Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:25:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rosangela Laskoski Biscaia.pdf: 432230 bytes, checksum: 8c3dd6843bea83a71bfac1a842bb09d2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-02-10 / The bad-faith litigation is without a shadow of a doubt a maleficent behavior that stains the branch of the procedural law, because the part using the proper ways that the law confers to it, litigates in an abusive way bringing damage not only to the adverse part but also to the judiciary structure, which is in the total dependence of the disloyal acts, remaining harm to the whole society and why not to say the credibility of proper justice. The worry of the legislator in restraining the acts of litigation of bad-faith is as older as the proper of Law History. The man worried in finding a way to discipline the human acquaintance, created the law with the goal of providing a harmonious acquaintance to the human beings. However, he immediately felt obliged to create patterns to inhibit that the proper law was a bad-faith instrument of litigation. This fact appears demonstrated in the litigation of bad-faith history, where the concern of foreign legislation is depicted as well as the national doctrine of making difficult disloyal acts that stain the instrumental law. Sometimes, the bad faith litigation is located in a misty position, making it difficult to the interpreter to evidence if it really is a bad-faith litigation act, or if it is out of practice of his rights, such as those assured in our Carta Maior (Big Letter) when it assures us that the law will not exclude the appreciation of the Judiciary injury or threat of right, assuring everybody about the legal defense and the contradictory in the judicial and administrative lawsuit. Therefore, we make an analysis of the moral process and the own contaminated act of bad-faith litigation, adjusting the concepts of law evolution that follows the human being evolution to assure the effectiveness of this study. We analyze the behavior of the parts that appears in the lawsuit, with the objective of searching the major cause of the existence of the disloyal procedure. We portrait the behavior of the bad-faith litigant, trying to clarify all the attitudes that reflects in this undesirable behavior, which must be repelled, preventing the ruin of the patterns that support the State while owner of power-duty of saying the law. The study develops itself giving emphasis to the working lawsuit evidencing the behaviors that reflect the bad-faith litigation and the damages that appear from it. The legislative evolution is also the target of commentaries and it is trying to demonstrate if the laws are really efficient to prevent the performance of bad-faith litigation act. We will analyze the imposed penalties, trying to demonstrate if the existing legislation prevents and it avoids the performance of bad-faith litigant acts. Thus, the study is always carried out, approaching the concern of giving effectiveness to the patterns that forbid such abusive practice in order to preserves the respect to the dignity of the human being and the proper justice / A litigância de má-fé é, sem sombra de dúvida, um comportamento maléfico que macula o ramo do direito processual, pois, a parte, usando dos próprios meios que a lei lhe confere, litiga de forma abusiva, trazendo prejuízos não só a parte adversa, mas também a toda a estrutura judiciária, a qual fica a mercê dos atos desleais, advindo prejuízo para toda a sociedade e por que não dizer a credibilidade da própria justiça. Tão antiga quanto a própria história do direito é a preocupação do legislador em coibir os atos de litigância de má-fé. O homem preocupado em disciplinar a convivência humana, criou o direito com o objetivo de proporcionar aos seres humanos uma convivência harmoniosa. Entretanto, imediatamente se viu obrigado a criar normas para impedir que o próprio direito fosse instrumento de litigância de má-fé. Tal fato resta demonstrado no histórico da litigância de má-fé, onde se retrata a preocupação da legislação estrangeira bem como a doutrina nacional em dificultar os atos desleais que maculam o direito instrumental, constituindo-se num verdadeiro assédio processual, o que impede por muitas vezes que o direito reconhecido pelo Estado juiz não se torne efetivo. A litigância de má-fé, às vezes, situa-se numa posição nebulosa, dificultando ao interprete evidenciar se realmente se trata de um ato de litigância de má-fé, ou se esta a parte a exercer seus direitos tais qual aqueles assegurados em nossa Carta Maior quando nos assegura que a lei não excluirá da apreciação do Poder Judiciário lesão ou ameaça de direito, assegurando a todos a nos processos judiciais e administrativo a ampla defesa e o contraditório. Para tanto faremos uma analise do processo, da moral e do próprio ato eivado de litigância de má-fé, adequando os conceitos a própria evolução do direito que acompanha a evolução humana, pois se assim não fosse não poderíamos falar em efetividade das normas jurídicas.. Analisamos o comportamento das partes que figuram no processo, com o objetivo de buscar a causa maior da existência do procedimento desleal. Retrataremos o comportamento do litigante de má-fé, procurando esclarecer todas as atitudes que reflete nesse comportamento indesejado o qual deve ser repelido, evitando assim a ruína das normas que amparam o Estado enquanto detentor do poder-dever de dizer o direito. O estudo se desenvolve dando ênfase ao processo trabalhista evidenciando os comportamentos que refletem a litigância de má-fé e os prejuízos que dela decorrem. A evolução legislativa também é alvo de comentários, buscando com isso demonstrar se as leis se mostram de tal eficiente para coibirem a litigância de má-fé. Analisaremos as penalidades impostas, procurando demonstrar se a legislação existente previne e impede a atuação dos litigantes de má-fé. Assim, o estudo é realizado, sempre abordando a preocupação de dar efetividade às normas que proíbem tal prática abusiva a fim de que se preserve o respeito à dignidade do ser humano e da própria justiça

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:23:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Gustavo Henrique Pacheco Belucci.pdf: 1750402 bytes, checksum: d2c1ad1badd728c79ded0e672fc8a126 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-10-09 / The central theme to be developed lies in the formation of the conviction of the magistrate and the elements that make this convincing, given by the system (procedural factors), and the related sciences of law, such as philosophy, sociology, logic, mathematics, etc. (extra procedural factors), in prove that these factors combine. The working part of the effectiveness of the process, which will be studied in order to ensure conditions conducive to accurate and complete reconstruction of the relevant facts of the case and also the influence of the Constitution, to study how the court system has about the construction of the conviction of the magistrate, grounded in the general theory of proof and factors extra procedurals, philosophical and logical to then utters decision, which will produce not only the simple application of the law, but a complex theory which is the formation of the conviction of the judge. The factors are divided trainers conviction on procedural and extra procedurals, these being internal and external. By procedural factors may be indicated in the evidence related species by the system, and how extra procedurals, those internal factors (rules are studied by the integration of the right) and external training of conviction (culture and values). These extra procedurals external elements shall be studied based on a philosophical concept. It was decided, accordingly to the study, and the philosophy of law of Miguel Reale, Lourival Vilanova e Paulo de Barros Carvalho, the doctrine of David Hume (eighteenth century), and John Stuart Mill (nineteenth century) in his work Treatise of Human Nature and On Liberty, respectively, for evidence the influence of the external environment and the society on people and consequently, the formation of the formation of the conviction of the Magistrate, relating brief case study at the end of chapters four and five. It will be presented, by the end of the chapters, the correspondence of the themes with the Project of New CPC (PL 8.046/2010). For these motives, the theme chosen is: The formation of the conviction of the magistrate - the effectiveness of judicial review of the evidence and the maxims of experience. The influence of philosophy and the sciences auxiliary of law in this operation / O tema central a ser desenvolvido situa-se na formação da convicção do magistrado e nos elementos que formam esse convencimento, dados pelo sistema (fatores processuais provas em espécie), e pelas ciências afins do direito, tais como a filosofia, sociologia, lógica, matemática, cultura, valores etc. (fatores extraprocessuais, internos e externos do sistema), na demonstração que estes se combinam. O trabalho parte da efetividade do processo, que será estudada no sentido de assegurar condições propícias à exata e completa reconstituição dos fatos relevantes do processo e também da influência da Constituição, para estudar como o sistema processual dispõe acerca da construção do convencimento do magistrado, embasado na teoria geral da prova e nos fatores extraprocessuais, filosóficos e lógicos para que então se profira decisão, que será produto não somente da simples aplicação da lei, mas de um complexo teórico que é a formação do convencimento do juiz. São divididos os fatores formadores da convicção em processuais e extraprocessuais, sendo estes últimos internos e externos. Pelos fatores processuais, podem-se indicar as provas em espécie relacionadas pelo sistema, e como extraprocessuais, aqueles fatores internos (que são estudados pelas regras de integração do direito) e externos da formação da convicção (representados pela cultura e pelos valores). Estes elementos extraprocessuais externos serão estudados tendo por base uma concepção filosófica. Optou-se, nesse sentido, por estudar, além da filosofia do Direito de Miguel Reale, Lourival Vilanova e Paulo de Barros Carvalho, a doutrina de David Hume (século XVIII) e de John Stuart Mill (Século XIX) em suas obras Tratado da Natureza Humana e Sobre a Liberdade, respectivamente, pois evidenciam a influência do meio externo e da sociedade nas pessoas e por consequência, na formação da formação da convicção do Magistrado, relacionando um breve estudo de casos ao final dos capítulos quatro e cinco. Serão, do mesmo modo, apresentados ao final dos capítulos, a correspondência dos temas com o Projeto de Novo CPC (PL 8.046/2010). Por esses motivos, optou-se pelo tema: A formação da convicção do magistrado da efetividade à análise judicial da prova e as máximas de experiência. A influência da filosofia e das ciências auxiliares do direito nessa operação

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No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 803612 bytes, checksum: 1ca14569ad78828c4a7f5b9593325ab4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-20 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / From the great legitimation system conquered by the special civil courts system for consumers (small-claims courts), to allow, independent of the intermediation of the attorney or of the the preparation of legal costs, a bigger effectiveness of the access to justice in demands proposed in relation to to organizational litigants, will be analyzed in this study, specifically, in relation to claims for repetition rates like TAC/TEC and resembled in vehicle financing contracts, the legitimacy and effectiveness of the interference of judicial activity, assigned to Superior Court STJ in place of complaints and special features, from the creation of normative control erga omnes, contained in the precedent of the RE 571.572ED, from the the Supreme Court - STF, and the difficulties raised from the practical inconsequences of such decision in relation to the system of courts, constitutionally established without ordinary control of that Superior Court of Justice. It is that the novel binding of judges to the superior courts of law does not fit the peculiar principle of sociability matter of law contained in the art.6º, of the Law No. 9099/95, which states that the magistrate adopts, in each case, the "decision considered fair and equitable, addressing the social purposes of the law and the requirements of the common good", and which criteria privilege the construction of the ratio decidendi less exegetical, that can be better understood with the use of the method abduction of Charles Sanders Peirce, in a context of discovery in which the preconceptions of the applicator would indicate what would be more believable in law debate, reflecting on the fact put in order to build, in the context of justification of the rhetoric of judicial entimema, its understanding. To this end the suspension of proceedings determined by Exma. Ministra Isabel Gallotti will be examined, in the records of REsp 1.251.331-RS, who answered a request from FEBRABAN preventing the processing of actions even tried in the first instance as well as the judgment of the Second Section that followed it, that searching for a standardization of judicial understanding, brought serious practical inconsistencies before the theory of law, especially consumerist legislation and procedural logic, regarding a matter that involves more than two hundred and eighty-five thousand lawsuits processes in progress, in which it is discussed the legality of charging of credit facility, issuance docket and resembled in bank financing contracts. / A partir da grande legitimação conquistada pelo sistema de juizados especiais cíveis perante os consumidores, por permitir, independente da intermediação de advogado ou do preparo de despesas processuais, uma maior efetivação do acesso à justiça em demandas propostas em relação aos litigantes organizacionais, analisar-se-á, neste trabalho, especificamente, em relação a pleitos de repetição de tarifas tipo TAC/TEC e assemelhadas em contratos de financiamento de veículos, a legitimidade e efetividade da interferência da atividade jurisdicional, atribuída ao Superior Tribunal de Justiça STJ em sede de reclamações e recursos especiais, a partir da criação normativa de controle erga omnes, constante do precedente do RE 571.572ED, do Supremo Tribunal Federal STF, e as dificuldades advindas pelas inconsequências práticas de tal decisão em relação ao sistema de juizados, instituído constitucionalmente sem controle ordinário daquela Superior Corte de Justiça. É que a novel vinculação dos juízes dos juizados à jurisprudência superior não se ajusta ao peculiar princípio da sociabilidade da convicção judicial contido no art.6º, da Lei nº 9099/95, que determina que o magistrado adote, em cada caso, a decisão que reputar mais justa e equânime, atendendo aos fins sociais da lei e as exigências do bem comum , critério estes que privilegiam a construção do ratio decidendi menos exegética, que pode ser melhor compreendida pela utilização do método abdutivo de Charles Sanders Peirce, em um contexto de descoberta onde os pré conceitos do aplicador indicariam o que seria mais verossímil no direito em debate, refletindo sobre fato posto a fim de construir, no contexto de justificação da retórica do entimema judicial, o seu entendimento. Para tal fim será examinado a suspensão dos processos determinada pela Exma. Ministra Isabel Gallotti, nos autos do REsp 1.251.331 RS, que atendeu pedido formulado pela FEBRABAN impedindo a tramitação de ações sequer julgadas em primeira instância, bem como o acórdão da Segunda Seção que lhe seguiu, que em busca de uma padronização de entendimento jurisdicional, trouxe sérias inconsequências práticas ante a teoria do direito, sobretudo a legislação consumerista e a lógica processual, a respeito de uma matéria que envolve mais de duzentos e oitenta e cinco mil processos em tramitação, nos quais se discute a legalidade da cobrança de tarifas de abertura de crédito, emissão de boleto e assemelhadas em contratos de financiamento bancário.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:20:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JosemarSD_DISSERT.pdf: 1068094 bytes, checksum: a93e0b89af341e4040655615223d6047 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-08-30 / Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte / This paper adopts the assumption that religion continues to be a major highlight in the dimension of the contemporary world - characterized by pluralism, the ideas of tolerance and freedom. But for certain streams of Christianity, the postmodern culture seems to be characterized as a highly damaging to their doctrines and principles, since this religious matrix carries a truth claim that would support all its significance, its definition values and their dissemination effort ( evangelism ). This is not to say that Christianity is the only religion that claims to the truth, which would be a gross mistake. Now, religion has been reputed as a phenomenon doomed to disappear, according to the " ideology " of Modernity, given the idea that scientific development would lead us inevitably to the statement that religion was merely a social institution based in the superstition, in fantasy, the imaginary and therefore had nothing "real " unless its existence as an institution capable of aggregating society (give it cohesion), provide values and meaning to different ontological anxieties and doubts of humankind. In the contemporary scenario - seeded by modernity - as Christian ideas, doctrines and principles are in harmony or conflict with postmodernity? These are our starting questions and issues that we intend to stop and reflect. From the assumption that the religious phenomenon has great force in the present day, this research aims to perform central analysis of how religious education, a Protestant denomination specific, harmonizes or clashes with the ideology or ideas more general and emphatic that we can observe in the western world is presented to us from the diagnoses made by the contemporary authors who debate about postmodernism and postmodernity, notably David Harvey, Jean - Fran?ois Lyotard, Bauman Zygmunt and Fredric Jameson / O presente trabalho adota a suposi??o de que a religi?o continua a ser uma dimens?o de grande destaque no mundo contempor?neo caracterizado pelo pluralismo, pelas ideias de toler?ncia e liberdade. Mas, para certas correntes do cristianismo, a cultura p?s-moderna parece se caracterizar como um ambiente altamente nocivo ?s suas doutrinas e princ?pios, uma vez que esta matriz religiosa traz em si uma reivindica??o da verdade que parece fundamentar toda a sua significa??o, sua defini??o de valores e seu esfor?o de difus?o (evangelismo). N?o se trata de afirmar que o cristianismo ? ?nica religi?o que reivindica a verdade, o que seria um equ?voco grosseiro. Ora, a religi?o foi reputada como um fen?meno fadado ao desaparecimento, de acordo com a ideologia da Modernidade, dada a ideia de que o desenvolvimento cient?fico nos conduziria fatalmente ? demonstra??o de que a religi?o n?o passava de uma institui??o social pautada na supersti??o, na fantasia, no imagin?rio e que, portanto, nada tinha de real a n?o ser a sua exist?ncia enquanto institui??o capaz de agregar a sociedade (dar-lhe coes?o), fornecer valores e sentido ?s diferentes ang?stias e d?vidas ontol?gicas da humanidade. No cen?rio contempor?neo semeado pela modernidade , como as ideias crist?s, suas doutrinas e princ?pios se harmonizam ou entram em conflito com a p?s-modernidade? Essas s?o as nossas perguntas de partida e quest?es a que pretendemos nos deter e refletir. A partir da suposi??o de que o fen?meno religioso tem grande vigor nos dias atuais, esta pesquisa tem como objetivo central realizar uma an?lise de como a educa??o religiosa, de uma denomina??o protestante espec?fica, se harmoniza ou entra em confronto com a ideologia ou as ideias mais gerais e enf?ticas que podemos observar no mundo ocidental que nos ? apresentado a partir dos diagn?sticos da contemporaneidade feitos pelos autores que debatem sobre o p?s-modernismo ou p?s-modernidade, destacadamente: David Harvey, Jean-Fran?ois Lyotard, Zygmunt Bauman e Fredric Jameson

Le véritable enseignement de la présente étude réside en ce que, comme déjà évoqué, le poids de l’appareil judiciaire finit par acquérir plus de consistance que le crime lui-même. A « l’aventure criminelle », c’est-à-dire celle, tragique, des faits à réprimer, se substitue « l’aventure judiciaire », celle de la marche de la justice en vue de parvenir au jugement des faits. Qu’il s’agisse du procès pénal français ou anglo-saxon, l’étude démontre que les règles applicables sont d’une telle complexité qu’elles génèrent une logique judiciaire spécifique et presque détachée des faits à traiter. Les praticiens sont souvent surpris du contraste entre les faits à juger, dont les mobiles et les circonstances sont toujours simples, et la solution judiciaire plus et/ou trop élaborée.L’étude démontre encore le caractère immuable et presque immobile de la justice pénale. Qu’il s’agisse de la France ou des pays anglo-saxons, les fondamentaux des deux systèmes judiciaires en concurrence –procédure inquisitoire ou procédure accusatoire- sont les mêmes depuis le Moyen Âge. Certes, des réformes interviennent, le poids du contradictoire s’accroit, les procédures de recours sont organisées, etc. Mais il s’agit toujours en France de faire faire une enquête approfondie avant procès par un organe d’état et, dans les pays anglo-saxons, de voir s’affronter deux thèses avec un avantage pratique à l’accusation.C’est que, comme le démontre aussi l’étude, la philosophie sociale de chacun des deux mondes français et anglo-saxon est différente sur le statut du suspect : objet d’une recherche de la vérité en France et presque coupable chez les Anglo-Saxons.Cette philosophie sociale en recoupe une autre : la philosophie politique. En France, l’individu est assisté car l’Etat est plus grand que lui ; dans les pays anglo-saxons, l’individu est un homme libre et seul responsable de son destin. Dès lors, en France, l’Etat veut forger sa propre opinion sur des faits délictueux ; dans les pays anglo-saxons, l’affrontement des individus (parquetiers et défenseurs) prime le reste. De plus, dans ces pays, la liberté et l’indépendance reconnues à l’individu le rendent davantage responsable de ses faits et gestes, d’où l’importance démesurée accordée à l’aveu. Pour autant, cette philosophie politique d’un citoyen libre et fort est un extraordinaire levier pour l’Histoire de la Liberté et celle aussi de l’Expansion économique. Sans elle, les pays européens du continent n’auraient sans doute pas pu se soustraire à la botte de conquérants. Sans elle, les Etats-Unis ne seraient pas une locomotive du développement.Il ne faudrait pas croire non plus que le monde anglo-saxon n’a fait que peu d’apports positifs au procès pénal. C’est à la loi britannique sur l’Habeas corpus de 1679 que l’on doit l’idée d’un délai raisonnable pour être jugé et, à défaut, le droit à être remis en liberté. C’est encore aux Britanniques que l’on doit l’idée de droits de la défense recensés en tant que tels, d’abord dans certains articles de la Magna Carta de 1212 puis dans le Bill of Rights de 1689. C’est aux Américains que l’on doit l’idée de sacraliser les droits de la défense en leur donnant un contenu constitutionnel par les amendements à la Constitution de 1787, ajoutés à partir de 1789, une idée qui sera reprise bien plus tard dans la Convention Européenne des Droits de l’Homme et des libertés fondamentales.L’étude montre donc que les pays anglo-saxons réputés pragmatiques ont plutôt fait des contributions de principe, sans mesurer que les applications pratiques qu’ils en tirent dénaturent le procès pénal. L’étude montre aussi que la France, réputée pour ses approches dogmatiques et rationnelles mais d’une raison déconnectée des réalités, a une vision bien plus juste du procès pénal.L’étude a enfin montré que, dans le domaine de la justice pénale, les mondes français et anglo-saxons s’ignorent. / This study shows that the criminal process finally acquires more consistency than the crime itself. The “criminal adventure”, namely the tragical story of the crime itself, turns into “the judicial adventure”, namely the path of justice towards the final decision (conviction or dismissal). Whether it deals with the French or with the Anglo-Saxon models, the legal rules are so complicated that they create a judicial logic which is specific and clipped from the facts of the case. In comparison, the motives and the circumstances of a crime are always simple. Accordingly, the judicial issue appears to be more (and often too much) elaborated than the crime itself.The study also shows the unchanging character of the criminal justice. Whether it is in France or in the Anglo-Saxon countries, the fundamentals of the two justices which are concurrent – inquisitorial model and adversary one- are the same that in the Middle Age. Of course, some reforms happened. The importance of the rule of the contradictory increases, etc. However, the main concern of the French justice still deals with a pretrial investigation which is very thoroughly conducted by a state agency. The Anglo-Saxon model always lies in the confrontation of two thesis with a practical advantage given to the prosecution. These different approaches by the two justices are attributable to a different social philosophy. The status of the suspected person greatly differs whether he is prosecuted in France or in the Anglo-Saxon countries: in France, this status is a matter of the search for the truth; in the Anglo-Saxon countries, this status is in practice that of an almost guilty one, even if his guilt must be proved beyond a reasonable doubt.This social and/or ethic philosophy recuts another one: the political philosophy. In France, the individual is assisted since the State is deemed to be “stronger” than him; in the Anglo-Saxon countries, the individual is a free man; accordingly, he is solely responsible for his acts. Therefore, in France, the State wants to fix up its own opinion about the crime; in the Anglo-Saxon countries, the confrontation of the prosecution and the lawyer outdoes all the rest, in particular the truth. Moreover, in these countries, according to the freedom and the independence of the individual, an undue importance is given to confessions.However, the Anglo-Saxon political philosophy is an extraordinary lever for the history and the liberty and also for the economic expansion. Without it, the continental countries would not have been able to be freed from the conquerors of the two world wars and the cold war. Without it, the US would not be a forefront of the progress.We do not consider that the Anglo-Saxon world made few positive contributions to the criminal proceedings. Indeed, this is the famous English Habeas Corpus Act of 1679 which created the idea of a reasonable time to be tried in court and, if not, to be released from prison. From the English comes the idea of an explicit list of rights of the defence, in particular in some articles in the Magna Carta of 1212 and then officially included in the Bill of Rights of 1689. From the Americans comes the idea of making the rights of defence sacred through the amendments of the constitution. We remember that this idea arrived late in Europe with the ECHR.Therefore, the study shows that the Anglo-Saxons countries which benefit from a reputation of pragmatism have rather acted as theoreticians of criminal law. They have provided the world of criminal justice mainly with contributions close to symbols. They have underestimated the consequences of these symbols in the practice of the criminal proceedings. The study shows also that the French, who are often known for their dogmatic approach of problems, have a better understanding of the criminal proceedings.The study shows especially that the Anglo-Saxon world of criminal justice and the French one totally ignore each other.

This master's thesis "The significance of education of people during their custodial sentence with regard to the convicts of serious criminal acts in the Czech Republic" deals with education of perpetrators of serious criminal acts. The aim of this thesis is to ascertain, whether people who are imprisoned in long term can through education, which includes not only vocational education and primary education, but also the "Program of treatment" and activity of pedagogical workers, change the point of view at the sense of custodial sentence. I consider the pedagogical workers to be the people who work as special pedagogues, leisure pedagogues and educators. The theoretical part deals with functions of custodial sentence, then with the "program Treatment with convicts, education of convicts, social works at prison, and connection of social work at prison with education of convicts and there is also something about the logo therapeutic attitude of Viktor Emil Frankl. The last part of this thesis deals with analysis of eleven interviews, which were completed by convicts of serious criminal acts who are nowadays already at liberty. This part responds the aim of the thesis.

Cette thèse propose une lecture juridique, politique et sociale de l’application de la loi anti-blasphème de 1965 dans le plus grand pays musulman du monde, l’Indonésie. Plusieurs controverses sont apparues ces dernières années concernant la nature de la loi sur le blasphème dans la vie religieuse de la société démocratique indonésienne ; cette loi correspond-elle à la prévention des abus en matière de religion et/ou de blasphème, comme il est mentionné explicitement dans son titre, ou bien concernerait-elle plutôt la restriction de la liberté de religion et d’expression en matière religieuse ? En avril 2010, après le procès contrôlant la constitutionnalité de cette loi, une décision de la Cour constitutionnelle indonésienne a établi que la loi examinée ne correspondait pas à cette seconde lecture. Si cette loi a bien pour objectif de restreindre la liberté de religion ou d’expression en matière religieuse, selon la Cour, cela ne signifie pas que cette forme de restriction est inconstitutionnelle dès lors que la Constitution de 1945 en vigueur s’accompagne d’une restriction légale au respect ou à la sauvegarde des valeurs religieuses en particulier, à côté de la moralité, de la sécurité et de l’ordre public. Toutefois, les débats et les tensions au sein de la société concernant l’application de cette loi perdurent sans relâche. Les défenseurs des droits de l’homme maintiennent que l’existence d’une telle loi anti-blasphème est contraire à l’esprit de la démocratie. En revanche, les défenseurs de la censure religieuse s’obstinent à affirmer que cette loi est nécessaire pour éviter les conflits religieux. À travers une analyse de son contenu juridique et de sa mise en application, nous considérons que la loi anti-blasphème de 1965 a visé en premier lieu à entraver le déploiement des courants de croyance spirituelle locale ou des courants mystiques javanais qui, dans une certaine mesure, sont considérés par les musulmans en particulier comme une menace pour les religions existantes et pour la désintégration du pays. Dans un second temps, nous verrons que l’existence de ladite loi est davantage destinée à restreindre le nombre des religions reconnues par l’État d’une part, et à réprimer les courants religieux « dissidents » ou « hétérodoxes » d’autre part. Si les actes jugés comme blasphématoires, parmi lesquels figure la diffusion d’interprétation religieuse « déviantes » de l’orthodoxie, sont des infractions sanctionnées, ce n’est pas la loi anti-blasphème de 1965 qui sert de référence, mais l’article 156a du Code pénal qui trouve son origine dans ladite loi. Ainsi, la loi anti-blasphème de 1965 est plutôt utilisée pour restreindre la liberté de religion et de conviction au sens large, alors que l’article 156a du Code pénal est chargé de limiter la liberté d’expression en matière religieuse. En Indonésie comme ailleurs, le renforcement de l’application de la loi anti-blasphème va de pair avec l’émergence des groupes religieux radicaux qui veulent voir triompher leur conception totalitaire d’une liberté d’expression bridée par le respect de la foi religieuse. Ces derniers utilisent de cette loi non seulement à des fins religieuses, mais également à des fins politiques, notamment celle déstabiliser un régime « laïque » ou bien d’étendre leur influence. L’objectif de cette thèse est non seulement d’analyser la nature de la loi anti-blasphème de 1965, mais aussi de proposer une perspective alternative pour aborder les conflits juridiques en Indonésie concernant les deux droits fondamentaux, à savoir le droit à la liberté de religion et le droit d’expression. La thèse vise alors la prévention des conflits juridiques en la matière et ainsi qu’à trouver un équilibre entre les libertés concernées. / This thesis proposes a legal, political and social reading of the application of the blasphemy law in the largest Muslim country in the world, Indonesia. Several controversies have emerged in recent years regarding the nature of the blasphemy law in the religious life of the Indonesian democratic society. For instance, disagreement remains with regards to the intent of this law, i.e., whether it really aims at preventing misuse of religion and/or acts of blasphemy, as explicitly mentioned in its title, or whether it intends to restrict the freedom of religion and religious expression. In April 2010, after the examination of the constitutionality of this law, the Indonesian Constitutional Court ruled out the second possibility. The court further argues that even if the law has an unintended effect of restricting the freedom of religion or religious expression, it is not against the constitution since the 1945 Constitution is accompanied by a legal restriction to respect or preserve religious values in particular, as well as morality, security and public order. However, the debates and tensions within society regarding the implementation of this law continue unabated. On the one hand, human rights defenders persist in saying that the existing anti-blasphemy law is contrary to the spirit of democracy. On the other, defenders of religious censorship persist in resisting that this law is necessary to avoid religious conflicts. Through an analysis of legal content and its implementation, I argue that the blasphemy law of 1965 initially aims to hinder the development of the local spiritual belief stream or Javanese mystical groups, which to some extent are considered by Muslims in particular as a threat to existing religions and a source of disintegration of the country. Further, I maintain that the existence of the above-mentioned law has the tendency to restrict the number of religions officially acknowledged by the State and to repress “dissident” or “heterodox” religious movements. If acts considered blasphemous, including the "deviant" religious interpretation of orthodoxy, are punishable offenses, it is not the anti-blasphemy law of 1965 that serves as a reference, but the article 156a of the Penal Code, which has its origin in that blasphemy law does. As a consequence, the blasphemy law of the 1965 is rather used to restrict the freedom of religion and belief in the broad sense, while article 156a of the Penal Code is applied to limit the freedom of religious expression. In Indonesia, as elsewhere, the strengthening of the application of the blasphemy law goes hand in hand with the emergence of radical religious groups intend to promote their totalitarian concept of freedom of expression restrained by respect for the religious faith. The latter make use of this law not only for religious reasons, but also for political reasons, including destabilizing a secular regime or extending their influence. The thesis does not only aim to analyze the nature of the blasphemy law of 1965, but also to propose an alternative perspective in understanding and solving the problem of the legal conflicts in Indonesia pertaining to the two fundamental rights, namely the right to freedom of religion and expression. The thesis also seeks to find a balance between two freedoms and to propose preventive measures that can be adopted in the aforementioned legal conflicts.

This research study analyzes whether or not there is any relationship between sentencing and conviction and certain defendant characteristics in the US legal system. In the midst of a time where the nation is strongly divided politically, the topic is often the center of research projects and discussions in academic journals. Specifically, this research explores the 3 characteristics- race, gender, and socioeconomic status. Within this article, multiple case studies from other journals are cited in which research and experiments have suggested that these factors do have influence on both whether or not a defendant gets convicted or for how long the defendant is sentenced. With these cases in mind, we try to test the theory for ourselves in a survey experiment amongst college students. The survey tests cases with instances of academic dishonesty in university with the defendant characteristics being manipulated for race, gender, and socioeconomic status. However, the results were inconclusive of any sort of link between those characteristics and the "sentencing" in the study.

The purpose of the research was to establish action steps than can assist the criminal investigator in the processing of information into evidence for prosecution purposes, by focusing on the basic principles of criminal investigation from where information sources could be utilised to their full potential in the search for the truth. The researcher evaluated the current methods that investigators within the SAPS use and read extensively on the topic in international literature sources. The research used an empirical research design because of the limited information available, and a qualitative research approach which enabled real-life observations. Simple random sampling was used to interview 30 experienced investigators each with more than five years experience and purposive sampling was used to identify five expert respondents who had more than 30 years' investigation experience. Data was obtained from their real-life experiences and data was further collected through case studies of case dockets. / Criminology / M.Tech. (Forensic investigation)

Pourquoi faire un effort pour la communauté sans rien recevoir en retour? C’est habituellement par conviction ou pour répondre à une norme sociale. En s’intéressant au problème du recyclage, nous définissons un modèle de comportement qui intègre ces deux facteurs. Nous déterminons sous quelles conditions un individu décide d’agir bénévolement, puis nous étudions comment ce comportement se propage dans la population. Cela nous permet de déduire comment un gouvernement doit pondérer ses efforts entre la publicité et la consigne pour tendre vers un taux de recyclage parfait au coût minimal. Nous prouvons aussi que dans certaines circonstances, il est préférable de ne pas encourager la participation au bien public. En effet, à mesure que plus de gens y participent, des tensions sociales émergent entre ceux qui font un effort et ceux qui n’en font pas. Celles-ci peuvent être assez fortes pour contrebalancer les bénéfices attendus du bien public / The commons need not be a tragedy: impact of peer-pressure and opinions Why do people help the community without getting anything in return? Usually, they either hold the firm belief they should do so or they want to follow a social norm. The behavioural model of this paper takes those two factors into account and applies them to recycling issues. It shows under which condition people act selflessly and how this behaviour spreads across the population. This paper then determines how governments must balance advertising and packaging refunding in order to increase recycling rate at minimal cost. It also proves that under certain circumstances it is preferable not to start transition toward cooperation. Indeed, as people progressively start cooperating, the population becomes divided between followers and opponents to this new attitude. As long as this heterogeneity remains, peer-pressure causes a cost that may outweigh the expected benefits of cooperation.