The World Prison Brief Walmsley (2001:2) reveals that there are 8,7 million people held in penal institutions throughout the world, either as pre-trial detainees or having been convicted and sentenced. Although the rising prison population in South Africa is of great concern, it is certainly not just a South African problem, but an international phenomenon. Prison overcrowding and the resultant financial and human rights problems related to this phenomenon, remain one of the paramount concerns of both developed and developing countries. Overcrowding of prisons negates the rehabilitation of offenders, undermines human dignity in correctional facilities and renders the safety and security of offenders and the community vulnerable. Another problem facing the Department of Correctional Services is the control of communicable diseases and viruses, particularly HIV/AIDS and Tuberculosis. The problem of overcrowding facilitates the easy spread of communicable diseases among inmates. Imprisonment as a sanction remains a reality. Providing alternatives to imprisonment, for example, community based-sanctions, does however ensure that a significant number of offenders can be dealt with in a more balanced manner. Alternative sanctions to incarceration can be more successful, less costly to the state, have fewer negative implications and will lighten the load for the criminal justice system, hence reducing overcrowding. In order to reduce the overcrowding in prisons there has to be a reduction in the number of both awaiting-trial and sentenced prisoners. Reducing the inflow of offenders from the courts to the prisons and trying to get minor offenders in prison to be released should accomplish this. Courts and magistrates must break away from centuries of reliance on imprisonment as punishment. If more people show interest in the human rights of incarcerated prisoners, then further effort will be placed on resolving the overpopulation problem facing the Department of Correctional Services. / Criminology / (D. Litt et Phil.(Penology))

Incarceration of offenders has been relied upon as the dominant sentence option through the years to address the objectives of punishment. Research has shown that the above-mentioned approach does not match the current lifestyle anymore. Correctional centres (prisons) not only in South Africa, but across the board are faced with the same challenge. This is of course not a problem of the Department of Correctional Services alone, but that of the entire justice system. It is therefore obligatory for Justice to join hands with society in accordance with the White Paper on Corrections in South Africa (2005:63-68). Playing a major role in all above-mentioned bodies is Parliament, without which the whole justice system would not exist, let alone functioning. The victims of crime would most probably not condone any soft approach towards treating offenders, worse with alleviating overpopulation by releasing inmates from correctional centres. It is the researcher's submission that the effects of overpopulation coupled with inmate's human rights, as entrenched in the Constitution becomes the major driving force to address overcrowding in our correctional centres. / Penelogy / (M.A. (Penelogy))

The study focuses on an overview of the performance management and the development system in the Department of Correctional Services with special focus on Limpopo province, Mpumalanga province and Northwest province (which is referred to as Limpopo region in this research). The main research question was "what does the current performance management development system in the Department of Correctional Services in the Limpopo region look like?" The relevant literature was consulted and in order to gain a clear view and understanding of performance management in general. The overview focuses on the general concept of performance management so as to understand it, its origin, purpose, benefits, advantages and disadvantages. The second part focuses on the performance management system in the general Public Service. This was done in order to establish whether there is any alignment between general performance management and what is being implemented in the Public Service. It was established that there is no difference between the general concept of performance management and what is being implemented in the Public Service in general. The main focus is on the policy used in the Public Service. The last part deals with the research question and focuses on the Department of Correctional Services in particular in the previously demarcated region. The Performance Management and Development System Policy was used to determine if there is any alignment between the general performance management, performance management in the Public Service and what is being implemented in the Department of Correctional Services. The findings show that there is no difference between the Performance Management and Development System being applied in the different areas. Several minor challenges were picked up, based on the findings of the internal audit on performance management, and relevant recommendations are provided. In general, based on the findings and percentage of compliance, the research shows that the Performance Management and Development System is being effectively implemented in the Limpopo region of the Department of Correctional Services. / Public Administration & Management / M. Tech. (Public Administration and Management)

The study focuses on an overview of the performance management and the development system in the Department of Correctional Services with special focus on Limpopo province, Mpumalanga province and Northwest province (which is referred to as Limpopo region in this research). The main research question was "what does the current performance management development system in the Department of Correctional Services in the Limpopo region look like?" The relevant literature was consulted and in order to gain a clear view and understanding of performance management in general. The overview focuses on the general concept of performance management so as to understand it, its origin, purpose, benefits, advantages and disadvantages. The second part focuses on the performance management system in the general Public Service. This was done in order to establish whether there is any alignment between general performance management and what is being implemented in the Public Service. It was established that there is no difference between the general concept of performance management and what is being implemented in the Public Service in general. The main focus is on the policy used in the Public Service. The last part deals with the research question and focuses on the Department of Correctional Services in particular in the previously demarcated region. The Performance Management and Development System Policy was used to determine if there is any alignment between the general performance management, performance management in the Public Service and what is being implemented in the Department of Correctional Services. The findings show that there is no difference between the Performance Management and Development System being applied in the different areas. Several minor challenges were picked up, based on the findings of the internal audit on performance management, and relevant recommendations are provided. In general, based on the findings and percentage of compliance, the research shows that the Performance Management and Development System is being effectively implemented in the Limpopo region of the Department of Correctional Services. / Public Administration and Management / M. Tech. (Public Administration and Management)

Incarceration of offenders has been relied upon as the dominant sentence option through the years to address the objectives of punishment. Research has shown that the above-mentioned approach does not match the current lifestyle anymore. Correctional centres (prisons) not only in South Africa, but across the board are faced with the same challenge. This is of course not a problem of the Department of Correctional Services alone, but that of the entire justice system. It is therefore obligatory for Justice to join hands with society in accordance with the White Paper on Corrections in South Africa (2005:63-68). Playing a major role in all above-mentioned bodies is Parliament, without which the whole justice system would not exist, let alone functioning. The victims of crime would most probably not condone any soft approach towards treating offenders, worse with alleviating overpopulation by releasing inmates from correctional centres. It is the researcher's submission that the effects of overpopulation coupled with inmate's human rights, as entrenched in the Constitution becomes the major driving force to address overcrowding in our correctional centres. / Penelogy / (M.A. (Penelogy))

Text in English / The aim of the study was to explore the experiences of adult offenders living with HIV (OLWHIV) not qualifying for antiretroviral therapy (ART). Such offenders are put on the pre-antiretroviral therapy (pre-ART) program after HIV diagnosis. Follow up of OLWHIV is done every six months to ensure prompt treatment. Research objectives include exploration of experiences of OLWHIV on the pre-ART program, the accessibility of the program and the challenges thereof. An exploratory, qualitative study with face-to-face interviews was conducted. Purposive sampling of the eight participants was done to conduct the study. Seven out of eight participants accessed the pre-ART program well but had little knowledge of the pre-ART program. Furthermore, participants experienced little support from partners and health care workers. The study showed institutional constraints such as poor diet, shortage of staff and humiliation from Correctional officers. Participants portrayed commitment in the support group irrespective of the challenges experienced. The study further showed that the self-care theory could enhance the pre-ART program but that institutional constraints deterred the progress. Participants made recommendations such as strengthening of partnerships for support groups, good diet, and an increase of staff capacity. Overall study recommendations include implementation of universal test and treat and mixed methods for future studies. / Sociology / M.A. (Social Behaviour Studies in HIV/AIDS)

The World Prison Brief Walmsley (2001:2) reveals that there are 8,7 million people held in penal institutions throughout the world, either as pre-trial detainees or having been convicted and sentenced. Although the rising prison population in South Africa is of great concern, it is certainly not just a South African problem, but an international phenomenon. Prison overcrowding and the resultant financial and human rights problems related to this phenomenon, remain one of the paramount concerns of both developed and developing countries. Overcrowding of prisons negates the rehabilitation of offenders, undermines human dignity in correctional facilities and renders the safety and security of offenders and the community vulnerable. Another problem facing the Department of Correctional Services is the control of communicable diseases and viruses, particularly HIV/AIDS and Tuberculosis. The problem of overcrowding facilitates the easy spread of communicable diseases among inmates. Imprisonment as a sanction remains a reality. Providing alternatives to imprisonment, for example, community based-sanctions, does however ensure that a significant number of offenders can be dealt with in a more balanced manner. Alternative sanctions to incarceration can be more successful, less costly to the state, have fewer negative implications and will lighten the load for the criminal justice system, hence reducing overcrowding. In order to reduce the overcrowding in prisons there has to be a reduction in the number of both awaiting-trial and sentenced prisoners. Reducing the inflow of offenders from the courts to the prisons and trying to get minor offenders in prison to be released should accomplish this. Courts and magistrates must break away from centuries of reliance on imprisonment as punishment. If more people show interest in the human rights of incarcerated prisoners, then further effort will be placed on resolving the overpopulation problem facing the Department of Correctional Services. / Criminology and Security Science / (D. Litt et Phil.(Penology))

Kriminalvården är en myndighet som på senare tid fått mycket uppmärksamhet i media. Myndigheten står inför stora utmaningar avseende plats- och resursbrist och behöver anställa 4 000 personer till år 2025. Det har genomförts flertalet studier kring vårdande och rättsliga myndigheter hur de agerar och verkar under press. Rättsvårdande myndigheter som Kriminalvården har inte studerats i samma omfattning. Myndigheten har en central funktion med ett samhällsviktigt uppdrag och kunskap inom området är högst relevant. Därför avser denna studie fylla en kunskapslucka som råder, genom att öka förståelse för den profession som arbetar klientnära inom en av rättsväsendets myndigheter. Syftet med studien var att undersöka vilka värden och handlingsmönster som framträder hos kriminalvårdare när de står inför utmaningar. Studien är genomförd via kvalitativ metod och Utförd inom några utav Kriminalvårdens häkten och anstalter, med fokus på kriminalvårdare som utför klientnära arbete. Studiens ansats är induktiv som innebär att utefter kriminalvårdarnas upplevelser har olika teman identifierats och analyserats. Som referensram användes Lipskys (2010) teori om närbyråkraten och etisk stress via Bengtsell, Thoursie och Åstrand Freidlitz (2021). Studien visar att säkerheten är ett överordnat värde inom Kriminalvården samt vikten av att inneha en humanistisk människosyn för klient påverkan. Det mest framträdande handlingsmönstret är sammanhållningen mellan kriminalvårdare för att hantera utmaningarna som de möter i sin vardag. Detta visar att kriminalvårdare innehar egenskaper både som närbyråkrat och byråkrat. En unik yrkesroll som inte förekommer inom andra närliggande områden. / The Correctional Service is an authority that has recently received a lot of attention in the media. The authority is facing major challenges regarding lack of space and resources and needs to employ 4,000 people by the year 2025. Several studies have been carried out about care and judicial authorities and how they act and operate under pressure. Law enforcement agencies such as the Correctional Service have not been studied to the same extent. The authority has a central function with an important mission in society, knowledge in the area is highly relevant. Therefore, this study intends to fill a gap of knowledge that exists, by increasing understanding of the profession that works close to clients within one of the judicial authorities. The purpose of the study was to investigate which values and action patterns that appears in the role of correctional officers when they are faced with challenges. The study was carried out via a qualitative method and carried out within some of the Correctional Service's prisons and institutions, with a focus on correctional officers who perform clientrelated work. The study's approach is inductive, which means that based on the experiences of the correctional officers, various themes have been identified and analyzed. Lipsky's (2010) theory of the street-level bureaucrat and ethical stress via Bengtsell, Thoursie and Åstrand Freidlitz (2021) was used as a frame of reference. The study shows that safety is an overriding value within the Correctional Service, as well as the importance of having a humanistic view of people when influencing clients. The most prominent pattern of action is the cohesion between correctional officers to deal with the challenges they face in their everyday lives. This shows that correctional officers possess characteristics both as street-level bureaucrat and bureaucrat. A unique professional role that does not occur in other related fields.

Summaries in English and Afrikaans / In the study below, the phenomenon of "maximum security prisons" is described as it is applied in various parts of the world, according to capita selecta. The phenomenon is described as it occurs in four countries, namely Australia, the United States of America, England and South Africa. The primary aim of this study is to obtain the Magister Artium degree. Secondly, it will shed more light on the treatment of prisoners who have to be detained in maximum security conditions as a result of their type of offence, length of sentence and conduct. The philosopical framework for the detention of maximum security prisoners is taken into account, while certain generic aspects unique to prisons are examined as well. This study is of universal importance because long-term prison sentences are on the increase, in spite of the fact that other punitive measures exist. / In die hieropvolgende studie word die verskynsel "maksimum sekuriteitsgevangenisse" soos wat dit in verskeie werelddele toepassing vind aan die hand van capita selecta beskryf. Die verskynsel word ten opsigte van vier lande, naamlik Australie, die V erenigde State van Amerika, Engeland en Suid-Afrika beskryf. Die beskrywing het in die eerste plek ten doel om die graad Magister Artium te verwerf. Ten tweede werp dit meer lig op die bantering van gevangenes wat weens hul tipe oortreding, vonnislengte en gedrag in maksimum sekuriteitsomstandighede aangehou moet word. Die filosofiese raamwerk vir aanhouding van maksimumgevangenes word in oenskou geneem, maar daar word ook na verskeie generiese aspekte eie aan gevangenisse gekyk. Die studie is van globale belang weens die feit dat langtermyngevangenisstraf besig is om toe te neem, ten spyte daarvan dat alternatiewe vorme van straf bestaan. / Penology / M.A. (Penologie)

Följande studie har undersökt hur kvinnliga kriminalvårdare upplever att de behandlas på klass 1-anstalter för manliga klienter i Sverige. Studien undersökte även hur kvinnliga kriminalvårdare behandlades av sina manliga kollegor och klienter. Materialet samlades in genom semistrukturerade intervjuer med åtta kvinnor i åldrarna 21 till 25, som är eller har varit anställda vid en klass 1-anstalt i Sverige. Utifrån deltagarnas berättelser kunde det urskiljas att en tydlig machokultur präglade de berörda anstalterna. Deltagarna beskrev bland annat anstalterna som ojämställda, i form av att de kunde uppleva sig underordnade männen. En sexistisk och nedvärderande jargong riktat mot deltagarna framkom mellan både manliga klienter och manliga kriminalvårdare. Vissa egenskaper hos deltagarna visades dock medföra en upplevd trygghet i rollen som kriminalvårdare. En högre ålder och längre erfarenhet ansågs som två trygghetsfrämjande faktorer som förenklade deltagarnas arbete. Som slutsats visade sig resultatet av denna studie till stor del överensstämma med tidigare forskning som finns kring området. Förvånande var att machokulturen på anstalterna utmärkte sig i så pass hög grad, trots att Sverige visat sig vara ett av världens mest jämställda länder. Resultatet bekräftade att Kriminalvården är i behov av utbildning, för att förebygga den ojämställdhet som råder. / The following study examined how female correctional officers in class 1 prisons for male inmates in Sweden perceive how they are being treated based on their femininity. Furthermore, the study examined how female correctional officers are being treated by their male colleagues and inmates. Data was collected through semi-structured interviews with eight women between the ages of 21 to 25, who are or have been employed at a class 1 prison. The participants described themselves as subordinate to the men. Moreover, the male inmates as well as the male colleagues used a sexist and degrading jargon against women. Some characteristics, however, were shown to lead to higher perceived safety as a prison officer. A higher age and longer experience were considered factors that simplified the participants' work. In conclusion, the results were largely consistent with previous research in the area. Surprisingly, the results showed that the macho culture in the prisons distinguished itself to such a high degree, even though Sweden has been proven to be one of the most equal countries in the world. The results confirmed that the Prison and Probation Service is in a need of education, in order to prevent the inequality that prevails.