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O presente estudo teve como objetivo descrever a dieta e o estado nutricional de uma população com síndrome coronariana aguda no Projeto Estratégia de Registro da Insuficiência Coronariana (Projeto ERICO) na unidade de emergência do Hospital Universitário da Universidade de São Paulo e estimar o número de óbitos em decorrência de doenças cardiovasculares em um ano de acompanhamento desses pacientes. Foram selecionados 290 pacientes de uma população de 841 indivíduos com diagnóstico de síndrome coronariana aguda. Foram avaliados dados demográficos, IMC e variáveis de nutrição a partir de um Questionário de Frequência Alimentar previamente validado e posterior análise do Índice de Qualidade da Dieta Revisado. As variáveis de nutrição utilizadas foram valor calórico total, carboidrato, proteína, lipídeo, ácidos graxos polinsaturados, ácidos graxos monoinsaturados, ácidos graxos saturados, ácidos graxos trans, ácidos graxos linolênico, ácidos graxos linoléico, colesterol e fibras. O cálculo do valor nutritivo dos alimentos consumidos e registrados foi realizado utilizando o programa Virtual Nutri com banco de dados de alimentos da tabela de composição química da United States Departement of Agriculture. Com exceção do colesterol e fibras, todas as variáveis tiveram seus valores absolutos e ajustados para a dieta descritos nas análises. Para a avaliação da qualidade da dieta, foi utilizado o Índice de Qualidade da Dieta Revisado e análise dos 12 componentes que caracterizam diferentes aspectos de uma dieta saudável. Cada componente foi avaliado e uma pontuação foi atribuída variando de zero a vinte. Os valores intermediários foram calculados proporcionalmente à quantidade de alimento consumido. Os indivíduos que possuíram ingestão igual ou superior ao nível recomendado atingiram a pontuação máxima (cinco, dez ou 20 pontos), a depender do componente em questão. No final, a pontuação de todos os componentes foi somada gerando o Índice de Qualidade da Dieta revisado. O valor máximo do Índice de Qualidade da Dieta Revisado é 100 pontos. As variáveis dependentes foram os três tipos de síndrome coronariana aguda: angina instável, infarto agudo do miocárdio sem elevação e infarto agudo do miocárdico com elevação do segmento ST no eletrocardiograma de repouso e para a análise de sobrevida, o óbito após um ano de arrolamento a partir da data de entrada no Hospital Universitário. Para análise dos dados foi feita inicialmente uma análise exploratória dos dados, mostrada em forma de tabelas, gráficos e medidas descritivas, com o intuito de obter uma visualização. Para mensuração do nível de associação entre variáveis nominais (sexo e etnia) com o tipo de síndrome coronariana aguda, foi utilizado o teste de quiquadrado de Pearson. As variáveis contínuas foram categorizadas de acordo com o valor de corte estabelecido na literatura, independente da distribuição dos dados na amostra e para estas, também foi aplicado o teste qui-quadrado com nível de significância (alfa) de 5%, excetuando-se o valor energético total que utilizou a mediana da população. Os dados categóricos foram representados em frequências absoluta (n) e relativa (%). As variáveis quantitativas foram submetidas ao teste Kolmogorov-Smirnov para verificar o grau de aderência à distribuição normal. O teste de variância Levene foi utilizado para analisar a homocedasticidade. As variáveis quantitativas foram descritas por frequências, medidas de tendência central e de dispersão. Os dados paramétricos foram representados por média e desvio padrão e comparados por análise de variância para medidas não repetidas (one way ANOVA) com teste post-hoc de Bonferroni para comparação de três variáveis e teste-T não pareado para comparação de duas variáveis. Os dados foram analisados de acordo com o gênero. Os dados não paramétricos foram representados por mediana e comparados com o teste de Kruskal-Wallis com post-hoc Dunn para comparação de três variáveis e teste de Mann-Whitney para duas variáveis. Para analisar a relação do tipo de síndrome coronariana aguda (variável dependente) com as variáveis de nutrição foi feita uma análise de regressão logística binária, considerando a angina instável e IAM sem supra como uma variável e IAM com supra como outra variável dependente. As análises de regressão foram utilizadas para estimar a odds ratio e intervalo de confiança. Análises não ajustadas foram conduzidas para as variáveis separadamente. As variáveis de cada bloco foram analisadas simultaneamente usando o método Enter. Utilizou-se a abordagem da análise de sobrevivência considerando como evento de interesse o óbito com a probabilidade acumulada de sobrevida em dias. Nenhum paciente perdeu o seguimento durante a duração do estudo. Para a análise de tempo desde o dia de internação até a data de última ligação foi utilizado, inicialmente, o estimador produto limite de Kaplan Meier. Na análise univariada das variáveis qualitativas, para verificar a influência do Índice de Qualidade da Dieta Revisado no óbito, realizou-se a construção de curvas Kaplan-Meier e a comparação estatística foi feita pelo teste log-rank. O tempo de sobrevida foi determinado, contado em dias, entre o dia de entrada no Hospital Universitário e a data de óbito. O nível de significância estabelecido para a análise foi de 0,05. As curvas de Kaplan-Meier foram apresentas segundo o tercil de Índice de Qualidade da Dieta Revisado. A digitação e codificação das informações coletadas foram realizadas no programa Excel; posteriormente os dados foram analisados estatisticamente pelo programa SPSS versão 17.0. Os procedimentos para o desenvolvimento deste estudo respeitaram as diretrizes e normas que regulamentam as pesquisas envolvendo seres humanos, aprovadas pela Resolução n° 169, de 10 de outubro de 1996, do Conselho Nacional de Saúde. Desta forma, no banco de dados da pesquisa principal está mantido o anonimato e a confidencialidade dos dados. A maior parte dos indivíduos foram homens adultos com etnia branca, com sobrepeso e diagnóstico IAM sem supra. A dieta média foi considerada hipercalórica, hipoglicídica, normoprotéica e hiperlipídica com aumento da quantidade do valor calórico total em relação ao aumento da gravidade de síndrome coronariana aguda e relação inversa para proteína. Em relação aos micronutrientes, as quantidades foram adequadas para ácidos graxos polinsaturados, ácidos graxos monoinsaturados, ácidos graxos trans e colesterol e consumos abaixo do recomendado para ácidos graxos linolênicos e ácidos graxos linoleicos. O colesterol teve aumento de consumo médio em relação ao aumento da gravidade de síndrome coronariana aguda, enquanto ácidos graxos polinsaturados, ácidos graxos linoleicos e ácidos graxos trans tiveram aumento em relação à diminuição da gravidade da síndrome coronariana aguda. Além disso, qualidade da dieta necessita melhorar. Para os componentes cereal total, carne e derivados, leguminosas, leite e derivados, óleo e gorduras e sódio, o aumento dos mesmos, aumentou em relação à gravidade da doença. Não foi observada relação com a gravidade de síndrome coronariana aguda para os outros componentes, nem mesmo com a pontuação total do Índice de Qualidade da Dieta Revisado. Os valores médios mais baixos em relação à pontuação total foram para os componentes cereal integral, leite e derivados e gordura saturada enquanto os mais altos foram vegetal total, óleo e derivados e sódio / The present study aimed to describe the diet and nutritional status of a population with acute coronary syndrome in the Project Strategy Registry of Coronary Insufficiency (ERICO study) at the emergency unit of the University Hospital of the University of São Paulo and estimate the number of deaths in due to cardiovascular diseases in one year follow up of these patients. It was selected 290 patients from a population of 841 individuals diagnosed with acute coronary syndrome. It was evaluated variables of demographics, BMI and nutritional variables from a Food Frequency Questionnaire previously validated and further analysis of the Brazilian Healthy Eating Index-Revised. The variables used were total caloric value, carbohydrate, protein, fat, polyunsaturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids, saturated fatty acids, trans fatty acids, linolenic fatty acids, linoleic fatty acids, cholesterol and fiber. The calculation of the nutritional value of consumed foods was performed using the Virtual Nutri software with the food chemical composition of United States Departement of Agriculture database. With the exception of cholesterol and fiber, all variables and their absolute values described in the analyzes were adjusted to the diet. For the quality of the diet evaluation, the Brazilian Healthy Eating Index-Revised was used with its analysis of the 12 components featuring different aspects of a healthy diet was used. Each component was evaluated and was assigned with a score ranging from zero to twenty. Intermediate values were calculated in proportion to the amount of food consumed. Individuals who had intake with the limit or above the recommended level reached the maximum score (five, ten or 20 points ), according to the component in question . In the end, the scores of all components were added generating the Brazilian Healthy Eating Index-Revised. The maximum value of the Brazilian Healthy Eating Index-Revised is 100 points. The dependent variables were the three types of acute coronary syndrome: unstable angina, acute myocardial infarction STEMI and NSTEMI and for the survival analysi , death after one year of enrollment from the entry date into the University Hospital. For the data analysis, an exploratory analysis was first done and shown in tables, charts and descriptive measures. The level of association between nominal variables (gender and ethnicity) with the type of acute coronary syndrome was measured with the chi-squared test. Continuous variables were categorized according to the cutoff value established in the literature, regardless of the data distribution in the sample and for these, the chi- squared test with a significance level (alfa) of 5% was also applied, excepting the total caloric value which was used with the median value of the population. Categorical data were presented as absolute (n) and relative (%) frequencies. Quantitative variables were assessed by Kolmogorov-Smirnov test to check the level of normal distribution. The variance of Levene\'s test was used to analyze the homoscedasticity. Quantitative variables were described by frequencies, central tendency and dispersion measures. Parametric data were expressed as mean and standard deviation and compared by one way analysis of variance (one way ANOVA) and for post hoc analysis, Bonferroni test was used for comparison of three variables and Student\'s t-test was used for comparison of two variables. The data was analyzed according to gender. The non-parametric data were expressed by median and compared with the Kruskal-Wallis test with its post hoc called Dunn test to compare three variables. The Mann-Whitney test was used to compare two variables. The relationship of the type of acute coronary syndrome (dependent variable) with the variables of nutrition was examined with the binary logistic regression analysis of binary logistic regression, considering the unstable angina and NSTEMI myocardial infarction as a single variable and STEMI myocardial infarction as another dependent variable. Regression analyzes were used to estimate odds ratios and confidence intervals. Unadjusted analyzes were performed separately for the variables. The variables in each group were analyzed simultaneously using the Enter method. We used the approach of survival analysis as the event of interest considering death with a cumulative probability of survival expressed in days. No patients had follow-up lost during the study. It was considered the day of admission at the hospital until the last call date for the time analysis and the Kaplan-Meier method was estimated. To verify the influence of the Brazilian Healthy Eating Index-Revised in death, there was the construction of Kaplan-Meier curves and statistical comparison was done by log-rank test. The level of significance for the analysis was 0.05. The typing and encoding data were performed in Excel and subsequently the data were statistically analyzed using SPSS version 17.0. The procedures for the development of this study are complied with the guidelines and rules that regulate research involving human subjects, approved by 169 Resolution from October 10, 1996 by the National Board of Health. By this way, the database of the research maintained its anonymity and its confidentiality of the data. Most subjects were adults, men, with white ethnicity, overweight diagnosis and with NSTEMI acute myocardial. The average of diet was considered hypercaloric, hypoglycemic, with normal protein value and high in fat with increased amounts of the total caloric value in relation to the increased severity of acute coronary syndrome and inverse relation to protein value. Regarding micronutrients, the quantities were appropriate for polyunsaturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids, trans fatty acids and cholesterol intakes below the recommended level for linolenic fatty acids and linoleic fatty acids. The cholesterol had increased average consumption in relation to increased severity of acute coronary syndrome, whereas polyunsaturated fatty acids, linoleic fatty acids and trans fatty acids were increased in relation to reducing the severity of acute coronary syndrome. Furthermore, diet quality needs to improve. For full cereal components, meat products, legumes, dairy products, oils and fats and sodium, an increase of them increased the severity of the disease. There wasn\'t relationship with the severity of acute coronary syndrome for the other components, not even with the total score of the Brazilian Healthy Eating Index-Revised. The lowest average values for the total score were components for whole grain, dairy and saturated fat while the highest were the total vegetable oil and derivatives and sodium

<p>Moždani udar predstavlja drugi uzrok smrti u celom svetu i neurolo&scaron;ku bolest sa najvećim stepenom invaliditeta. Za povoljan ishod moždanog udara veoma je važno sprečavanje i lečenje somatskih kompikacija (SK), pri čemu je njihova učestalost i značaj za oporavak pacijenata potcenjena, a uticaj na ishod moždanog udara zanemaren. Ciljevi istraživanja su bili da se utvrdi učestalost pacijenata sa somatskim komplikacijama u akutnoj fazi moždanog udara; zatim da se utvrdi učestalost svake pojedinačne somatske komplikacije: pneumonije, urinarnih infekcija, duboke venske tromboze, tromboembolije pluća, dijarealnog sindroma i akutnog koronarnog sindroma; zatim da se utvrde faktori rizika za nastanak svake pojedinačne SK, kao i da se utvrdi uticaj SK na ishod bolesti - iskazan kroz njihovu povezanost sa funkcionalnim statusom, dužinom hospitalizacije i mortalitetom pacijenata. Istraživanje je sprovedeno kao prospektivno i obuhvatilo je 403 pacijenta hospitalizovanih zbog akutnog moždanog udara na Klinici za neurologiju Kliničkog centra Vojvodine u periodu od godinu dana. Pacijenti su podeljeni u dve grupe, gde su prvu grupu sačinjavali pacijenti sa registrovanom jednom ili vi&scaron;e somatskih komplikacija (n = 162), a drugu su činili pacijenti koji nisu imali somatske komplikacije (n = 241). Evaluacija pacijenata obuhvatila je registrovanje sociodemografskih karakteristika, ličnu i porodičnu anamnezu, karakteristike moždanog udara, neurolo&scaron;ki status na prijemu i otpustu, funkcionalni status na prijemu i otpustu, laboratorijske analize krvi i urina na prijemu, vrstu i vreme nastanka pojedinačne somatske komplikacije, sve relevantne dijagnostičke metode za postavljenje dijagnoze i definisanje potencijalnih faktora rizika. Somatske komplikacije se če&scaron;će javljaju kod starijih osoba, prosečne starosti 72,9 godina, kod osoba ženskog pola i kod pacijenata sa hemoragijskim moždanim udarom. Somatske komplikacije registrovane su kod 40,2% pacijenata, pri tome urinarnu infekciju imalo je 20,3% pacijenata, pneumoniju 16,3%, infarkt miokarda 4,7%, plućnu tromboemboliju 3,4%, duboku vensku trombozu 2,4% i dijarealni sindrom 2,9% pacijenata. Nezavisni prediktori pneumonije su disfagija, naru&scaron;eno stanje svesti, hronična opstruktivna bolest pluća, mRS veći od 3. Prediktori urinarnih infekcija su: podatak o rekurentnim urinarnim infekcijama, ženski pol, starost preko 70 godina, mRS veći od 3 i NIHSS skor veći od 16. Kao nezavisni prediktori plućnog tromboembolizma dobijeni su duboka venska tromboza, naru&scaron;eno stanje svesti i gojaznost, dok se jedinim nezavisnim prediktorom dijarealnog sindroma pokazala starost pacijenta preko 70 godina. Prediktori akutnog koronarnog sindroma su: starost veća od 70 godina i hemoragijski moždani udar. Pacijenti sa SK, na kraju hospitalnog lečenja imaju značajno lo&scaron;iji funkcionalni status u odnosu na pacijente bez somatskih komplikacija. Somatske komplikacije statistički značajno produžavaju hospitalizaciju. Kod četvrtine pacijenata (25,9%) sa somatskim komplikacijama u akutnoj fazi moždanog udara registrovan je letalni ishod. Najveći procenat smrtnih ishoda kod pacijenata sa somatskim komplikacijama registrovan je kod pacijenata sa infarktom miokarda (63,2%), a najmanji kod pacijenata sa urinarnom infekcijom (18,3%).</p> / <p>Stroke is the second cause of death worldwide and neurological disease with the highest level of disability. For a favorable outcome of stroke, the prevention and treatment of somatic complications are of great importance, while their frequency and the importance of the recovery of patients are underestimated, and the influence on the outcome of stroke is neglected. The aims of the study were: to determine the frequency of patients with somatic complications in the acute phase of stroke; to determine the frequency of each somatic complication: pneumonia, urinary infections, deep venous thrombosis, lung thromboembolism, diarrheal syndrome, and acute coronary syndrome; to identify risk factors for the emergence of each somatic complication, as well as to determine the effect of those complications on the outcome of the disease - expressed through their association with the functional status, length of hospitalization and mortality of patients. The study was conducted as a prospective and included 403 patients hospitalized due to acute stroke at the Clinic for Neurology of the Clinical Center of Vojvodina for a period of one year. Patients were divided into two groups; the first group included patients with one or more somatic complications registered (n = 162), and the second group consisted of patients without any somatic complication (n = 241). Patient evaluation included registration of socio-demographic characteristics, personal and family history, stroke characteristics, neurological and functional status at the time of admission and discharge, laboratory analysis of blood and urine at admission, type and time of emergence of each somatic complication, all relevant diagnostic methods for setting diagnosis and defining potential risk factors. Somatic complications are more common in older people (the average age of 72.9 years) in females and in patients with hemorrhagic stroke. Somatic complications were reported in 40.2% of patients, 20.3% of patients had urinary infection, 16.3% pneumonia, 4.7% myocardial infarction, 3.4% pulmonary thromboembolism, deep venous thrombosis 2.4% and diarrheal syndrome 2.9% of patients. Independent predictors of pneumonia were dysphagia, impaired state of consciousness, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, mRS higher than 3. Predictors of urinary infections were: data on recurrent urinary tract infections, female sex, age over 70 years, mRS higher than 3 and NIHSS score higher than 16. As independent predictors of pulmonary thromboembolism, deep venous thrombosis, impaired state of consciousness and obesity were obtained, while the only independent predictor of diarrheal syndrome proved to be the age of the patient over 70 years. Predictors of acute coronary syndrome were: age over 70 years and haemorrhagic stroke. Patients with somatic complications at the end of hospital treatment had significantly worse functional status compared to patients without somatic complications. Somatic complications statistically significantly prolong hospitalization. A quarter of patients (25.9%) with somatic complications in the acute phase of the stroke had a lethal outcome. The highest percentage of deaths in patients with somatic complications was registered in patients with myocardial infarction (63.2%) and the lowest was registered in patients with urinary tract infections (18.3%).</p>

BackgroundThe prompt seeking of medical care after the onset of symptoms suggestive of acute coronary syndromes (ACS)/acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is associated with the receipt of coronary reperfusion therapy, and effective cardiac medications in patients with an ACS/AMI and is crucial to reducing mortality and the risk of serious clinical complications in these patients. Despite declines in important hospital complications and short-term death rates in patients hospitalized with an ACS/AMI, several patient groups remain at increased risk for these adverse outcomes, including women and the elderly. However, recent trends in age and sex differences in extent of pre-hospital delay, hospital management practices, and short-term outcomes associated with ACS/AMI remain unexplored. The objectives of this study were to examine the overall magnitude, and changing trends therein, of age and sex differences in duration of pre-hospital delay (1986-2005), hospital management practices (1999-2007), and short-terms outcomes (1975-2005) in patients hospitalized with ACS/AMI. MethodsData from 13,663 residents of the Worcester, MA, metropolitan area hospitalized at all greater Worcester medical centers for AMI 15 biennial periods between 1975 and 2005 (Worcester Heart Attack Study), and from 50,096 patients hospitalized with an ACS in 106 medical centers in 14 countries participating in the Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events (GRACE) between 2000 and 2007 were used for this investigation. Results In comparison with men years, patients in other age-sex strata exhibited significantly longer pre-hospital delay, with the exception of women < 65 years; had a significantly lower odds of receiving aspirin, angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors or angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs), beta blockers, statins, and undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG) surgery or percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), and were significantly more likely to develop atrial fibrillation, cardiogenic shock, heart failure, and to die during hospitalization and in the first 30 days after admission. There was a significant interaction between age and sex in relation to the use of several medications and the development of several of these outcomes; in patients Conclusions Our results suggest that the elderly were more likely to experience longer prehospital delay, were less likely to be treated with evidence-based treatments during hospitalization for acute coronary syndrome, and were more likely to develop adverse outcomes compared to younger persons. Younger women were less likely to be treated with effective treatments and were more likely to develop adverse outcomes compared with younger men while there was no sex difference in these outcomes. Interventions targeted at older patients, in particular, are needed to encourage these high-risk patients to seek medical care promptly to maximize the benefits of currently available treatment modalities. More targeted treatment approaches during hospitalization for ACS/AMI for younger women and older patients are needed to improve their hospital prognosis.

Background: Cognitive impairment is prevalent in survivors of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and increases risk for poor outcomes. Lifestyle changes are recommended to patients after ACS to reduce their risk for recurrent events, but cognitively impaired patients may encounter difficulties initiating these changes. This dissertation had three aims: (1) to examine cognitive status as a predictor of lifestyle changes after ACS, (2) to examine whether caregiver support moderates the association of cognitive status and initiation of lifestyle changes, and (3) to assess the reliability of self-reported lifestyle changes in cognitively impaired patients through comparison of their reports of lifestyle change with those from their caregivers. Methods: For aims 1 and 2, Poisson regression with robust error variance was used to examine the association of cognitive status and caregiver support with patient-reported initiation of five lifestyle changes (improving diet, increasing exercise, quitting smoking, reducing stress, and attending cardiac rehabilitation) in 881 patients from TRACE-CORE, a prospective longitudinal observational study of outcomes in ACS. For aim 3, pilot data from 78 patient-caregiver dyads from TRACE-CARE, an ancillary substudy, were used to examine whether patient-caregiver congruence on reports of lifestyle changes varied according to patients’ cognitive function. Results: Patient-reported rates of lifestyle change did not vary according to cognitive status, except for participation in cardiac rehabilitation. Caregiver support improved patient-reported rates of lifestyle change among cognitively intact patients but not cognitively impaired patients. Patients’ cognitive function was positively associated with patient-caregiver congruence on reports of initiation of lifestyle changes and patients with decreased cognitive function tended to over-report initiation of lifestyle changes compared to reports by their caregivers. Conclusion: Although cognitive status was not associated with initiation of most lifestyle changes and the influence of caregiver support on initiation of lifestyle changes was only beneficial to cognitively intact patients in this cohort of ACS patients, these null findings may be explained by the questionable validity of self-report in cognitively impaired patients. This dissertation yields new knowledge about secondary prevention in ACS patients and provides insight into the challenges of conducting patient-reported outcomes research in cognitively compromised populations.

Die vorliegende Arbeit gibt einen aktuellen Überblick über Einsatzmöglichkeiten des Telemonitorings in der Kardiologie. Zunächst werden telemedizinische Verfahren in der Diagnostik des akuten Koronarsyndroms dargestellt. In einem weiteren Kapitel wird auf den Einsatz der Telemedizin (Tele-EKG-Recorder, Herzfrequenzanalyse mittels Smartphones und Smartwatches, externe und implantierbare Loop-Recorder) eingegangen. Weiterhin werden Einsatzmöglichkeiten des Telemonitorings bei Patienten mit aktiven kardialen Implantaten (antibradykarde Herzschrittmacher, ICDs, CRT-Systeme) aufgezeigt. Ein weiteres Kapitel beschäftigt sich mit dem Einsatz des Telemonitorings bei Patienten mit chronischer Herzinsuffizienz. Außerdem werden telemedizinische Anwendungen bei Patienten mit arterieller Hypertonie besprochen. Schließlich werden juristische Aspekte des Telemonitorings in der Kardiologie diskutiert.:Danksagung Abkürzungsverzeichnis Studienakronyme 1 Motivation 2 Telemonitoring bei Patienten mit koronarer Herzkrankheit 2.1 Telemedizinische EKG-Übertragung bei Patienten mit akutem STEMI 2.2 Telemedizinische Überwachung von Patienten während der kardiologischen Rehabilitation 2.3 Neue Entwicklungen in der EKG-Aufzeichnung und -Analyse 2.4 Schlussfolgerungen zum Telemonitoring bei Patienten mit koronarer Herzkrankheit 3 Telemonitoring bei Patienten mit Herzrhythmusstörungen 3.1 Tele-EKG-Eventrecorder 3.2 EKG-Aufzeichnung und Herzrhythmusanalyse mit Smartphones und Wearables 3.2.1 Entwicklung und technische Grundlagen 3.2.2 Detektion von Vorhofflimmern mit Smartphones und Smartwatches 3.2.3 Probleme und Perspektiven in der Anwendung von Smartphones und Wearables in der klinischen Praxis 3.3 Externe EKG-Loop-Recorder mit telemedizinischer EKG-Übertragung 3.4 Implantierbare Loop-Recorder mit telemedizinischer EKG-Übertragung 3.5 Telemonitoring bei Patienten mit tragbaren Kardiovertern-Defibrillatoren 3.6 Schlussfolgerungen zum Telemonitoring bei Patienten mit Herzrhythmusstörungen 4 Telemonitoring bei Patienten mit aktiven kardialen Implantaten 4.1 Aktuelle Herausforderungen in der Therapie mit aktiven kardialen Implantaten 4.2 Ziele und Methodik des Telemonitorings bei Patienten mit aktiven kardialen Implantaten 4.3 Technik des Telemonitorings bei Patienten mit aktiven kardialen Implantaten 4.3.1 Entwicklung der Technologie 4.3.2 Technische Umsetzungen durch die einzelnen Hersteller 4.3.2.1 Home Monitoring®-System 4.3.2.2 CareLink®-System 4.3.2.3 Merlin.net®-System 4.3.2.4 Latitude®-System 4.3.2.5 Smartview®-System 4.3.3 Cyber-Security bei vernetzten, aktiven kardialen Implantaten 4.4 Klinische Studien zum Telemonitoring bei Patienten mit aktiven kardialen Implantaten 4.4.1 Sicherheit der Datenübertragung und Erkennung von Aggregat- und Elektrodenfehlfunktionen 4.4.2 Detektion klinisch relevanter Rhythmusereignisse 4.4.2.1 Atriale Tachyarrhythmien 4.4.2.2 Ventrikuläre Tachykardien und Schockabgaben bei Patienten mit ICDs 4.4.3 Detektion kardialer Dekompensationen bei Patienten mit aktiven kardialen Implantaten 4.4.3.1 Telemedizinische Überwachung der Thoraximpedanz bei Patienten mit aktiven kardialen Implantaten 4.4.3.2. Überwachung von Patienten mit aktiven kardialen Implantaten mittels Multiparameter-Algorithmen 4.4.3.3 Kontrollierte Studien und Registerdaten zur frühzeitigen Erfassung kardialer Dekompensationen mittels Telemonitoring bei Patienten mit aktiven kardialen Implantaten 4.4.4 Potenzielle Reduktion ambulanter Nachsorgen und Reduktion der Behandlungskosten 4.4.5 Management der übermittelten Daten und Akzeptanz des Telemonitorings durch Patienten und Ärzte 4.4.6 Bewertung der klinischen Studien und Registerdaten und aktuelle Empfehlungen zum Einsatz des Telemonitorings bei Patienten mit aktiven kardialen Implantaten 4.5 Nutzenbewertung und Kostenerstattung des Telemonitorings bei Patienten mit aktiven kardialen Implantaten in der klinischen Praxis 4.6 Telemonitoring bei Patienten mit S-ICDs 4.7 Schlussfolgerungen zum Telemonitoring bei Patienten mit aktiven kardialen Implantaten 5 Telemonitoring bei Patienten mit chronischer Herzinsuffizienz 5.1 Ziele des Telemonitorings bei Patienten mit chronischer Herzinsuffizienz 5.2 Betreuungskonzepte bei chronisch herzinsuffizienten Patienten 5.2.1 Betreuungskonzepte mit Heart-Failure-Nurses 5.2.2 Betreuungskonzepte mittels Telemonitoring 5.2.2.1 Device-basiertes Telemonitoring bei Patienten mit chronischer Herzinsuffizienz 5.2.2.2 Hämodynamisches Telemonitoring mit implantierbaren Sensoren bei Patienten mit chronischer Herzinsuffizienz 5.2.2.3 Telemonitoring bei Patienten mit chronischer Herzinsuffizienz mit externen Sensoren 5.3. Nutzenbewertung und Umsetzung des Telemonitorings bei chronisch herzinsuffizienten Patienten in der klinischen Praxis 5.4 Schlussfolgerungen zum Telemonitoring bei Patienten mit chronischer Herzinsuffizienz 6 Telemonitoring bei Patienten mit arterieller Hypertonie 6.1 Behandlungsziele bei Patienten mit arterieller Hypertonie 6.2 Methodik des Telemonitorings bei arterieller Hypertonie 6.2.1 Komponenten des Telemonitorings bei arterieller Hypertonie 6.2.2 Neue Verfahren zur Blutdruckmessung 6.2.3 Datenfluss und Datenmanagement 6.2.4 Apps für Patienten mit arterieller Hypertonie 6.3 Studien zum Telemonitoring bei arterieller Hypertonie 6.4 Einsatz des Telemonitorings bei Patienten mit arterieller Hypertonie in der klinischen Praxis 6.5 Schlussfolgerungen zum Telemonitoring bei Patienten mit arterieller Hypertonie 7 Juristische Aspekte des Telemonitorings in der Kardiologie 8 Ausblick Literaturverzeichnis Abbildungsverzeichnis Tabellenverzeichnis Thesen zur Habilitation / The present work provides an up-to-date overview of the possible applications of telemonitoring in cardiology. First, the telemedicine procedures are presented that are employed in the diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome. Another chapter covers the use of telemedicine (e.g., tele-ECG recorders, heart rate analysis by means of smart phones and smart watches, and external and implantable loop recorders). Furthermore, the possible applications of telemonitoring to patients with active cardiac implants are presented (e.g., antibradycardia pacemakers, ICDs, and CRT systems). A subsequent chapter is concerned with the use of telemonitoring in patients with chronic heart failure. Moreover, the applications of telemedicine in patients with arterial hypertension are also considered. Finally, the legal aspects of telemonitoring in cardiology are discussed.:Danksagung Abkürzungsverzeichnis Studienakronyme 1 Motivation 2 Telemonitoring bei Patienten mit koronarer Herzkrankheit 2.1 Telemedizinische EKG-Übertragung bei Patienten mit akutem STEMI 2.2 Telemedizinische Überwachung von Patienten während der kardiologischen Rehabilitation 2.3 Neue Entwicklungen in der EKG-Aufzeichnung und -Analyse 2.4 Schlussfolgerungen zum Telemonitoring bei Patienten mit koronarer Herzkrankheit 3 Telemonitoring bei Patienten mit Herzrhythmusstörungen 3.1 Tele-EKG-Eventrecorder 3.2 EKG-Aufzeichnung und Herzrhythmusanalyse mit Smartphones und Wearables 3.2.1 Entwicklung und technische Grundlagen 3.2.2 Detektion von Vorhofflimmern mit Smartphones und Smartwatches 3.2.3 Probleme und Perspektiven in der Anwendung von Smartphones und Wearables in der klinischen Praxis 3.3 Externe EKG-Loop-Recorder mit telemedizinischer EKG-Übertragung 3.4 Implantierbare Loop-Recorder mit telemedizinischer EKG-Übertragung 3.5 Telemonitoring bei Patienten mit tragbaren Kardiovertern-Defibrillatoren 3.6 Schlussfolgerungen zum Telemonitoring bei Patienten mit Herzrhythmusstörungen 4 Telemonitoring bei Patienten mit aktiven kardialen Implantaten 4.1 Aktuelle Herausforderungen in der Therapie mit aktiven kardialen Implantaten 4.2 Ziele und Methodik des Telemonitorings bei Patienten mit aktiven kardialen Implantaten 4.3 Technik des Telemonitorings bei Patienten mit aktiven kardialen Implantaten 4.3.1 Entwicklung der Technologie 4.3.2 Technische Umsetzungen durch die einzelnen Hersteller 4.3.2.1 Home Monitoring®-System 4.3.2.2 CareLink®-System 4.3.2.3 Merlin.net®-System 4.3.2.4 Latitude®-System 4.3.2.5 Smartview®-System 4.3.3 Cyber-Security bei vernetzten, aktiven kardialen Implantaten 4.4 Klinische Studien zum Telemonitoring bei Patienten mit aktiven kardialen Implantaten 4.4.1 Sicherheit der Datenübertragung und Erkennung von Aggregat- und Elektrodenfehlfunktionen 4.4.2 Detektion klinisch relevanter Rhythmusereignisse 4.4.2.1 Atriale Tachyarrhythmien 4.4.2.2 Ventrikuläre Tachykardien und Schockabgaben bei Patienten mit ICDs 4.4.3 Detektion kardialer Dekompensationen bei Patienten mit aktiven kardialen Implantaten 4.4.3.1 Telemedizinische Überwachung der Thoraximpedanz bei Patienten mit aktiven kardialen Implantaten 4.4.3.2. Überwachung von Patienten mit aktiven kardialen Implantaten mittels Multiparameter-Algorithmen 4.4.3.3 Kontrollierte Studien und Registerdaten zur frühzeitigen Erfassung kardialer Dekompensationen mittels Telemonitoring bei Patienten mit aktiven kardialen Implantaten 4.4.4 Potenzielle Reduktion ambulanter Nachsorgen und Reduktion der Behandlungskosten 4.4.5 Management der übermittelten Daten und Akzeptanz des Telemonitorings durch Patienten und Ärzte 4.4.6 Bewertung der klinischen Studien und Registerdaten und aktuelle Empfehlungen zum Einsatz des Telemonitorings bei Patienten mit aktiven kardialen Implantaten 4.5 Nutzenbewertung und Kostenerstattung des Telemonitorings bei Patienten mit aktiven kardialen Implantaten in der klinischen Praxis 4.6 Telemonitoring bei Patienten mit S-ICDs 4.7 Schlussfolgerungen zum Telemonitoring bei Patienten mit aktiven kardialen Implantaten 5 Telemonitoring bei Patienten mit chronischer Herzinsuffizienz 5.1 Ziele des Telemonitorings bei Patienten mit chronischer Herzinsuffizienz 5.2 Betreuungskonzepte bei chronisch herzinsuffizienten Patienten 5.2.1 Betreuungskonzepte mit Heart-Failure-Nurses 5.2.2 Betreuungskonzepte mittels Telemonitoring 5.2.2.1 Device-basiertes Telemonitoring bei Patienten mit chronischer Herzinsuffizienz 5.2.2.2 Hämodynamisches Telemonitoring mit implantierbaren Sensoren bei Patienten mit chronischer Herzinsuffizienz 5.2.2.3 Telemonitoring bei Patienten mit chronischer Herzinsuffizienz mit externen Sensoren 5.3. Nutzenbewertung und Umsetzung des Telemonitorings bei chronisch herzinsuffizienten Patienten in der klinischen Praxis 5.4 Schlussfolgerungen zum Telemonitoring bei Patienten mit chronischer Herzinsuffizienz 6 Telemonitoring bei Patienten mit arterieller Hypertonie 6.1 Behandlungsziele bei Patienten mit arterieller Hypertonie 6.2 Methodik des Telemonitorings bei arterieller Hypertonie 6.2.1 Komponenten des Telemonitorings bei arterieller Hypertonie 6.2.2 Neue Verfahren zur Blutdruckmessung 6.2.3 Datenfluss und Datenmanagement 6.2.4 Apps für Patienten mit arterieller Hypertonie 6.3 Studien zum Telemonitoring bei arterieller Hypertonie 6.4 Einsatz des Telemonitorings bei Patienten mit arterieller Hypertonie in der klinischen Praxis 6.5 Schlussfolgerungen zum Telemonitoring bei Patienten mit arterieller Hypertonie 7 Juristische Aspekte des Telemonitorings in der Kardiologie 8 Ausblick Literaturverzeichnis Abbildungsverzeichnis Tabellenverzeichnis Thesen zur Habilitation

Les personnes hospitalisées pour un problème cardiaque présentent un risque important d’insuffisance cardiaque aiguë (ICA). L’ICA qui n’est pas reconnue ou prise en charge rapidement par l’équipe de soins est associée à un important taux de mortalité. Le raisonnement clinique infirmier (RCI), soit le processus cognitif d’interprétation des données recueillies lors de l’évaluation de la santé d’une personne, est essentiel à la reconnaissance et la prise en charge de l’ICA. Les jeux sérieux sont des interventions de formation pouvant être offertes sur des supports numériques (p. ex., ordinateurs) et qui pourraient améliorer le RCI en offrant une expérience d’apprentissage engageante et intrinsèquement motivante. En s’appuyant sur le modèle de développement d’interventions de Czajkowski et al. (2015), cette thèse par articles présente une étude dont le but était de développer et d’apprécier l’apport d’un jeu sérieux (SIGN@L, en référence aux signes et symptômes d’ICA et au support numérique du jeu sérieux) afin de soutenir l’engagement, la motivation intrinsèque et le développement du RCI en contexte d’ICA d’étudiantes et d’étudiants en sciences infirmières. Le jeu sérieux SIGN@L a été développé par l’étudiant-chercheur d’après le modèle théorique d’apprentissage par le jeu d’Alexiou et Schippers (2018) et les résultats de deux revues systématiques (Maheu-Cadotte et al., 2021b; Maheu-Cadotte et al., 2021c). D’après le modèle théorique retenu, le jeu sérieux combine trois couches constitutives afin de soutenir l’engagement et la motivation intrinsèque lors de l’apprentissage : des mécaniques de jeu, une trame narrative et une esthétique. Les revues systématiques ont apporté des appuis empiriques au design de SIGN@L. Ce dernier est conçu pour être utilisé individuellement, avec un ordinateur personnel et pour environ 20 minutes. Nous avons apprécié l’apport de SIGN@L par un devis multiméthodes (Maheu-Cadotte et al., 2022). Le volet quantitatif était un essai croisé. Nous avons recruté 28 étudiantes et étudiants en sciences infirmières qui ont été répartis aléatoirement à deux séquences de prototypes du jeu sérieux : SIGN@L-A (version complète) suivi ou précédé de SIGN@L-B (comprenant seulement certaines mécaniques de jeu et une esthétique fonctionnelle). Les participantes et participants ont rempli des questionnaires en ligne après leur utilisation de chacun des prototypes et ont rapporté des niveaux d'engagement et de motivation intrinsèque plus élevés avec SIGN@L-A (r de Cohen de 0,83 et de 0,70, respectivement). Cependant, des différences négligeables dans les scores de RCI ont été constatées entre les deux prototypes (r de Cohen de 0,10). Pour le volet qualitatif, nous avons réalisé une entrevue individuelle semi-dirigée avec 10 participantes et participants afin d’apprécier l’apport des couches constitutives des prototypes du jeu sérieux sur leur expérience d’apprentissage. Ceux-ci ont décrit que la construction de réseaux logiques avait contribué à leur apprentissage. Ils ont également rapporté que d’incarner le rôle d’une infirmière ou d’un infirmier et de prendre soin de personnes hospitalisées leur conféraient un sens similaire des responsabilités à celui en pratique clinique. De plus, la division de SIGN@L-A en niveaux les aidait à situer leur progression. Alors que les deux prototypes ont été perçues comme faciles à utiliser, les réactions au rendu audiovisuel de SIGN@L-A ont varié de la détente à la distraction. Les résultats suggèrent qu’une intervention de formation qui intègre les éléments des couches constitutives d’un jeu sérieux favorise davantage l’engagement et la motivation intrinsèque d’étudiantes et d’étudiants en sciences infirmières qu’une intervention de formation qui présente une intégration limitée de ces éléments. / Individuals hospitalized in acute care units with a cardiac problem are at a significant risk of acute heart failure (AHF). If AHF is not recognized and managed early by the healthcare team, it is associated with significant mortality. Nurses’ clinical reasoning (CR), the cognitive process of interpreting data collected during the assessment of individuals, is essential to the recognition and management of AHF. Serious games are educational interventions that can be offered on digital devices (e.g., computers) and that have the potential to enhance CR by providing an engaging and intrinsically motivating learning experience. Based on the Czajkowski et al. (2015) model of intervention development, this article-based thesis presents a study that aimed to develop and study the contribution of a serious game (SIGN@L, in reference to the AHF signs and symptoms, and to the digital device on which is offered the serious game) to support nursing students’ engagement, intrinsic motivation, and CR development in the context of AHF. The serious game SIGN@L was developed by the student researcher based on the game-based learning theoretical model by Alexiou et Schippers (2018) and the results of two systematic reviews (Maheu-Cadotte et al., 2021b; Maheu-Cadotte et al., 2021c) . According to the theoretical model, a serious game combines three layers to support engagement and intrinsic motivation during learning: game mechanics, narrative and aesthetics. Systematic reviews provided empirical support for the design of SIGN@L. This serious game is used alone, on a personal computer, and its estimated duration of use is one 20-minute session. We assessed the contribution of SIGN@L-A through a multimethod design (Maheu-Cadotte et al., 2022). The quantitative component was a crossover trial. We recruited 28 nursing students who were randomly assigned to two sequences of serious game prototypes: SIGN@L-A (complete version) followed or preceded SIGN@L-B (including only some game mechanics and a functional aesthetic). Participants completed online questionnaires after using each of the prototype and reported higher levels of engagement and intrinsic motivation with SIGN@L-A (Cohen’s r: 0.83 and 0.70, respectively). However, negligible differences in CR scores were found between the two educational interventions (Cohen’s r: 0.10). For the qualitative component, we conducted semi-structured individual interviews with 10 participants to assess the contribution of the three layers of the serious game on their learning experience. They described how they perceived that the construction of logical networks had contributed to their learning. They also reported that playing the role of a nurse and caring for hospitalized individuals gave them a similar sense of responsibility to that found in clinical practice. In addition, the division of SIGN@L-A into levels greatly helped them to situate their progress. While both interventions were perceived as easy to use, reactions to the audiovisual rendering of SIGN@L-A ranged from feeling relaxed to feeling distracted. Results suggest that an educational intervention that integrates each of the elements of the constituent layers of a serious game is more supportive of nursing students' engagement and intrinsic motivation than an educational intervention that has limited integration of these elements.