Bakgrund: I slutet av 2019 spreds sjukdomen Covid-19 och i mars 2020 deklarerades det som en pandemi. Sjukdomen resulterade i en stor mängd intensivvårdskrävande patienter vilket krävde stora resurser från hälso- och sjukvården. Historiskt har omfattande epidemier under 1900-talet påverkat vården på liknande sätt och sjuksköterskor som har arbetat under dessa har upplevt en stor arbetsbelastning vilket påverkat deras mående. Syfte: Att beskriva intensivvårdssjuksköterskors upplevelser och erfarenheter av att arbeta med intensivvårdskrävande patienter drabbade av Covid-19 under år 2020. Metod: Intensivvårdssjuksköterskor från tre intensivvårdsavdelningar i Mellansverige intervjuades i fokusgrupper angående deras upplevelser av att vårda patienter med Covid-19. Intervjuerna transkriberades och analyserades enligt Krueger och Caseys (2015) konstant jämförande metod. Resultat: Resultatet sammanställdes till 5 kategorier och 15 koder. Kategorierna var Personliga uppfattningar, Pandemins påverkan på vården, Relationen med patient och närstående, Arbetsgivarens hantering och Yrkets framtid. Konklusion: Intensivvårdssjuksköterskorna upplevde en ansträngd arbetssituation, där stress och utmaningar av att arbeta i skyddsutrustning var utmärkande. Arbetsbelastningen upplevdes leda till en hotad patientsäkerhet. Sjuksköterskorna upplevde en bristfällig beredskap inom organisationen. De saknade konkret klinisk information samt stöd från arbetsgivaren. För- och nackdelar av att inte ha närstående närvarande på avdelningen diskuterades och slutligen uttryckte sjuksköterskorna en oro inför framtiden. / Background: At the end of 2019, Covid-19 disease took spread and in March 2020 it was declared as a pandemic. The disease claimed large resources from the health care system. Epidemics during the 20th century have affected the health care system in a similar way and nurses working during these conditions have experienced a great workload, which affected their well-being. Aim: To describe the Critical Care Nurses [CCN] experiences working with patients suffering from Covid-19 during the year of 2020. Method: CCN from three critical care units in Sweden were interviewed in focusgroups regarding their experiences of caring for patients with Covid-19. The interviews were transcribed and analyzed according to Krueger and Casey's (2015) constant comparative method. Results: The results were compiled into 5 categories and 15 codes. The categories were Personal perceptions, The pandemic's impact on care, The relationship with the patient and their relatives, The management by the employer and The future for the profession. Conclusion: CCNs experienced a strained working situation, where stress and challenges of working in protective gear were characteristic. This led to a perceived endangered patient safety. The nurses experienced a lack of preparedness within the organization, they lacked information and support from their employer. Impacts of not having the patient's relatives present were discussed and finally the nurses expressed concern about the future.

Latinx communities in the United States made up 18% of the total population, yet accounted for 33% of COVID-19 morbidity and mortality. This supported the study aim to increase Latinx COVID-19 knowledge and self-efficacy for performing COVID-19 risk reduction mitigation behaviors via dissemination of the new online e-health intervention of the “Our COVID-19 Knowledge Test.” The study recruited online a largely female Latinx adult sample (N=118) with 68.6% born in the U.S. that was well-educated, given a mean education level of a bachelor’s degree; and, a mean annual household income of $50,000 to $99,000. During the pandemic year of 2020, 46.5% of the survey participants experienced moderate to maximum/extreme cultural stress, and moderately high COVID-19 related stress—while 66.9% reported depression, 78.8% anxiety, and 45.2% trauma. Their high rates of COVID-19 depression and anxiety were more than double those rates reported across samples identified globally during the pandemic. They experienced significant declines in their self-rated mental health status and physical health status from pre-pandemic to during the pandemic, high social support, and closest to a good quality of life. Supporting the value of the new “Our COVID-19 Knowledge Test” as a brief online e-health intervention, paired t-tests showed statistically significant increases in self-ratings for both COVID-19 knowledge and self-efficacy for COVID-19 risk reduction behaviors after taking the True-False test. Participants endorsed the dissemination of the new True-False “Our COVID-19 Knowledge Test” with all True answers as a brief online e-health intervention they would recommend to others as a way to learn about COVID-19. Meanwhile, on this True-False test, the sample evidenced very high knowledge of COVID-19. The sample also had a high intention to vaccinate or already vaccinated at 87%. Findings from independent t-tests, Pearson correlations, and regression analyses collectively affirmed the critical importance of having both high knowledge and high self-efficacy for performing preventive behaviors for reducing the risk of COVID-19 transmission, implementing mitigation strategies, and reducing mortality. Implications and recommendations focused on the value of the genre of a True-False test, with all True answers, for disseminating evidence-based information, and countering misinformation during pandemics and public health crises. Finally, the short tools used in this study were recommended for application in future research and as screening tools.

Under våren 2020 drabbades Region Stockholm av en pandemi som gick under namnet Covid-19, med ett kraftigt ökat inflöde av patienter. Ett av det större sjukhuset utökade sina vårdplatser inom intensivvården med flera hundra, och personal inom sjukhuset omplacerades för att möta upp behovet av intensivvårdsplatser. Samtidigt aktiverades ett krisavtal som reglerade anställningsvillkoren med utökad veckoarbetstid. Studier har visat att sjukvårdspersonal som arbetat under Covid-19 har utsatts för arbetsrelaterad stress med fysisk och psykisk utmattning. Att arbeta som intensivvårdssjuksköterska kräver specialistutbildning för att vårda patienter i en komplex högteknologisk miljö, och för patienten är ett interprofessionellt samarbete en förutsättning för en god och säker vård. Denna studie syftar till att bidra med kunskap om hur sjuksköterskor utan formell kompetens och erfarenhet av intensivvård lärde sig arbetet inom intensivvården under Covid-19. Totalt tio anestesisjuksköterskor, operationssjuksköterskor och grundutbildade sjuksköterskor deltog i studien och berättade om sina upplevelser av hur de lärde sig arbetet i ett socialt sammanhang och hur det påverkade deras lärande. Studien utgår från Wengers sociala teori ’Communities of Practice’ med delar som praktik, gemenskap, mening och identitet. Resultatet har efter analys av  insamlade empirin gett fyra huvudteman med underteman som diskuteras i ljuset av teorin, och i ett bredare perspektiv diskuteras relevansen av arbetet. / In the spring of 2020, the Stockholm Region was hit by a pandemic known as Covid-19, with asharp increase in the number of patients. One of the larger hospitals expanded its intensive careunits by several hundred, and staff within the hospital were relocated to meet the need forintensive care units. At the same time, a crisis agreement was activated which regulated theterms of employment with extended weekly working hours. Studies have shown that healthcareprofessionals working under Covid-19 have been exposed to work-related stress with physicaland mental exhaustion. Working as an intensive care nurse requires specialist training to carefor patients in a complex high-tech environment, and for the patient, interprofessionalcollaboration is a prerequisite for good and safe care. This study aims to contribute knowledgeabout how nurses without formal competence and experience of intensive care learned the workin intensive care during Covid-19. A total of ten anesthesia nurses, surgical nurses andundergraduate nurses participated in the study and told about their experiences of how theylearned the work in a social context and how it affected their learning. The study is based onWenger's social theory of ‘Communities of Practice’ with elements such as practice,community, meaning and identity. After analyzing the collected empirical data, the results havegiven four main themes with sub-themes that are discussed in the light of the theory, and in abroader perspective, the relevance of the work is discussed.

Bakgrund: Coronapandemin blev en global utmaning i början av år 2020. I Sverige uppmanade Folkhälsomyndighetens restriktioner hela befolkningen att ta sitt ansvar för att bromsa smittspridningen. Skolorna tvingades stänga eller bedriva distansundervisning till och från för att minska smittspridning. För ungdomar kan restriktioner och begränsningar i social kontakt vara en större påfrestning än för vuxna. Skolsköterskan har en viktig hälsofrämjande och sjukdomsförebyggande roll på landets skolor.  Syfte: Att undersöka högstadieungdomars följsamhet till covid- 19 restriktionerna samt att undersöka om kön och- eller årskurs påverkade följsamheten. Metod: En icke experimentell, kvantitativ tvärsnittsstudie där kvantitativa data samlades in genom en webbenkätundersökning. Deskriptiv statistik presenterades i text, cirkel- och stapeldiagram. Data analyserades även med Mann-Whitney U test och Kruskal Wallis test och den statistiska signifikansen var satt till p<0.05. Den analytiska statistiken presenterades i text och tabeller. Samtliga högstadieelever på en skola i en ort i sydöstra Sverige inkluderades. Resultat: Det mest framträdande fyndet var att majoriteten av eleverna inte följde flertalet av restriktionerna förutom restriktionen att stanna hemma vid symtom. Signifikant skillnad mellan pojkar och flickor samt mellan årskurs påvisades i vissa av frågorna. Eleverna upplevde inte oro för att smittas eller för att smitta andra. Slutsats: Ungdomarna på skolan följde inte restriktionerna trots tydlig information och stöttning. Skolsköterskan behöver tydligare riktlinjer för vad som ingår i elevhälsans uppdrag vid pandemier och mer forskning behövs för att klarlägga hur man bäst får ungdomar att ta sig an och förstå restriktioner i den omvälvande tid som ungdomsåren innebär. / Background: The corona pandemic became a global challenge at the beginning of 2020. In Sweden, the Public Health Agency's restrictions called on the entire population to take responsibility to reduce the spread of coronavirus. For young people, restrictions and limitations in social contact can be a greater strain than for adults. The school nurse has an important role in promoting health and disease prevention in Swedish schools.  Aim: The aim of the study was to investigate the compliance of high school students with the covid 19 restrictions and to investigate if gender or grade did have any effect on the compliance.  Method: A non-experimental, quantitative cross-sectional study in which quantitative data were collected through a web survey. Descriptive statistics were reported in text, pie- and bar chart. Data were also analyzed with the Mann-Whitney U test and the Kruskal Wallis test. Statistical significance was set at p<0.05. The analytic statistics were reported in text and tables. All high school students at a school in a small town in southeastern of Sweden were included.  Results: The most prominent finding was that the majority of students did not follow most of the restrictions other than the restriction to stay home if experiencing symptoms. Significant differences between boys and girls and between grades were demonstrated in some of the questions. The students did not feel worried about being infected or infecting others with covid-19. Conclusion: The students at school did not follow the restrictions despite clear information and support. The school nurse needs clearer guidelines for what is included in the student health mission in the event of another pandemic. More research is needed to clarify how young people handle and understand restrictions in the turbulent time that adolescence entails.

No description available.

Bakgrund: Coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) är en infektionssjukdom som orsakas av SARS-CoV-2, ett nytt coronavirus som upptäcktes i slutet av 2019. SARS-CoV-2 har orsakat en pandemi som resulterade i en global hälsokris och många dödsfall. Vaccination mot COVID-19 är det effektivaste sättet att förebygga allvarlig sjukdom, död och minska smittspridning. Syfte: Syftet var att belysa sjuksköterskors förhållningssätt i relation till vaccination mot COVID-19. Metod: En litteraturstudie baserade på en induktiv innehållsanalys av 11 artiklar. Tre databaser användes till den strukturerade sökningen. Sökordskombinationen på engelska var COVID-19 vaccine och nurs*. Resultat: Resultatet utgörs av tre huvudkategorier. I resultatet framkom det att informationsbrist om COVID-19 och vaccinet kunde påverka sjuksköterskans vaccinationsbeslut. Rädsla för biverkningar var en faktor att inte vilja vaccineras mot COVID-19. Vaccinets rekordsnabba utveckling påverkade vaccinationsacceptansen negativt hos sjuksköterskor. Viljan att skydda patienter eller anhöriga påverkade vaccinationsacceptansen positivt. Konklusion: Det behövs en djupare förståelse kring sjuksköterskors förhållningssätt i relation till COVID-19 vaccination. Det för att kunna utveckla adekvat utbildning och stöd som ökar kunskapen om COVID-19 och vaccination mot COVID-19. Sjuksköterskor behöver kunskap för att själv kunna ta beslut om vaccination och för att vägleda patienter i vaccinationsfrågor. / Background: Coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) is a disease caused by SARS-CoV-2, a new coronavirus that was discovered in late 2019. SARS-CoV-2 has caused a pandemic that resulted in a global health crisis and many deaths. Vaccination against COVID-19 is the most effective way to prevent serious illness, death and reduce the spread of infection. Aim: The aim was to illustrate nurses’ mindset in relation to vaccination against COVID-19. Method: A literature study based on an inductive content analysis of 11 articles. Three databases were used for the structured search. The keyword combination was COVID-19 vaccine and nurs*. Result: The result consists of three main categories. The results showed that a lack of information about COVID-19, COVID-19 vaccine and fear of side effects was aspects that could negatively influence the nurse's vaccination decision. The vaccine's rapid development had a negative effect on vaccination acceptance among nurses, meanwhile desire to protect family or patients had a positive effect. Conclusion: Nurses' mindset in relation to COVID-19 vaccination needs to be investigated further. This to be able to develop training and support that increases knowledge about COVID-19 and vaccination against COVID-19. Nurses need knowledge to be able to make their decision around vaccination and to guide patients in vaccination issues.

learning from one's own mistakes. The respondents were often not aware of the quality of together. The quality of a pupil's understanding was also influenced by link between the perception of one's quality of learning did not cause significant changes in the perception of the respondents' mathematical

Bakgrund: År 2019 upptäcktes det nya coronaviruset Covid-19 som idag är en samhällsfarlig sjukdom som hotar hälsan hos miljontals människor världen över. Medvetna om att den egna hälsan hotas möter sjuksköterskorna med värdighet de Covid-19-smittade patienterna. Iklädd personlig skyddsutrustning i syfte att förhindra smittspridning kämpar sjuksköterskorna mot smittspridningen. Syfte: Sjuksköterskors upplevelse av att vårda inneliggande patienter med Covid-19. Metod: En litteraturstudie baserad på 12 artiklar med kvalitativ ansats Resultat: Ur analysen identifierades två huvudteman; Att vara människan bakom masken som beskriver sjuksköterskors inre konflikter där yrkesprofessionen ställdes mot de personliga känslorna. Hjälplöshet av otillräcklig kunskap som beskriver sjuksköterskors upplevda oro inför virusets komplexitet vilket påverkade självförtroendet och fick dem känna sig som en belastning, med fyra underteman. Konklusion: Skyddsutrustningen skapade kommunikativa problem med patienter och kollegor. Sjuksköterskor upplevde frustration och oro över situationen som hotade patientsäkerheten och den egna hälsan. Trots stundtals bristande tro över den egna kompetensen fann sjuksköterskorna nya stödjande relationer som visat sig stärka den psykiska hälsan. Upplevelsen av arbetet mot Covid-19 präglades initialt av rädsla men sjuksköterskorna fann längs vägen nya styrkor och berikades med erfarenheter gällande vård av kritiskt sjuka patienter. / Background: In 2019, the new coronavirus Covid-19 was discovered, which today is a socially dangerous disease that threatens the health of millions of people around the world. Although their own health is threatened, the nurses meet the Covid-19-infected patients with dignity. Wearing personal protective equipment to prevent the spread of infection, the nurses fight against the spread of infection. Aim: To describe nurses experiences of caring for hospitalized patients with Covid-19. Method: A literature study based on 12 qualitative articles. Results: The analysis identified two main themes; To be the person behind the mask that describes nurses' inner conflicts where the professional profession was set against the personal feelings. Helplessness of incomplete knowledge that describes nurses' perceived concerns about the complexity of the virus, which affected their self-confidence and made them feel like a burden, with four subthemes. Conclusion: The protective equipment created communicative problems. Nurses experienced frustration and anxiety about the situation that threatened patient safety. Despite doubts about their own competence, the nurses found new supportive relationships that strengthened mental health. The experience of working against Covid-19 is characterized by fear, but the nurses found new strengths along the way and were enriched with experiences regarding the care of critically ill patients.

The thesis documents circumstances of TV news production at the time when the government was taking unprecedented measures to prevent from spreading of a new type of coronavirus (SARS- CoV-2). The documentation is based on ten interviews with Czech Television reporters and anchormen together with both the analysis and interpretation of these interviews. The work is bringing the evidence of journalists from the most turbulent period. It makes efforts to contextualize how the journalists perceived the government interventions as well as enforced changes in the course of their work. The thesis reflects also the role of the journalists themselves and how they see it themselves. The majority of interviews were done during emergency rule. The final text is based on oral history method alongside with the reflection on contact points with journalism. It reflects also on a possibility whether the coronavirus crisis might move both mentioned professions forward.

Syftet med denna uppsats är att studera hur livsmedelsföretag hanterar sin marknadsföring samt undersöka vilken påverkan som sker på kundernas köpbeteende under en pandemi. Vidare vill undersöka vilka som tar beslut om åtgärder och förändringar under en pandemi. Studien kommer att bidra till att uppfylla ett enligt oss outforskat område inom marknadsföring kring hur livsmedelsföretag agerar på beslut från myndigheter vid en pandemi.   Forskningsfrågor:  -       Hur anpassar livsmedelsbutiker marknadsföringen vid en pandemi?  -       Hur påverkar en pandemi kundernas köpbeteende? -       Vilka beslutfattare styr livsmedelsbutikernas agerande vid en pandemi? / The purpose of this research is to study how grocery stores handle their marketing and to investigate the impact on customers buying behavior during a pandemic. Furthermore, we want to investigate who decides on actions and changes during a pandemic. The study will help to fulfill an unexplored area of marketing in our view of how grocery stores act on government decisions in a pandemic.   Research questions:  -       How do grocery stores adapt their marketing to a pandemic? -       How does a pandemic affect customer buying behavior? -       Which decision-makers control the behavior of grocery stores in the event of a pandemic?