of small particles in the near vicinity of solid wall surfaces (especially under small angles of attack). In this experiments spherical glass beads were used as particle material. In a second test facility we have investigated the real impact of non-spherical pulverised fuel particles on a steel/ceramic target. In this experiments PF particles were accelerated by an injector using inert gas like e.g. CO2 or N2 as the carrier phase in order to avoid dust explosion hazards. The obtained data for the particle-wall collision models were compared to those obtained for glass spheres, where bouncing models are proofed to be valid. Furthermore the second test facility was used to obtain particle erosion rates for PF particles on steel targets as a function of impact angles and velocities. The results of experimental investigations has been incorporated into the numerical model. Hereafter the numerical approach MISTRAL/PartFlow-3D has been applied to the PF flow through a ''riffle'' type bifurcator. Using ICEM/CFD-Hexa as grid generator a numerical mesh with approximately 4 million grid cells has been designed for approximation of the complex geometry of the flow splitting device with all its interior fittings and guiding vanes. Based on a predicted gas flow field a large number of PF particles are tracked throughout the flow geometry of the flow-splitter. Besides mean quantities of the particle flow field like e.g. local particle concentrations, mean particle velocities, distribution of mean particle diameter, etc. it is now possible to obtain information about particle erosion on riffle plates and guiding vanes of the flow splitting device. Furthermore the influence of different roping patterns in front of the flow splitter on the uniformness of PF mass flow rate splitting after the bifurcator has been investigated numerically. Results show the efficient operation of the investigated bifurcator in absence of particle roping, this means under conditions of an uniform PF particle concentration distribution in the inflow cross section of the bifurcator. If particle roping occurs and particle concentration differs over the pipe cross section in front of the bifurcator the equal PF particle mass flow rate splitting can be strongly deteriorated in dependence on the location and intensity of the particle rope or particle concentration irregularities. The presented results show the importance of further development of efficient rope splitting devices for applications in coal-fired power plants. Numerical analysis can be used as an efficient tool for their investigation and further optimisation under various operating and flow conditions.

Vibrationsförderer sind Stetigförderer, welche Fördergüter durch periodische Schwingbewegungen in gerichtete Bewegungen versetzen. Vibrationsförderer sind in der Handhabungstechnik, der Zuführung von Mikrobauteilen und feinen Pulvern, sowie in der Schüttgut verarbeitenden Schwerindustrie weit verbreitet. In dieser Arbeit erfolgt nach der Betrachtung des Stands der Technik von Vibrationsförderern und den Interpretationsmöglichkeiten der Förderorganbewegung, die Vorstellung und Diskussion weiterer analytischer Berechnungsansätze. Anschließend werden Störprozesse, die während des Guttransportes auf Vibrationsförderern immer wieder beobachtet werden, erstmals klassifiziert und mathematisch beschrieben. Um die DEM-Simulation von Vibrationswendelförderern und linearen Vibrationsförderern unter Verwendung des Gleit-, Wurf- und Haft-Gleitförderprinzips in der Software LIGGGHTS zu ermöglichen, wurde eine Softwareerweiterung entwickelt. Diese Erweiterung umfasst zwei Module, welche die Bewegungen von importierten CAD-Geometrien auf Basis von als Fourierreihen definierten harmonischen Schwingungen höherer Ordnung ermöglichen. Das Befehlsmodul viblin ermöglicht die Definition von translatorischen Schwingungen. Das Modul vibrot ermöglicht die Definition von Rotationsschwingungen um eine raumfeste Achse. Beide Bewegungsmodule ermöglichen die Definition von komplexen Schwingungszuständen der CAD-Geometrien. Untersuchungen der Mikroprozesse innerhalb einer Arbeitsperiode zeigen, für die Förderarten Wurf und Gleiten, alle notwendigen Abschnitte der Kraft- und Geschwindigkeitsverläufe am Fördergut. Die durchgeführten Validierungen stellen die Verwendung der DEM als Simulationswerkzeug in der Vibrationsfördertechnik sicher. Auf der Basis der abschließend durchgeführten Parameterstudien können in Zukunft Kalibrierungsmethoden bezüglich des Verhaltens von Partikeln auf vibrierenden Unterlagen entwickelt werden. / Vibratory conveyors are continuous conveyors which move the materials to be conveyed by periodic vibrations of the conveyor chute. Vibrating conveyors are used in handling technology, the supply of micro components and fine powders, as well as in bulk material processing heavy industry. Within this work the state of the art of vibratory conveyors and alternative interpretations of the conveyor movement are introduced. Afterwards further analytical approaches are discussed. Subsequently, interfering processes, which occur during the transport of the materials on vibratory conveyors are classified and mathematically described. To simulate vibrating spiral conveyors and linear vibration conveyors using the sliding, throwing or sticking-glide conveyor principle in the software LIGGGHTS, a software extension was developed. This extension includes two software modules, to define the movements of imported CAD geometries on the basis of as Fourier series defined harmonic oscillations. The viblin command module allows the definition of translatory vibrations. The module vibrot allows the definition of rotational vibrations around a fixed axis. Both motion modules allow the definition of complex vibrational states of the CAD geometries. Investigations of the micro processes within a working period showed all necessary sections of the force and speed progression on the conveyed particles for the conveyor principles of micro throw and slide. The validations constitute the basic function of the DEM as a simulation tool in the vibratory conveyor technology. The final parameter studies can be used to develop calibration methods to describe the motion of particles on vibrating plates