This study circuits around the swedish monarch, Gustav V, courtyard speech february the 6th 1914, since this action is seen as the critical moment in the discourse of the defence question in Sweden during that time. This study examines how the local newspaper Hallandsposten and the nationwide newspaper Dagens Nyheter describes the discourse during the courtyard crisis in 1914, and the internal conflict in the liberal party between the left och right wing in the defence question. The purpose of this study is to examine how the two newspapers describe the discourse about the defence question and if the descriptions contain any differences. The purpose is also to study why the differences exist and what they contain. To track any differences this study aims to review the two newspapers use of words that are of significance to the reader's perception of the discourse. The material of this study is thus the article sabout the courtyard crisis found in the two newspapers. This material is analysed by a critical discourse analysis method and the result of this method is then reviewed from the discourse theory.

Master of Science / Architecture / Gary J. Coates / Sustainability is essential for survival on this planet but only focusing on the green aspects is not a comprehensive solution. The idea of Deep Beauty provides a more thorough and complete framework that is the answer to the sustainability problem of today. This framework is comprised of three levels: functional, typological and archetypal. These three levels combined, look at a building in terms of its functionality, its relevance to its region and the universal beauty that it must possess to exist long term. The union of aesthetics with function is what can save the planet. For this research, the focus of study is the traditional residential architecture of the city of Lahore, Pakistan, a city with a rich cultural background. Throughout history, Lahore has seen many transformations with respect to its architecture. Its architectural history can be traced back to the Indus Valley Civilization in the 3rd millennium BC, to a predominance of Buddhism, to a prevalence of Hinduism transformed further by the advent of Islam, the arrival of the British and the founding of the independent state of Pakistan. Currently, the housing trends are continuing to become more and more westernized in a pattern that is not fit for the region because of their inability to provide comfortable living environments and life-enriching spaces. In order to provide better housing solutions for the future, it is important that we look back at examples that have passed the test of time. This report discusses the present day and traditional housing trends of Lahore. With the purpose of improving the current residential designs, an analysis of a traditional house of Lahore has been performed to learn how it meets the criteria of Deep Beauty and sustainability. The results from this analysis provide design strategies that can be incorporated into present day houses to achieve sustainability. Based on these conclusions, a more sustainable design has been proposed for the modern house.

The present thesis is primarily motivated by the will to provide help for decisionmaking on the overall layout of a house or a housing development in the very early stages of design from the point of view of energy efficiency and thermal comfort. This study contributes towards a deeper understanding of thermal interactions between a house and its adjacent enclosed open spaces. It addresses the contribution of the yard design, i.e. placement, size and type towards the development of a comfortable microclimate within the yard itself, as well as the reduction of total energy demands of the house for mechanical heating and cooling. The focus is put on the applicability of the results and findings are expressed in form of a decision-making aid. This research also makes empirical and analytical assessments on the validity of some existing methods and tools that are used for understanding the nature of microclimates in small scales and proposes methods for their improvement, particularly when used in conjunction with standard tools for the assessment of indoor climates. These methods are also demonstrated through an exemplary application in an archetypal setting and the results of the exemplary case are analysed to reach a decision on the most advisable design layouts for the buildings in the example. As a result, this work emphasises on the importance of private outdoor spaces and how their careful design can benefit occupiers, investors and the environment.

Den gemensamma utemiljön är viktig för de boende i flerbostadshus, framförallt för de som inte har egna privata uteplatser i bostaden. Utemiljön måste dock utformas så att den ger så många önskvärda funktioner som möjligt till den stora heterogena skaran boende som kommer att bo här under husets livstid. Speciellt då olika åldersgrupper kan ha varierande krav och önskemål gällande vad som önskas och prioriteras på den gemensamma bostadsgården. Brister i den gemensamma utemiljön kan ha stora konsekvenser för de boendes trivsel, men också för hur bostadsområdet uppfattas, och hur lätt det är att hyra ut bostäderna och vad hyresgästerna är villiga att betala. Då få bostadsområden planeras strängt med endast en samhälls- eller åldersgrupp i åtanke genom byggnadernas långa livslängd så blev det en fråga om att prioritera. Vilka funktioner ansågs viktigast och vilka var önskvärda? därefter kunde platstillgång och kostnader bedömas och slutligen val göras. Arbetet ämnade granska hur den gemensamma bostadsgården upplevdes och användes i tre stycken flerbostadshus fastigheter i de östra stadsdelarna av Västerås. Granskningen omfattade också vilka funktioner som hade prioriterats och vilka som var de mest brukade. Därmed så hade också eventuella förslag till ändringar skapats, vilka av dessa som kunde tänkas vara överförbara och applicerbara till liknande objekt undersöktes. Som en grund utfördes en litteraturstudie för att skapa grund i redan gjorda undersökningar gällande utemiljön inom olika områden och för olika grupper. Arbetet genomfördes sedan som fallstudier av de olika områdena. Områdena undersöktes med ett stort antal platsbesök och observationer där utemiljön i områdena dokumenterades noggrant. Anteckningar fördes över vilka funktioner som brukades vid olika tidpunkter, både i fråga om veckodag och klockslag. Vidare så granskades de olika områdenas arkivmaterial för att ge en tydligare och mer komplett bild över grundläggande fakta som till exempel: byggår, hur många lägenheter och omfattning av lägenheterna som har privat uteplats i form av antingen balkong eller uteplats i markplan. En grundläggande skillnad när det gällde önskemål och användande av bostadsgården var individens ålder. Barn ville ha en utemiljö där de kunde springa runt, leka, cykla och klättra, deras föräldrar ville ha en trygg närmiljö där de inte behövde oroa sig för att barnen skulle behöva utsättas för farlig trafik och oönskade människor. Vuxna ville dessutom ha en utemiljö som fungerade genom att det gick att komma fram till porten med bil efter större inköp, och där räddningstjänsten kunde komma till ifall något hände. Det var också önskvärt med en vacker och trivsam närmiljö att betrakta från fönster och uteplatser. Tryggheten var viktig också för de vuxna, här handlade det framförallt om att bostadsgården skulle vara väl upplyst på kvällen och att den var lätt att överblicka. Många önskade sig gemensamma uteplatser även ifall de hade egen balkong, det kunde till exempel handla om grillning som inte var tillåten på de egna balkongerna eller att kunna vistas i solen när denna stod i ett annat väderstreck än vad balkongen gjorde. De äldre som frågades i litteraturstudiens undersökningar uppgav att viktiga faktorer var jämna och lättframkomliga vägar, samt möjlighet att själva kunna vara med och sköta planteringarna. De äldre tillsammans med föräldralediga vuxna var också de mest flitiga brukarna av de gemensamma uteplatserna. Avgörande för hur flitigt dessa brukades var faktorer som: tillgång av sol och skugga, betraktningsvärd utsikt och möjlighet till samtal och umgänge. En ytterligare faktor gällande gemensamma uteplatsers nyttjande som nämndes i litteraturstudien och observerades vid besöken var huruvida uteplatsen låg i andra grannars synfält. Det upplevdes svårt att slappna av när vi kände oss betraktade av människor som vi kände delvis, inte helt främmande men inte heller familj eller nära vänner. Område 1 Timmerkojan hade en stor och öppen bostadsgård som var väl överblickbar men tom och dåligt utnyttjad. Gården erbjöd flera uppskattade funktioner som: två lekplatser, en grillplats, en boulebana, paviljong och ett antal utspridda fasta bänkar. De flesta av dessa funktioner var väl använda och fungerande, undantaget var vissa av de fasta parkbänkarna som låg i väl många synfält eller saknade något ytterligare som motiverade valet av just dessa. Det skulle kunna varit något att se på eller tillgången till ett bord och kanske fler bänkar i grupp för lättare umgänge. Bostadsgården saknade också karaktär eller utmärkande drag, förslag för detta var att till exempel låta fastighetsnamnet Timmerkojan vara inspiration för en större lekplats utformad för att ha något att erbjuda barn i alla åldrar. Denna borde i så fall också utformas så att den utgör ett spännande blickfång. Gården saknade bommar till en del av infarterna, detta bidrog till att minska trafiksäkerheten på bostadsgården. Vissa andra funktioner från de andra studerade områdena skulle också kunna brukas här: den öppna dagvattenleden och dammen från område 2A kombinerat med lite större höjdskillnader och mer skyddade uteplatser med bersåer skulle göra den här gården mer egen. Område 2A hade en bra storlek samt också ett bra förhållande för gårdens format. Bostadsgården lyckades väl med att skilja den halvprivata gårdsytan från den allmänna. Tillträde till gården skede via tre avstickare från omgivande cykelvägar eller områdets parkeringsområde. Gården karaktäriserades av den öppna dagvattenkanalen och dammen samt tre stycken stora ekar som tillsammans med gårdsmarkens kupering hade sparats från det ursprungliga naturliga. Denna gård erbjöd följande funktioner: lekplats, grillplats och bänkar grupperade i en halvcirkel för umgänge. Av dessa var det huvudsakligen grillplatsen som behövde förbättras med lite häckplantering som ökar avskildhet och vindskydd. Område 2B hade en långsmal form centrerad runt en central väg, gårdsytan blev mer spridd i form av ett antal mindre gårdsytor som skapades i anknytning till denna. Det fanns dock vissa mindre grönytor mellan de olika avgreningarna som skulle kunna nyttjas bättre, förslag på användning av dessa är mindre bersåer, planer för mindre utrymmeskrävande bollspel och liknande. Det fanns här ett antal fasta bänkar med omotiverad placering och som därmed användes dåligt, även dessa ytor skulle kunna planeras om enligt föregående förslag. Området hade två lekplatser med ett tydligt fokus på de yngre barnen, de äldre barnen erbjöds andra funktioner i direkt närhet till bostadsgården, dessa var: grönområde med skog och bollplaner samt skolgård med lekplatser. / The outdoor environment of multifamily dwellings should be carefully planned to accommodate the large number of different dwellers, that are to live there through the lifetime of the building. Different groups of residents have different needs and wishes, and all these must be considered. Failure to achieve a working courtyard where all these needs was met would result in low usage of shared outdoor spaces, and discontentment among the residents. This thesis has strived to catalogue the courtyards of three multifamily housing estates in the Swedish city of Västerås. It has also compared the shared features among the three case studies, according to where the single feature was best implemented and why it worked better there. That comparison gave an indication to what could be considered best practice for similar projects. The initial literature study gave good insight on what matters including: children’s play areas, public seating, different age group’s views and wants. Of universal importance was also the significance of feeling secure in the courtyard. One major difficulty was getting the residents to use the public seating in their area. Studies have suggested that the problem is that they feel observed by their neighbours. This could be solved by providing optional seating out of sight, the compromise with this solution became in making sure that these secluded seating areas was not thought of as possible places for hiding miscreants. Another solution was to make use of non-stationary furniture, which introduces the possibility of the furniture being stolen. Lockable storage for the resident’s private outdoor utensils was then a good suggestion.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:21:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ornella Maria Castelnuovo Angelucci.pdf: 14362631 bytes, checksum: 69c684bf23e2e32f8293402ed2ce1a19 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-28 / This study examines the atrium space as part of non-residential buildings for their potential to provide natural light in hot-humid climates. The proposed reading scheme investigates the possibilities of the architect's decisions in relation to its lobby, as well as the use of adjacent elements to forward them to the conditions of each project. A historical summary of the use of such compositional elements in the architecture shows its use for design purpose, climatic and environmental comfort, being performed a review of the design specification for buildings in tropical climates. To study the qualitative aspects of the merger of the atrium throughout the building, it will be taken cases where the central void is markedly expressed. / Este trabalho analisa o átrio como espaço integrante de edificações não residenciais quanto ao seu potencial em fornecer luz do dia. A leitura proposta e os esquemas aqui apresentados investigam as possibilidades de decisões do arquiteto em relação ao espaço do átrio frente às condições de cada projeto. Um resumo histórico da utilização de tais elementos compositivos na arquitetura evidencia seu uso por propósitos projetuais, climáticas e de qualidade ambiental. Para estudo dos aspectos qualitativos da incorporação do átrio no conjunto da edificação serão tomados casos cujo vazio central se expressa marcadamente.

This dissertation investigates a middle Byzantine (10th-11th c.) typology, the rock-cut Courtyard Complexes, spread throughout Cappadocia in central Turkey, with a special focus on the A&ccedil / iksaray Group. Usually organized around three sided courtyards, these complexes stand either within an ensemble or in isolation. Nevertheless, the concentration of complexes is remarkable on strategic points near fortresses or military roads. Courtyard Complexes have large receptional suites as well as utilitarian spaces such as kitchens, stables and apparently multi-functional rooms all carved around a courtyard. The majority of the complexes have their own churches also carved in the rock mass. High decorated fa&ccedil / ades adorn the Courtyard Complexes and make them visible from a considerable distance. Because of the distinctive elaborate design, and the large number of still standing examples, as well as the communal life style that they indicate, these Cappadocian complexes have attracted scholarly attention in both monastic and secular Byzantine studies. Consequently, it was necessary for the dissertation to reconsider both religious and secular communities and their physical expressions in the form of monasteries and various dwelling types of the era. On the other hand, the idiosyncratic volcanic landscape and carved architecture required an extensive comparative architectural investigation of all Courtyard Complexes known so far in Cappadocia. Based on the results coming out from the contextual studies and architectural analysis this dissertation proposes aristocratic families with a military function on this border land of Byzantine as the initial inhabitants of the Courtyard Complexes. The A&ccedil / iksaray Group in particular, with the paucity of its churches contrasting its elaborate stables, bears the traces of a secular medieval community of some importance.

published_or_final_version / Architecture / Master / Master of Philosophy

The Court of the Lions has been known for its architectural beauty which is universally admired. However, a closer look at the current gravel-surfaced Courtyard does not seem to harmonize with the pinnacle in architectural representation of its surrounding and the once “state of the art” technology of the fountain at the centre. According to The Official Guide - The Alhambra and Generalife published by the Petronato de la Alhambra y Generalife (1999, p. 115), "…It is not known for certain whether the four parts were paved or if they were gardens”. This uncertainty became the catalyst for this Grounded Theory landscape architectural research which employs concept mapping techniques. Computer concept and illumination models were then used to test a design concept through a series of simulations. Lastly, the possible landscapes were interpreted using photorealistic computer images and animations, re-enacting the original garden atmosphere in the year 1391 AD. The study describes the process to simulate the garden atmosphere of the Court of the Lions with the absence of primary sources of information. The approach can be used for other historic sites in similar site condition.

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This thesis studies the use of night ventilation as a passive cooling strategy for a traditional courtyard house in a hot dry climate. This was done by CFD simulation of the house and its surroundings, using weather data for Baghdad. The simulation was done for a large number of scenarios in which each represented a change in one of the house elements, such as courtyard and room dimensions, and in some cases included modern technologies such as a ceiling fan. The thesis suggests that performance should be calculated with the aid of a "Night Time Effectiveness Ratio" (NTER) and time constants. The findings show that building elements can change the performance to various degrees, that the airflow patterns inside the rooms change from day to night, and that the thermal conditions during the day depend more on the intensity of solar radiation than other factors. The results show that a courtyard house can ensure the thermal comfort for its residents. However, it needs some assistance from new techniques such as fans to keep the air quality inside the house within acceptable limits. The values for NTER from initial simulations are around ten, which indicate that night ventilation is not enough for cooling the building. However, the values drop to less than one by using a small and narrow courtyard with a two-level house and a gallery around the courtyard. Also, it is necessary to have a connection between the courtyard and alleyway at ground level in the night only and to cover the courtyard during the day. The windows have the largest role in deciding the performance of night ventilation. Ideally they should be small and tall, or preferably a pair of windows separated by a vertical distance and kept closed during the day. The effects of room dimension are clearer in affecting the thermal comfort more than improving the performance of night ventilation. The research also examines the indoor air quality and suggests ways to improve it. Some of the ways are traditional like the use of a wind catcher in ventilating the courtyard and the basement, and others are more modern like using an exhaust fan. Furthermore, it suggests an algorithm to control these ways and to introduce only a limited quantity of fresh air to avoid excessive warming. Suggestions for future work are given, including tests for more elements in the courtyard house and for longer duration runs. It would also be helpful to study the use of latent heat storage (e.g. phase change material) as an additional effective thermal mass.