Continuous counter current extraction (CCCE) or dual flow counter current chromatography (DFCCC) is a promising technique where components can be separated continuously by two liquid phases that flow in opposite directions through a continuous length of coiled tubing. Specially designed end connectors and a coil planet centrifuge allow each respective phase to be pumped into each end of the tubing and the other phase to elute at each opposite end. In this thesis the feasibility and the mechanics of CCCE are investigated using stroboscopic photography on an experimental rig and a specially built pilot-scale CCCE centrifuge. The mechanics of the hydrodynamics in the coil was investigated systematically by comparing the measured volumes with photographic images of the process. This investigation revealed that the phases are not distributed evenly throughout the coil, which was previously assumed, but that there is a transition area where the phases switch from mainly upper phase at the head end of the tubing to mainly lower phase at the tail end. This means that the sample encounter three different phase distribution zones in the coil. At the head the upper phase is the dominant phase with a small volume of lower phase running through. At the tail the reverse situation is found and lower phase is dominant. The third zone is a short segment of the coil where there is a transition between the dominant phase conditions that exist at each end. The position of the transition zone and the volume of the other two zones are profoundly affected by the relative flow rates of the two phases. This work indicates that the volume distribution in the coil is affected most by the upper phase flow rate. The pilot-scale CCCE centrifuge was used to successfully separate industrially supplied samples. Crude reaction liquor was processed in both batch and continuous modes achieving the separation of the multi-component mixture into two groups. Changing the flow rate combinations changed the location of elution of some of the components in the mixture. Separation efficiency was maintained even when sample loading was increased. The separations were shown to be predictable with the dual flow theoretical model.

8 Abstract Counterurbanisation research, which is a central topic of this thesis, represents an appropriate field where transformations of contemporary societies and their socio- spatial organization can be examined. The dynamics of social and societal changes creates a demand for developing new methods and tools which helps us to understand contemporary change. Counterurbanisation is a multi-faceted concept which has been controversial since its initial use. An introduction of the concept of counterurbanisation in the field of population geography provoked a general debate on new and emerging trends in development of settlement system. Different logics of concentration and deconcentration of human activities has been challenged. Counterurbanisation operationalized as a migration poses a challenge for many standard conceptualizations of migration. The logic of non-economically motivated migration from the centre to the periphery requires a search for alternative explanatory mechanisms. Impact assessment and the impact of counterurbanisation in rural communities are analogous to the classical social science studies evaluating the integration of immigrants from rural areas in the cities. The thesis is composed of two basic sections. The first section presents a broader theoretical and methodological...

This study examines solidarity and fragmentations between trade unions and civil society organisations under the Labour and Civil Society Coalition LASCO, during the fuel subsidy mass-protest in Nigeria. To understand the basis of LASCO’s mobilisation during the strike/ mass-protest and the tension that follows the suspension of the strike within the alliance, the study utilises the literature on Social Movement Unionism especially in South Africa, with emphasise on trade unions community and political alliances. The classical SMU literature especially applied in South Africa and Brazil revealed that authoritarian industrialisation and repressive Apartheid work-place regime prompted unions to use innovative strategies of using their bargaining power to challenge the state, by rendering themselves ungovernable both in the work-place and in the society through linkages with communities. This study, relying on a case study method and participant observation of the strike and mass-protest in Kano, revealed that SMU mobilisation in Nigeria was triggered by predatory and weak state, whose rent seeking permeates the administration of subsidy in the oil industry. Secondly, the study argued that the tensions and divisions within LASCO alliance following the suspension of the perceived unilateral suspension of the strike by the Trade Unions explains the political and class orientation of both trade unions and civil society organisations. The study argues that Trade Unions behaviour in the context of the strike lean towards Hyman pessimist view of trade unions or what Beiler et’al called accommodatory strategy, a view that see unions as negotiators of order both in the work-place and in the larger society. On the other hand the civil society organisations typified multi-level organisations with different orientations that always seek for transformation of the social order or what Beiler et’al called transformatory strategy.

EU has in the past years suffered from several terrorist attacks where over a hundred persons died only in the first half of 2017. As a response to these attacks EU has been provided, through recent treaties, with an increased number of tools to counter terrorism. This has raised questions regarding which actor shall provide the security for the citizens of Europe, the EU or the Nation state? The purpose with this study is to analyse the measures and strategies which the EU has been implementing between 2013-2017. Two main questions are formulated: To what extent are EUs measures and strategies between 2013-2017 characterised by hard and soft governance? How can these measures and strategies be understood from an integration perspective? This qualitative study is based on theories about hard/soft governance and on the theory of neofunctionalism. The results show an increasing use of hard governance methods in countering terrorism through a more supra-national approach. An increased integration took place partly because of a spillover effect and lack of belief in national solutions to the problem. However, the union’s member states still enjoy great influence in countering terrorism and they still have a big responsibility in protecting their citizens.

A partir da difusão e fragmentação das escritas de vida pela Comunicação no contemporâneo, esta dissertação busca discutir tal fenômeno à luz do conceito de biografema, conforme elaborado por Roland Barthes. Propomos que as narrativas midiáticas vêm praticando um resgate e um desgaste de tal forma semiótica, calcada na descrição de detalhes e pequenas idiossincrasias de suas personagens – jogo de enunciação biográfica visível desde sua formalização com Plutarco, no Século X, até a corrente definição de espaço biográfico, fendido pelo crescente interesse em detalhamentos e escritas menores. Identificado tal cenário em dispersão, a pesquisa tomou como seu objetivo geral distinguir os usos do biografema pelos discursos comunicacionais contemporâneos por meio do mapeamento de suas diversas funções semióticas, observáveis na análise de fragmentos narrativos. Tal distinção é organizada aqui, metodologicamente, a partir da arqueologia de Michel Foucault, na tentativa de localizar os regimes de dizibilidade que instauram e modelam as formas semióticas de enunciação da vida e o modo como se alteram em seu trânsito. Desse painel, partimos para uma observação de certas escrituras concretas capazes de encarnar as forças formativas, levando a uma investigação sobre discursos midiáticos como Caetano estaciona carro no Leblon nesta quinta-feira e Bela, recatada e ‘do lar’, contrapostos ao dispositivo crítico dos livros Anjo noturno, Inverdades, La literatura nazi en America, O concerto de João Gilberto no Rio de Janeiro, Um homem burro morreu, Vida e Vésperas. Desmontados a partir da sua enunciação de traços biografemáticos, tais textos são remontados em nossa análise a partir da identificação de três estratégias semióticas que animam a circulação do biográfico pelos meios de comunicação. Foi possível ler aí três principais usos estratégicos a modelizar a palavra biografemática: a palavra de ordem, voltada a tomar a descrição do biografado como realização de injunções de poder; a palavra mítica, forma de organização sígnica específica desse uso, dedicada a naturalizar os intuitos estratégicos a que serve; e a palavra fágica, que apropria para a mídia a forma crítica do biografema, mas também opera o movimento inverso, reiniciando essa semiose. Na disposição dessas formas de lidar com os traços biografemáticos, podemos inferir o caráter volátil da linguagem envolvida na constituição do biografema e das biografias; linguagem cujo uso desvela uma condição parasita da Comunicação, estruturada pela produção de signos e de regimes poéticos e políticos. / Based on the diffusion and fragmentation of the life’s writings by Communication in the contemporany, this dissertation seeks to discuss such phenomenon in light of the concept of biographeme, as elaborated by Barthes. We propose that the media’s narratives have been practicing a rescue and a detrition of this semiotic form, based on the description of details and little idiosyncrasies of his characters – a game of biographical writing visible since its formalization with Plutarch, in the Xth century, to the current definition of biographical space, cracked by the growing interest in smaller writings and details. Identified the dispersion of such scenario, the research took as its general objective to distinguish the uses of the biographeme by the contemporary communicational discourses, mapping its diverse semiotic functions, observable in the analysis of narrative fragments. Such distinction is methodologically organized with the arche-genealogy of Michel Foucault, in an attempt to locate the regimes of readability that establish and model the semiotic forms of enunciation of life and how they change in their transit. From this panel, we set out for an observation of certain concrete writings capable of embodying this formative forces, leading to an investigation into media discourses such as Caetano estaciona carro no Leblon nesta quinta-feira and Bela, recatada e ‘do lar’ opposed to the critical apparatus of the books Anjo noturno, Inverdades, La literatura nazi en America, O concerto de João Gilberto no Rio de Janeiro, Um homem burro morreu, Vida e Vésperas. Disassembled in their enunciation of biographematical traces, in our analysis these texts are traced back to the identification of three semiotic strategies that animated the circulation of the biographical in the media. It was possible to read in these three main strategic uses modeling the biographematical word: the word of order, aimed at taking the description of the biography as concretion of injunctions of power; the mythical word, an specific form of symbolic organization, dedicated to naturalize the strategic purposes that it serves; and the phagic word, which appropriates to the media the critical form of biographeme, but also operates the reverse movement, restarting this semiosis. Laying out these ways of dealing with the biographematical traces, we can infer the volatile character of the language involved in the constitution of the biographeme and the biographies; the language whose use unveils a parasitic condition of Communication, structured by the production of signs and poetic and political regimes.

Terrorism is a multi-dimensional phenomenon that encompasses elements of politics, economics, social, and ideology, driving people to commit violent acts and become involved in such activity. As of today, the existence and latent threat of Islamist terrorism still inflict global society with formidable challenges, and one way to overcome such challenges is by leveraging our knowledge on the multi-dimensional, determining factors/elements that lead people to commit terrorist attacks and other radical-related activities. In other words, as our struggle against terrorism is a global endeavour that may last a generation or more, leveraging our knowledge on such multi-dimensional, determining factors/elements will increase our understanding of the underlying causes and patterns that continue to inspire jihadist terrorism. However, it is wrong to equate the religion of Islam with terrorism. Perhaps most importantly, the Islamic tradition is all-encompassing, combining religious and secular life and law. This surely complicates attempts to understand the Islamist ideology and counter-measures to it solely through the lens of traditional Western political science. Therefore, a distinction must be made between the religion of Islam and a set of often-conflicting political ideologies known as Islamism, where many forms of them are non-radical, reformists or gradualists. That is why, Islamist extremists who advocate acts of terrorism may be properly termed Islamist terrorists, who seek to cloth their acts in the trappings of the Islamic religion. In this case, they use their own religious-based arguments to justify their violent acts. This Ph.D. thesis examines the multi-dimensional factors that lead to the existence and latent threat of Islamist terrorism in Indonesia by focusing on the individuals who committed series of deadly terrorist attacks from 2002 – 2009 and some other radical-related activities in Indonesia until 2017. Such factors encompass at least the economic grievances, social grievances, political grievances, radical ideology, social network, state repression (“stick”), and government incentive (“carrot”), all which are the key variables in determining the existence and latent threat of Islamist terrorism. Through a systematic, multi-dimensional analysis using qualitative and quantitative research methodologies (including the social network analysis), this Ph.D. thesis will specifically examine what factors drove people with the association to Jemaah Islamiya (JI) and radical-Islamist movements to commit and become involved in terrorist attacks? and why and how might such factors/elements influence these people to commit terrorist attacks in the future? The combined qualitative, quantitative, and social network analysis in this Ph.D. thesis has proven and confirmed the main hypothesis, where the existence and latent threat of Islamist terrorism in Indonesia are indeed caused by the intertwining interaction of these multi-dimensional factors instead of being otherwise. The ideological-related variables followed by the social network-related ones are proven as the two most significant factors in the pattern of Islamist terrorism in Indonesia. In other words, the set of economic, social, and political grievances will not cause Islamist terrorism in Indonesia to occur if there are no intervening variables: the social network and radical ideology being involved in the equation. Subsequently, the other two moderating variables also play its own role, namely the state repression and the government incentive. According to various examinations of multivariate statistical analysis in this Ph.D. thesis, these two variables on their own will not cause the Islamist terrorism to occur in Indonesia, but when combined with the existence of social network and radical ideology, these two variables are proven as the moderating variables to exacerbate the occurrence of Islamist terrorism in Indonesia. In conclusion, by looking at this current pattern, it could be predicted that Indonesia herself is still likely to become both the producer and battlefield of global-Islamist terrorism in near future. Therefore, the Indonesian national counterterrorism policy and strategy need to be updated and well integrated with the Indonesian national policy and grand strategy to better address the existence and latent threat of Islamist terrorism in the archipelago.

abstract: In previous work, the effects of power extraction for onboard electrical equipment and flight control systems were studied to determine which turbine shaft (i.e. high power shaft vs low power shaft) is best suited for power extraction. This thesis will look into an alternative option, a three-spool design with a high-pressure turbine, low-pressure turbine, and a turbine dedicated to driving the fan. One of the three-spool turbines is designed to be a vaneless counter-rotating turbine. The off-design performance of this new design will be compared to the traditional two-spool design to determine if the additional spool is a practical alternative to current designs for high shaft horsepower extraction requirements. Upon analysis, this thesis has shown that a three-spool engine with a vaneless counter-rotating stage has worse performance characteristics than traditional two-spool designs for UAV systems. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Aerospace Engineering 2019

Using critical discourse analysis, the study examines, based on previous research how the construction of menstruation in news media has changed after the me too uprising. The study is based on previous research that shows that the construction of menstruation reflects and contributes to women's lower social status in society. Faircought three-dimensional model means that a communicative event is both constituted by and at the same time constitutes the social practice, which in the study is put into a social context using theories as; discourse, power, gender, purity and danger. The empirical material includes 22 newspaper articles from the Swedish newspapers Aftonbladet and Expressen. The empirical material has been thematised into four different themes that have been analyzed, where counter power and the contradictions within the women's issues are illustrated. The study results discerns to some degree reproduction of current order but most prominent are the clear signs of interdiscussivity, which shows a discursive change that indicates that the current system is challenged.

Jan Jiří Hering, painter at the beginning of the Counter-Reformation This diploma thesis deals with Prague based painter Jan Jiří Hering, whose art refers to the first half of the 17th century. The artist's early style is closely associated with the art inspired by the drawings of the Rudolfine Mannerist Era, while the later forms of his paintings show a rather rigid style. It may be presumed that several years spent in Rome during the pontificate of Sixt V. alongside with artistically inspiring atmosphere of Post-Rudolfinian's Prague and consecutive fine art assignments in service of the Catholic Church mainly focused on interior designs, played an important role in developing Hering's artistic expression. As the first Prague painter to begin the Counter-Reformation, Hering dealt with a new kind of fine art assignments in various ways. On the one hand, he used classical patterns to inspire Baroque appearance, dynamism and expression, and on the other hand, he composed pictures of saints according to medieval schemes by combining several scenes into one image space. Given the directly opposed expression of drawing production of the Rudolphine type and the paintings from the period following the Battle of the White Mountain, Hering acts as an artist of two faces. The thesis will attempt to clarify Hering's art and its ties to the first stage of the Counter-Reformation. The research will also focus on the artist's bipolarity in artistic expression with the research for possible parallels and inclusion in the context of Prague's painting scene.

The U.S. Department of State disseminates counter-radicalization information through social media but has been unable to reach users due to an inability to create engaging posts due to a lack of understanding of the interests of the general population. The purpose of this quantitative study was to assess the utility of data analytics when administering counter-radicalization social media campaigns. The population for this study were social media posts published on the Quilliam Facebook page between 1 January 2018 and 31 December 2018. The nonexperimental quantitative descriptive research design sought to examine the correlation between the independent variables (topic of a post, use of visual aids in the post, and the geopolitical region the post addresses) and the dependent variables (resulting likes and shares). This study relied on the strategic choice theory which argues that individuals perform a cost and benefit analysis when deciding to join a terrorist organization and commit acts of terrorism. Specifically, individuals are often interested in participating in terror-ism in an effort to gain resources and feel a sense of belonging but can be dissuaded upon realization that terrorism can actually degrade their quality of life. The research found that social media can be used as a tool to increase the perceived costs of terrorism and decrease the perceived benefits of terrorism. The study concluded that posts which involved a personal story emphasizing the ramifications of terrorism and included a video resulted in the highest number of likes and shares, respectively. The findings provide a strong argument for utilizing data analytics to improve the dissemination of counter-radicalization information which could prevent individuals from joining terrorist organizations and committing acts of terrorism.