The thesis deals with the decision-making practices of the Czech Constitutional Court in matters of taxation. The first chapter serves as an introduction to the topic of taxes and their different types, pays attention to the distinction between taxes, fees and other similar payments, and outlines the constitutional foundations on which taxes in broader sense may be imposed. The following section discusses the role of the Constitutional Court, mentions the types of court proceedings related to the field of taxation, and distinguishes between the court review of questions with constitutional law relevance, which the Constitutional Court examines, and of matters of ordinary law without such relevance, which are left to the general courts. The importance of the decision-making agenda of the Constitutional Court and the binding nature of its decisions for different groups of subjects and in different type situations is outlined. The third section then proceeds to analyze the important constitutional principles that are common for the field of tax law, namely the prohibition of genuine ex post facto legislation, and conversely the general permissibility of perceived retroaction, the principle of imposing taxes solely on the basis of law, and the use of the in dubio mitius principle, which is a...

With a religious psychological perspective this paper focuses on how religion is communicated during an investigation, and how religion might include in the decisions and the implementation of committed honor killings. This study pinpoints the question if it´s reasonable to unilaterally declare honor killings with culture, which is based on a distinction between culture and religion. The study is done on a court case where the offender confessed to a murder that is categorized as a so-called honorable motives. The material consists of interrogation reports during the investigation and several notes written by the offender before the murder. With a broad definition of religion the text material is analyzed with the theory of attribution. The study shows that religion is communicated to a large extent and in varying ways by the offender. Several aspects of religion are associated with honor. In this specific case religion appears as an important part of what has led to and justified the act, both before and after the act. The interrogator frequently communicates by a distinctive cultural understanding.

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Denna rapport syftar till att utreda och klargöra de allmänna lämplighetsvillkoren vid fastighetsbildning (som finns beskrivna i 3 kap. 1 § fastighetsbildningslagen) och hur denna paragraf ska tolkas vid lämplighetsprövning. Detta har gjorts genom en rättsfallsstudie, där fokus lagts på hur paragrafen har tolkats i rättspraxis. Rättsfallsstudien har sedan kompletterats med propositionsanalyser och litteraturstudier. I uppsatsen har de 58 rättsfall som legat till grund för rättsfallsstudien redovisats för sig för att sedan analyseras och tolkas. Slutsatserna av arbetet presenteras i form av riktlinjer för vad som ska beaktas vid lämplighetsprövning. Riktlinjerna bygger på observerade tolkningar i rättspraxis och är menade att underlätta tolkningen av paragrafen. Till att börja med kan det konstateras att det finns flera dimensioner på paragrafen och att den innehåller åtta krav gällande fastigheters belägenhet, omfång, utformning, tillgång till behövliga vägar, vatten- och avloppsanordningar för bebyggelsefastigheter, varaktighet, aktualitet samt tillvägagångssätt. Kraven som ställs och faktorerna som spelar in i bedömningen beror dels på vilket av dessa krav som behandlas samt vilket ändamål fastigheten ska ha. Kraven som ställs är även högre för en obebyggd fastighet än för en bebyggd fastighet när fastigheten ska användas för boendeändamål. I studien blir det även tydligt att kraven som ställs på fastigheter för fritidsändamål är högre än för fastigheter för permanent boende. Det kan även konstateras att jord- och skogsbruksfastigheters lämplighet regleras till stor del av 3 kap. 5 § FBL. / This bachelor thesis report aims to investigate and clarify the general conditions concerning suitability for property formation (as described in Chapter 3, section 1 Real Property Formation Act) and how these conditions are supposed to be interpreted. This has been done through a court case study, where the focus has been on how the conditions have been interpreted in case law. 58 court cases have been studied separately and then analyzed in the report. The conclusions are presented in the form of guidelines concerning what to consider for a suitability assessment with regard to the conditions in Chapter 3, section 1 Real Property Formation Act. The guidelines are based on observed interpretations in case law and are meant to facilitate the interpretation of the conditions. It should be noted that there are several dimensions to the general conditions concerning suitability and that there are eight conditions considering real estates’ location, size, design, access to necessary roads, water and sewage systems for residential properties, duration, timeliness and approach. Depending on which of these conditions are considered, the assessment will be made in accordance. The assessment will also depend on the purpose of the real estate. For example, the requirements are higher for a real estate for recreational purposes than for a real estate for permanent residence. The requirements are also higher for a real estate containing no buildings than for a real estate that already contains a residential building when the real estate is meant for accommodation purposes. It may also be noted that agriculture and forestry real estates’ suitability mostly depends on the conditions in Chapter 3, section 5 Real Property Formation Act. Title

Property formation is in principle an individual matter for the property owners. The starting point in the Real Property Formation Act (FBL) is therefore that most property formation measures shall be based on voluntariness. However, some property formation measures can be done without consent from the concerned property owners and rights holders. This does not occur at least at property reallotment. It is obviously a very big impact on the ownership to be forced to abstain or grant land. In order to protect the interested parties against unjustified interference with the ownership, there are a number of provisions in Chapter 5, 4-8 §§ FBL that must be satisfied in all compulsory property reallotment measures. These provisions require, among other things, profitability and efficiency in the execution at each property reallotment measure where not every interested party agree on the implementation of the measure. These provision mainly protects individual interests and is applied in addition to the provisions for the protection of public interests in Chapter 3. FBL This bachelor thesis aims to clarify how the provisions in Chapter 5, 4-8 §§ FBL should be interpreted. In order to do so, an analysis of 150 court cases has been made. Of these, 74 court cases that were deemed particularly relevant have been selected and presented in the essay. In addition, bills and legal writing have been studied. Afterwards, the court cases have been analyzed in order to find patterns in the court´s decision. The sections have been analyzed from several aspects and several conclusions have been drawn. Among these may be mentioned in particular that the consideration of Chapter 5, section 4, paragraph 1 FBL and Chapter 5, section 5, paragraph 1 FBL should be done regardless of who is currently the property owner. However, when considering Chapter 5, section 6, paragraph 2 FBL and Chapter 5, section 8 FBL, account can be taken to individual circumstances of the current property owner. / Fastighetsbildning är i princip en enskild angelägenhet för fastighetsägarna. Utgångspunkten i FBL är därmed att de flesta fastighetsbildningsförrättningar ska bygga på frivillighet. Trots det kan vissa fastighetsbildningsåtgärder genomföras tvångsvis, dvs. utan medgivande från enskilda fastighetsägare och rättighetsinnehavare. Detta förekommer inte minst vid fastighetsreglering. Det är naturligtvis ett mycket stor ingrepp i äganderätten att tvingas avstå eller upplåta mark. För att skydda sakägarna mot omotiverade ingrepp i äganderätten finns därför ett antal villkor i 5 kap. 4-8 §§ FBL som måste vara uppfyllda vid all tvångsvis fastighetsreglering. Dessa bestämmelser ställer krav på bland annat lönsamhet och utformning vid all fastighetsreglering där inte varje sakägare är överens om regleringens genomförande. Villkoren skyddar huvudsakligen enskilda intressen och tillämpas vid sidan av bestämmelserna till skydd för allmänna intressen i 3 kap. FBL Detta kandidatexamensarbete syftar till att klargöra hur villkoren i 5 kap 4-8 §§ FBL ska tolkas. För att uppnå detta syfte har en analys av 150 rättsfall gjorts. Av dessa har 74 rättsfall som ansetts vara särskilt relevanta valts ut och presenterats i uppsatsen. Dessutom har förarbeten och juridisk doktrin studerats. Rättsfallen har sedan analyserats utifrån förarbetena och den juridiska doktrinen i syfte att finna mönster i domskälen. Paragraferna har analyserats utifrån olika aspekter och ett flertal slutsatser presenteras i rapporten. Bland dessa kan särskilt nämnas att författaren bedömer att prövningen av båtnadsvillkoret (5 kap. 4 § 1 st. FBL) och förbättringskravet (5 kap. 5 § 1 st. FBL) ska göras oberoende av vem som för tillfället är fastighetsägare. Vid prövningen av 5 kap. 6 § 2 st. FBL och 5 kap. 8 § FBL, däremot, finns ett visst utrymme för att ta hänsyn till individuella omständigheter kring den aktuella fastighetsägaren.

The subject of this bachelor thesis is the logics and counter-logics that have structured the perception of transsexualism and the now abolished sterilization requirement for legal recognition of sex change within the Swedish legal system and governmental authority. The analyzed material consists of judgments from two court cases with opposing verdicts that took place in 2004-2005 and 2012. The main conflict in the first court case was about if the sterilization requirement entailed the destruction of frozen germ cells or not. In the second court case the antagonism was mainly about if the sterilization requirement itself was legitimate or not. The differentiation in the verdicts and the expressed logics between the court cases was through analyze linked to discursive displacements in media coverage and judicial descriptions of transsexuals and their legal rights.

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<p>The intention with the study is to describe the home and life conditions for boys at the age range between 13 to 18 year, who has been under custody according to the § 2 LVU.</p><p>The empiric is 21 real court cases, judged in Stockholm and to Stockholm counted surround-ings 2006, in which the range of the boys were representative.</p><p>A text analyze method is used to execute the study. The study penetrates the life situation of the caregiver and how their situation affects the boy and the boys actions.</p><p>The total conclusion of the study, based on an ecological evolution perspective, is that life-situation of the caregiver affects the boys and the boys actions.</p><p>The boys are affected negatively by the situation of their caregivers, and according to the study, the boys have established own problems, like difficulties in school, criminality, or other psychological diagnoses. They are also often exposed to physical or psychological violence by the caregiver. Additionally the conclusion is that the caregiver neglect the boys in many other ways, prior themselves and their needs before the boys.</p>

The intention with the study is to describe the home and life conditions for boys at the age range between 13 to 18 year, who has been under custody according to the § 2 LVU. The empiric is 21 real court cases, judged in Stockholm and to Stockholm counted surround-ings 2006, in which the range of the boys were representative. A text analyze method is used to execute the study. The study penetrates the life situation of the caregiver and how their situation affects the boy and the boys actions. The total conclusion of the study, based on an ecological evolution perspective, is that life-situation of the caregiver affects the boys and the boys actions. The boys are affected negatively by the situation of their caregivers, and according to the study, the boys have established own problems, like difficulties in school, criminality, or other psychological diagnoses. They are also often exposed to physical or psychological violence by the caregiver. Additionally the conclusion is that the caregiver neglect the boys in many other ways, prior themselves and their needs before the boys.

The purpose of this study is to explore how the court and church in Livonia worked together to remain the sole authority in the country. The Teutonic knights waged crusades in the Baltic countries during the 13th century, formed the country Livonia and ended up staying. In a country where an ethnic German minority held most of the positions of power it became important to legitimize the reason for it being so. This study will focus on the court case of Thiess from 1691, a man charged with being a werewolf and who refused to acknowledge the German ideology. To highlight the power structure, I turned to Louis Althusser and Marxism which theories included the repressive state apparatus and ideological state apparatuses. With those theories in mind, the use of text analysis and literature on the history of Livonia, the power struggle has become clearer. My findings show the importance of making an example of Thiess due to his influence of the peasants.