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Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2003. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study focuses on the development of a strategic planning guide for the Department of Correctional Services. It was initiated through the realisation, by the author, that new management philosophies were becoming a necessity for the essential improvements required by the Department of Correctional Services. Problems exist in a number of areas, the most prevalent being poor direction from management, costly wrong decision-making, nepotism and fraud, the inability to fully utilise current technology and poor communication. These factors, combined with the dramatic increase in the crime rate causing severely overcrowded prisons, warrant this study. A dramatic transformation in management practises, communication techniques and strategic direction is proposed. The study suggests a proposal to the management of the Department of Correctional Services that contains a detailed plan for the future. New management philosophies are proposed, which will aid the Department of Correctional Services in its future direction including the concepts of Unit Management, the Asset Procurement and Operating Partnership System and strategic insights. Suggestions are also provided in terms of the overcrowding in prisons and measures to deal with budget deficits and the public. The aspects covered in the study will include a new direction for the Department of Correctional Services, the formulation of broad policies, such as employment, management and infrastructure development. The importance of internal and external environmental assessments as well as the needs of the stakeholders will be closely examined, as well as key strategic issues. A strategic plan will be proposed and the review and adoption thereof followed by implementation procedures and action steps. A ten-step approach is suggested to fulfil these requirements and each step is discussed in detail. The steps are: Step 1: Determine a strategic planning process Step 2: Clarify planning objectives Step 3: Identify and understand stakeholders and develop and refine the mission and values Step 4: Assess the environment to identify strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats Step 5: Identify and frame strategic issues Step 6: Formulate strategies to manage the issues Step 7: Review and adopt the strategic plan Step 8: Establish an effective organisational vision for the future Step 9: Develop an effective implementation process Step 10: Reassess strategies as well as the strategic planning process / AFIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie fokus op die ontwikkeling van 'n gids vir strategiese beplanning vir die Departement van Korrektiewe Dienste. Die studie is geinisieer as gevolg van 'n behoefte aan nuwe bestuurspraktyke wat deur die skrywer geidentifiseer is. Nuwe praktyke is absoluut essensieel vir die noodsaaklike verbeterings wat die Departement van Korrektiewe Dienste benodig. 'n Aantal probleme word geidentifiseer in die studie waarvan die mees kritiese die gebrek aan rigtinggewing deur bestuur, die hoë koste van verkeerde besluite, nepotisme en bedrog, die onbevoegdheid om huidige tegnologie te gebruik en swak kommunikasie is. 'n Kombinasie van hierdie faktore en die dramatiese toename in misdaad wat oorvol tronke veroorsaak, maak die studie noodsaaklik. 'n Dramatiese transformasie in bestuurspraktyke, kommunikasie metodes en strategiese koers word voorgestel. Die studie bied 'n gespesifiseerde plan aan die bestuur van die Departement van Korrektiewe Dienste. Nuwe bestuurspraktyke word voorgestel, insluitende eenheidbestuur en die gebruik van die "Asset Procurement and Operating Partnership System" wat bestuurders sal help met toekomstige besluite en strategiese insig. Voorstelle word ook gemaak in terme van oorvol tronke en maatstawwe word gegee vir begrotingsgebreke en optrede met die publiek. Die aspekte wat bespreek word sluit 'n nuwe koers vir die Departement van Korrektiewe Dienste, die formulering van 'n bree beleid in terme van arbeidsbestuur en infrastruktuur-ontwikkeling in. Die belangrikheid van 'n interne en eksteme omgewingsanalise asook die behoeftes van deelnemers en strategiese probleme word ook bespreek. 'n Strategiese plan word voorgestel en metodes vir die hersiening, aanneming en implementering daarvan word bespreek. 'n Noukeurige proses wat bestaan uit tien stappe word voorgestel om aan bogenoemde vereistes te voldoen. Hierdie stappe word breedvoerig bespreek en bestaan uit die volgende: Stap 1: Bepaal 'n proses van strategiese beplanning Stap 2: Omskryf die beplanningsdoelwitte Stap 3: Identifiseer en verstaan die verskillende deelnemers en ontwerp en verfyn die missie en waardes Stap 4: Ontleed die omgewing en identifiseer die sterk punte, swak punte, geleenthede en bedreigings Stap 5: Identifiseer die strategiese probleme en punte van belang Stap 6: Formuleer die strategie en bestuur die proses Stap 7: Hersien die plan en neem dit aan Stap 8: Bepaal 'n effektiewe visie vir die toekoms Stap 9: Ontwikkel 'n effektiewe implementeringsproses Stap 10: Herevalueer die strategie en die proses van strategiese beplanning

Over the last 30 years, the juvenile justice system and juvenile correctional ideology shifted to become more punitive in nature. However, studies examining this shift are lacking in the literature. The present study will attempt to assess what correctional ideology, rehabilitative or punitive, is dominant within juvenile corrections by conducting a national survey to juvenile facility directors. This study will be based on prior literature, most of which has focused upon line staff in an adult correctional setting. From this prior literature, more specifically from the work of Cullen et al. (1989), scales will be created to determine the correctional orientation of the key administrators in juvenile facilities. This will allow us to assess whether the correctional ideology driving the juvenile system has in fact become punitive. The findings from this study have the opportunity to alter the current status quo in juvenile corrections.

A report on a study project presented to the Department of Social Work School of Human and Community Development Faculty of Humanities in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Masters of Art in Occupational Social Work, October 2017 / Correctional officers face many stressors in their workplace settings such as guarding violent prisoners and ensuring the safety of everyone in the prison setting. The stressors they face may lead to occupational stress for some. The study aimed to understand the coping strategies used by correctional officers when dealing with occupational stress. To investigate the research aim, a qualitative approach and case study design were utilised. Convenience sampling was used to select 25 correctional officers employed at Leeuwkop prison, Medium B and Maximum facility. Semistructured interviews schedules were used where one-on-one interviews were conducted to collect data. Thematic analysis was used to analyse data gathered. The study revealed that correctional officers face many stressors in their work environment such as leadership style, prison violence, uneven ratio between inmates and correctional officers as well as shift work. These stressors have different impact on their professional and personal lives such as; aggression towards their family, psychological effects, society high expectations which prevent them from living their own lives and also some felt that their work isolates them from their families. To cope with occupational stress, the study revealed that correctional officers engage in sporting activities within the prison such as soccer, others make use of employee assistance programmes and some resort to less conventional ways of coping such as absenteeism and alcohol use. Recommendations were provided to curb the challenges experienced by correctional officers which included; the need for more advertisement of employee assistance programmes, hiring more correctional officers to even out the ratio between correctional officers and inmate, the need for more occupational social workers services within the prison and lastly the need for more South African research on correctional officers coping strategies. / XL2018

The Virginia Department of Corrections mandates that all offenders without a high school diploma or general equivalency diploma (GED) are required to be enrolled in GED programs offered in the prison system. However, these programs have shown varying rates of success. Supported by the constructivist theory, the purpose of this qualitative case study was to identify how correctional education staff members perceived the effectiveness of the GED programs. Data from surveys and interviews with 9 educational correctional staff members were collected and analyzed for themes. Findings indicated that (a) participants use computer software for effective instruction, (b) offenders who were enrolled in correctional education programs successfully reenter society after being released from incarceration, and (c) offenders' self-efficacy is related to GED instruction. Findings may be used to improve GED programs to support offenders in obtaining a GED and training to promote social justice by returning to their communities more prepared to obtain jobs and contribute to the global economy.

A dissertation submitted in partial fulfiIIment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts (Clinical Psychology) in the Department of Psychology, University o f Zululand, 2005. / Correctional officers in correctional institutions play a significant role in creating and maintaining the environment within the prison. As a result many issues related to correctional officers have been examined, for instance researchers found that correctional officers experience excessive stress that leads to physical illness, cost money, family problems or inability to perform duties appropriately (Finn, 2000). Most studies examining causes and negative consequences of correctional officers stress were conducted in Western countries, few studies have examined stress and stress related problems among correctional officers in other countries. Thus the present study examined the sources and the extent of stress among correctional officers in South Africa and the effect of these on job satisfaction.

Correctional officers work in a stressful environment and are regularly exposed to dangerous and emotionally charged situations. Researchers have detailed the potential negative outcomes of this occupation, yet little research has examined the extent to which correctional officers experience emotion while on their shifts, and how those emotions may translate into stress, divorce, substance abuse issues, domestic violence, and high mortality rates upon retirement. The purpose of this phenomenological study was to learn how correctional officers experience their felt and expressed emotions while at work. Data collection was done using a 15-item open ended questionnaire designed by the researcher and accessed via an online website. The 15-item questionnaire was prescreened by correctional officers not participating in the survey to assure for trustworthiness. Anonymous online survey data was collected from 23 correctional custody staff members working throughout California. The responses from the survey were coded and analyzed using NVivo and Survey Monkey software to account for reoccurring themes in the data. The findings of this study show a high percentage of respondent's report feelings of anxiety throughout a shift at work. Further, the findings show that the participants consistently report a disconnect between felt and expressed emotions while at work. These findings may be used to reform training programs for correctional officers to offer them better ways to process the emotions they experience throughout their career.

Alcohol consumption has been linked to numerous adverse health and well-being outcomes; therefore determining what motivates individuals to drink is of utmost importance. One reason individuals may drink is to cope with work demands and their associated strain. This may be especially relevant for correctional officers (COs) as this occupation has been associated with high levels of job stressors and strain and heavy drinking. Drawing primarily on the job demands-resources and ego depletion models, this study examined how emotional job demands contribute to CO exhaustion and alcohol use. Additionally, interactions between common recovery from work experiences and exhaustion were tested to determine if recovery experiences could serve as a protective influence against work stress-related drinking. Participants were 1,370 correctional officers from 14 correctional facilities within the state of Oregon. Results indicate that exhaustion was positively related to both drinking quantity and drinking frequency and that emotional job demands had significant indirect effects on both types of drinking behaviors through employee exhaustion. The recovery experiences relaxation and detachment significantly moderated the relationship between exhaustion and drinking quantity, but not drinking frequency. Mastery experiences did not influence the strength of the positive relationship between exhaustion and either drinking outcome. These findings suggest that engaging in certain recovery experiences may lead to drinking fewer drinks on days when drinking, however the frequency of those days remains unaffected.

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